In general usage, alcohol (from Arabic al-kukhul الكحول, al meaning 'the' and kukhul meaning 'spirit', the chemical) refers almost always to ethanol, also known as grain alcohol, and often to any beverage that contains ethanol (see alcoholic beverage). This sense underlies the term alcoholism (addiction to alcohol). Other forms of alcohol are usually described with a clarifying adjective, as in isopropyl alcohol or by the suffix -ol, as in isopropanol. As a drug, com ...

Including:

Alcohol - Structure
Alcohol - Methanol & ethanol
Alcohol - Uses Alcohol - Sources Alcohol - Nomenclature
Alcohol - Systematic names Alcohol - Etymology
Alcohol - Physical and chemical properties Alcohol - Toxicity Alcohol - Preparation of alcohols
Alcohol - Laboratory Alcohol - Industrial
Alcohol - Reactions of alcohols
Alcohol - Deprotonation Alcohol - Nucleophilic substitution Alcohol - Dehydration Alcohol - Esterification Alcohol - Oxidation

Read more here: » Alcohol: Encyclopedia - Alcohol

Gibbsite, Al(OH)3, is an important ore of aluminium and is one of three minerals that make up the rock bauxite. Bauxite is often thought of as a mineral but is really a rock composed of aluminium oxide and hydroxide minerals such as gibbsite, boehmite (AlO(OH)), and diaspore (HAlO2), as well as clays, silt, and iron oxides and hydroxides. Bauxite is a laterite, a rock formed from intense weathering environments such as foun ...

Read more here: » Gibbsite: Encyclopedia - Gibbsite

Cookware and bakeware are types of food preparation containers commonly found in the kitchen. Cookware comprises cooking vessels, such as saucepans and fry pans, intended for use on a stove or range cooktop. Bakeware comprises cooking vessels intended for use inside an oven. The terms cookware and bakeware are not exclusive, and it is possible for a single utensil to be used as both cookware and bakeware. Cookware and bakeware - History. Knowledge of cooking vessels before the development of pottery ...

Including:

Cookware and bakeware - History Cookware and bakeware - Metal cookware Cookware and bakeware - Non-metallic bakeware Cookware and bakeware - Coated and composite cookware Cookware and bakeware - Types of cookware Cookware and bakeware - Types of bakeware
Cookware and bakeware - List of cookware and bakeware

Read more here: » Cookware and bakeware: Encyclopedia - Cookware and bakeware

Cryolite (Na3AlF6, sodium aluminium fluoride) is an uncommon mineral of very limited natural distribution. It is mostly identified with the once large deposit at Ivigtût on the west coast of Greenland. It was historically used as an ore of aluminium and later in the electroytic processing of the aluminium rich oxide ore, bauxite, which is a combination of aluminium oxide minerals such as gibbsite, boehmite and diaspore. The difficulty of removing aluminium from oxygen in the oxide ores was overcome by the ...

Read more here: » Cryolite: Encyclopedia - Cryolite

Corundum is the crystalline form of aluminium oxide and one of the rock-forming minerals. Corundum is naturally clear, but can have different colors when impurities are added. Transparent specimens are used as gems, called ruby if red, while all other colors are called sapphire. The word corundum comes from the Tamil kurundam. The oxygen atoms in corundum are arranged in a hexagonal close-packing, with the smaller aluminium atoms occupying 2/3 of the octahedral gaps. The coordination of the atoms are thus 6:4, compared to 4:2 for quartz, which accounts for its greater hardn ...

Read more here: » Corundum: Encyclopedia - Corundum

Austenite (γ-iron; hard) Bainite Martensite Cementite (iron carbide; Fe3C) Ferrite (α-iron; soft) Pearlite (88% ferrite, 12% cementite) Carbon steel (up to 2.1% carbon) Stainless steel (alloy with chromium) Tool steel (very hard; heat-treated) Cast iron (>2.1% carbon) Wrought iron (almost no carbon) Crucible steel describes a number of different techniques for making steel alloy by slowly heating and cooling iron and carb ...

Read more here: » Crucible steel: Encyclopedia - Crucible steel

There is a strong tradition of amateur telescope making within the amateur astronomy community. The classic amateur telescope is the Newtonian reflector with a dobsonian type mount, also known as a "Dobsonian telescope." Some also build refractors and a very few attempt compound designs such as the Maksutov telescope. Amateur telescope makers typically make the most critical parts of ...

Including:

Amateur telescope making - Telescope design Amateur telescope making - Mirror making
Amateur telescope making - Grinding Amateur telescope making - Polishing Amateur telescope making - Mirror testing Amateur telescope making - Figuring the mirror Amateur telescope making - Aluminizing or silvering the mirror
Amateur telescope making - Telescope construction
Amateur telescope making - Tube Amateur telescope making - Mount
Amateur telescope making - Telescope making books and other published information

Read more here: » Amateur telescope making: Encyclopedia - Amateur telescope making

Chobham armour is a composite armour developed at the British tank research centre on Chobham Common. Although the exact composition of Chobham armour remains a secret, it appears to be a combination of ceramic layered between armour steel plating, a combination that is excellent at defeating high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) rounds. Possible ceramics for such armours are: boron carbide, silicon carbide, aluminium oxide (sapphire or "alumina"), titanium boride or Syndie, a synthetic diamond composite. Of these boron carbide is the harde ...

Read more here: » Chobham armour: Encyclopedia - Chobham armour

Alcoa (NYSE: AA) is the world’s leading producer of alumina,primary and fabricated aluminium with operations in 43 countries. it is followed by Alcan, the second leading company. In addition to aluminium products, Alcoa also makes and markets consumer brands including Reynolds Wrap foil and plastic wrap, Baco household wraps, and Alcoa wheels. Among Alcoa’s other businesses are vinyl siding, closures, fastening systems, precision castings, and e ...

Including:

Alcoa - History
Alcoa - Board of Directors

Read more here: » Alcoa: Encyclopedia - Alcoa

Rust is the substance formed when iron compounds corrode in the presence of oxygen and water. It is a mixture of iron oxides and hydroxides. Rusting is a common term for corrosion, and usually corrosion of steel. Iron is found naturally in the ore hematite as iron oxide, and metallic iron tends to return to a similar state when exposed to air, (hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, etc) and water. This corrosion is due to the oxidation reaction when iron metal returns to an energetically favourable state. Energy is given off when rust fo ...

Read more here: » Rust: Encyclopedia - Rust

Ruby is a red gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide) in which the color is caused mainly by chromium. Its name originates from ruber, Latin for red. Natural rubies are exceptionally rare, though artificial ones (sometimes called created ruby) can be manufactured which are comparatively inexpensive. Rubies are mined in Africa, Asia, Australia and Greenland. They are most often found in Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand, though they have also been found in Montana and South Carolina. Sometimes s ...

Read more here: » Ruby: Encyclopedia - Ruby

Sapphire is the single-crystal form of aluminium oxide (Al2O3), a mineral known as corundum. It can be found naturally as gemstones or manufactured in large crystal boules for a variety of applications. Sapphire - Sapphire gems. Sapphire is any gemstone-quality corundum. (The red variety of corundum is also known as ruby.) When color is not specified, sapphire refers to the blue variety. Pink, yellow, green, white, and parti-color (multi-colored) sapphires are oft ...

Including:

Sapphire - Sapphire gems Sapphire - Synthetic sapphire for non-gemstone applications

Read more here: » Sapphire: Encyclopedia - Sapphire

Aluminium or aluminum (Symbol Al) (see the spelling section below) is a silvery and ductile member of the poor metal group of chemical elements. Its atomic number is 13. Aluminium is found primarily as the ore bauxite and is remarkable for its resistance to oxidation (due to the phenomenon of passivation), its strength, and its light weight. Aluminium is used in many industries to make millions of different products and is very important to the world economy. Structural components made from aluminium are vital to the aer ...

Including:

Aluminium - Properties Aluminium - Applications
Aluminium - Engineering use
Aluminium - History Aluminium - Natural occurrence Aluminium - Isotopes
Aluminium - Clusters
Aluminium - Precautions Aluminium - Spelling
Aluminium - Etymology / Nomenclature history Aluminium - Present day spelling
Aluminium - Chemistry
Aluminium - Oxidation state 1 Aluminium - Oxidation state 2 Aluminium - Oxidation state 3
Aluminium - Aluminium in popular culture

Read more here: » Aluminium: Encyclopedia - Aluminium

Copper(II) chloride is the higher chloride of copper, with the formula CuCl2. It occurs naturally as the mineral eriochalcite. It is a brown solid which slowly absorbs moisture to form a blue-green dihydrate. It is ionic and highly soluble in water. Chemically it behaves as a weak Lewis acid, and under certain conditions it can act as a mild oxidising agent. It has a crystal structure consisting of polymeric chains of flat CuCl4 units with opposite edges shared. It decomposes to CuCl and Cl2 at ...

Including:

CopperII chloride - Chemical Properties CopperII chloride - Preparation CopperII chloride - Uses CopperII chloride - Precautions CopperII chloride - Suppliers/Manufacturers

Read more here: » CopperII chloride: Encyclopedia - CopperII chloride

Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound best recognized for giving vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell. Pure water-free acetic acid is a colourless hygroscopic liquid (that is, it readily absorbs water) that freezes below 16.7 °C (62 °F) to a colourless crystalline solid. Acetic acid is corrosive, and its vapour is irritating to eyes and nose, although it is a weak acid based ...

Including:

Acetic acid - Nomenclature Acetic acid - History Acetic acid - Chemical properties Acetic acid - Biochemistry Acetic acid - Production
Acetic acid - Methanol carbonylation Acetic acid - Acetaldehyde oxidation Acetic acid - Ethylene oxidation Acetic acid - Fermentation
Acetic acid - Applications
Acetic acid - Vinyl acetate monomer Acetic acid - Acetic anhydride Acetic acid - Ester production Acetic acid - Vinegar Acetic acid - Use as solvent Acetic acid - Other applications
Acetic acid - Safety

Read more here: » Acetic acid: Encyclopedia - Acetic acid

Rouge means red in French and it can refer to: A cosmetic, used to colour the cheeks and emphasize the cheekbones. A fine powder of iron(III) oxide, used for polishing or cosmetics. A similar abrasive powder, with composition and particle size of each type varying from manufacturer to manufacturer: Green rouge, chromium(III) oxide. White rouge, an ultra-fine, dry grade rouge, not as fine as red rouge. Yellow rouge, for finishing gold, stainles

Read more here: » Rouge: Encyclopedia - Rouge

Alcohol - Deprotonation. Alcohols can behave as weak acids, undergoing deprotonation. The deprotonation reaction to produce an alkoxide salt is either performed with a strong base such as sodium hydride or n-butyllithium, or with sodium or potassium metal. 2 R-OH + 2 NaH → 2 R-O-Na+ + H2↑ 2 R-OH + 2Na → 2R-O−Na+ e.g. 2 CH3CH2-OH + 2 Na → 2 CH3-CH ...

See also:

Alcohol, Alcohol - Structure, Alcohol - Primary secondary and tertiary alcohols, Alcohol - Methanol & ethanol, Alcohol - Uses, Alcohol - Sources, Alcohol - Nomenclature, Alcohol - Systematic names, Alcohol - Etymology, Alcohol - Physical and chemical properties, Alcohol - Toxicity, Alcohol - Preparation of alcohols, Alcohol - Laboratory, Alcohol - Industrial, Alcohol - Reactions of alcohols, Alcohol - Deprotonation, Alcohol - Nucleophilic substitution, Alcohol - Dehydration, Alcohol - Esterification, Alcohol - Oxidation

Read more here: » Alcohol: Encyclopedia II - Alcohol - Reactions of alcohols

Grit size refers to the size of the particles of abrading materials embedded in the sandpaper. A number of different standards have been established for grit size. These standards establish not only the average grit size, but also the allowable variation from the average. The two most common are the United States CAMI (Coated Abrasive Manufacturers Institute, now part of the Unified Abrasives Manufacturers' Association) and the European FEPA (Federation of European Producers of Abrasives) "P" grade. The FEPA system is the same as the ISO 634 ...

See also:

Sandpaper, Sandpaper - Types of sandpaper, Sandpaper - Backing, Sandpaper - Material, Sandpaper - Bonds, Sandpaper - Shapes, Sandpaper - Grit sizes, Sandpaper - Grit size table, Sandpaper - History

Read more here: » Sandpaper: Encyclopedia II - Sandpaper - Grit sizes

Sapphire is any gemstone-quality corundum that is not red. (The red variety of corundum is also known as ruby.) When color is not specified, sapphire refers to the blue variety. Pink, yellow, green, white, and parti-color (multi-colored) sapphires are often valued less than the blue variety of the same quality and size. However a pink-orange sapphire, called a padparadsha, is highly prized. They were found in many countries especially in Asia such as India, S ...

See also:

Sapphire, Sapphire - Sapphire gems, Sapphire - Synthetic sapphire for non-gemstone applications, Sapphire - Historical/mythical usage

Read more here: » Sapphire: Encyclopedia II - Sapphire - Sapphire gems