Alternative political spellings

Propaganda is a specific type of message presentation directly aimed at influencing the opinions of people, rather than to impartially provide information. In some cultures the term is neutral or even positive, while in others the term has acquired a strong negative connotation. The most common use of the term (historically) is in political contexts; in particular to refer to certain efforts sponsored by governments, political groups, and other often covert interests. Some propaganda includes significant and deliberate falsehoo ...

Including:

• Propaganda - Purpose of propaganda
• Propaganda - Types of propaganda
• Propaganda - History of propaganda
• Propaganda - Etymology
• Propaganda - 19th and 20th centuries' propaganda
• Propaganda - Russian revolution
• Propaganda - Nazi Germany
• Propaganda - Cold War propaganda
• Propaganda - Afghanistan
• Propaganda - Iraq
• Propaganda - Techniques of propaganda generation
• Propaganda - Techniques of propaganda transmission

Read more here: » Propaganda: Encyclopedia - Propaganda

Propaganda - Etymology. In late Latin, propaganda meant "things to be propagated". In 1622, shortly after the start of the Thirty Years' War, Pope Gregory XV founded the Congregatio de Propaganda Fide ("Congregation for Propagating the Faith"), a committee of Cardinals with the duty of overseeing the propagation of Christianity by missionaries sent to non-Catholic countries. Therefore, the term itself originates with this Roman Catholic Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith (See also:

Propaganda, Propaganda - Purpose of propaganda, Propaganda - Types of propaganda, Propaganda - History of propaganda, Propaganda - Etymology, Propaganda - 19th and 20th centuries' propaganda, Propaganda - Russian revolution, Propaganda - Nazi Germany, Propaganda - Cold War propaganda, Propaganda - Afghanistan, Propaganda - Iraq, Propaganda - Techniques of propaganda generation, Propaganda - Techniques of propaganda transmission

Read more here: » Propaganda: Encyclopedia II - Propaganda - History of propaganda

The English spelling system is one of the most irregular spelling systems in current use. Although French presents a similar degree of difficulty when encoding (writing), English is more difficult when decoding (reading). English has never had any formal regulating authority, like the Spanish Real Academia Española, Italian Accademia della Crusca or the French Académie française, so attempts to regularize ...

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English spelling, English spelling - History of the English spelling system, English spelling - Irregularities in the English spelling system, English spelling - The state of English spelling

Read more here: » English spelling: Encyclopedia II - English spelling - Irregularities in the English spelling system

The regular spelling system of Old English was swept away by the Norman Conquest, and English itself was eclipsed by French for three centuries, eventually emerging with its spelling much influenced by French. English had also borrowed large numbers of words from French, which for reasons of prestige and familiarity kept their French spellings. The spelling of Middle English, such as in the writings of Geoffrey Chaucer, is very irregular and inconsistent, with th ...

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English spelling, English spelling - History of the English spelling system, English spelling - Irregularities in the English spelling system, English spelling - The state of English spelling

Read more here: » English spelling: Encyclopedia II - English spelling - History of the English spelling system

A number of techniques which are based on social psychological research are used to generate propaganda. Many of these same techniques can be found under logical fallacies, since propagandists use arguments that, while sometimes convincing, are not necessarily valid. Some time has been spent analyzing the means by which propaganda messages are transmitted. That work is important but it is clear that information dissemination strategies only become propaganda strategies when coupled with propagandistic messages. Identifying thes ...

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Propaganda, Propaganda - Purpose of propaganda, Propaganda - Types of propaganda, Propaganda - History of propaganda, Propaganda - Etymology, Propaganda - 19th and 20th centuries' propaganda, Propaganda - Russian revolution, Propaganda - Nazi Germany, Propaganda - Cold War propaganda, Propaganda - Afghanistan, Propaganda - Iraq, Propaganda - Techniques of propaganda generation, Propaganda - Techniques of propaganda transmission

Read more here: » Propaganda: Encyclopedia II - Propaganda - Techniques of propaganda generation

Propaganda shares techniques with advertising. In fact, advertising can be thought of as propaganda that promotes a commercial product, though the word "propaganda" more typically refers to political or nationalist uses, or promotion of a set of ideas. Propaganda also has much in common with public information campaigns by governments, which are intended to encourage or discourage certain forms of behavior (such as wearing seat belts, not smoking, not littering, or so forth). Again, the emphasis is more political in propaganda. Propaganda can take the form of leaflets, posters, TV, and radio b ...

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Propaganda, Propaganda - Purpose of propaganda, Propaganda - Types of propaganda, Propaganda - History of propaganda, Propaganda - Etymology, Propaganda - 19th and 20th centuries' propaganda, Propaganda - Russian revolution, Propaganda - Nazi Germany, Propaganda - Cold War propaganda, Propaganda - Afghanistan, Propaganda - Iraq, Propaganda - Techniques of propaganda generation, Propaganda - Techniques of propaganda transmission

Read more here: » Propaganda: Encyclopedia II - Propaganda - Types of propaganda

The aim of propaganda is to influence people's opinions actively, rather than to merely communicate the facts about something. For example, propaganda might be used to garner either support or disapproval of a certain position, rather than to simply present the position. What separates propaganda from "normal" communication is in the subtle, often insidious, ways that the message attempts to shape opinion. For example, propaganda is often presented in a way that attempts to deliberately evoke a strong emotion, especially by suggesting illogica ...

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Propaganda, Propaganda - Purpose of propaganda, Propaganda - Types of propaganda, Propaganda - History of propaganda, Propaganda - Etymology, Propaganda - 19th and 20th centuries' propaganda, Propaganda - Russian revolution, Propaganda - Nazi Germany, Propaganda - Cold War propaganda, Propaganda - Afghanistan, Propaganda - Iraq, Propaganda - Techniques of propaganda generation, Propaganda - Techniques of propaganda transmission

Read more here: » Propaganda: Encyclopedia II - Propaganda - Purpose of propaganda

Political correctness - Gender-related. The term server is increasingly used for a person of either gender who waits tables. Chairman was replaced by chair, chairperson (or president or some other term). (The term chair has its own history within academia.) Fireman was replaced by fire fighter. Congressman was replaced by member of congress. The former remains in use for male members of congress, however. < ...

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Political correctness, Political correctness - Usage perspective, Political correctness - Earlier uses, Political correctness - Linguistic background, Political correctness - Criticisms of political language choice, Political correctness - Orwell, Political correctness - Satirical use, Political correctness - Examples of language modification, Political correctness - Gender-related, Political correctness - Disability-related, Political correctness - Race and ethnic-related, Political correctness - Religion-related, Political correctness - Other, Political correctness - Anecdote, Political correctness - Goverment note

Read more here: » Political correctness: Encyclopedia II - Political correctness - Examples of language modification

The situation of gender neutral language modification is very different in languages that have masculine and feminine grammatical gender, such as French, German, and Spanish, simply because it is impossible to construct a gender-neutral sentence the way it can be done in English. For example, in French, the masculine gender supersedes the feminine; la femme et l'homme (the woman and the man) has the pronoun ils (they-masculine). Accordingly, language modification advocates have focused much of their attention on issues s ...

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Gender-neutral language, Gender-neutral language - Examples, Gender-neutral language - Common positions, Gender-neutral language - History, Gender-neutral language - Disputed issues, Gender-neutral language - Are some uses of language inherently sexist?, Gender-neutral language - Enforcement persuasion or evolution?, Gender-neutral language - Neologising, Gender-neutral language - Guidelines, Gender-neutral language - Gender neutral language modification in other languages, Gender-neutral language - Basque, Gender-neutral language - Chinese, Gender-neutral language - Esperanto, Gender-neutral language - Finnish, Gender-neutral language - French, Gender-neutral language - German, Gender-neutral language - Hebrew, Gender-neutral language - Hungarian, Gender-neutral language - Italian, Gender-neutral language - Japanese, Gender-neutral language - Korean, Gender-neutral language - Russian, Gender-neutral language - Serbian, Gender-neutral language - Spanish, Gender-neutral language - Swedish, Gender-neutral language - Tagalog, Gender-neutral language - Tamil, Gender-neutral language - Turkish, Gender-neutral language - Yup'iaq: Yup'ik Western Alaskan Eskimo

Read more here: » Gender-neutral language: Encyclopedia II - Gender-neutral language - Gender neutral language modification in other languages

Gender-neutral language - Examples. One might state, "Tomorrow I will meet my new doctor; I hope he is friendly."; however, unless one is certain that the new doctor is a man, advocates of gender-neutral language generally argue that it would be better to state, "Tomorrow I will meet my new doctor, whom I hope is friendly". Critics argue that this creates an undue burden on the speaker by forcing a change to the structure of the sentence, with the result often being rather awkward. They would cite the abov ...

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Gender-neutral language, Gender-neutral language - Reference, Gender-neutral language - Examples, Gender-neutral language - Common positions, Gender-neutral language - History, Gender-neutral language - Disputed issues, Gender-neutral language - Guidelines, Gender-neutral language - Gender neutral language modification in other languages, Gender-neutral language - Speech styles

Read more here: » Gender-neutral language: Encyclopedia II - Gender-neutral language - Reference

Political correctness - Gender-related. The term server is increasingly used for a person of either gender who waits tables. Chairman was replaced by chair, chairperson (or president or some other term). (The term chair has its own history within academia.) Fireman was replaced by fire fighter. Congressman was replaced by member of congress. The former remains in use for male members of congress, however. < ...

See also:

Political correctness, Political correctness - Usage perspective, Political correctness - Earlier uses, Political correctness - Linguistic background, Political correctness - Criticisms of political language choice, Political correctness - Orwell, Political correctness - Satirical use, Political correctness - Examples of language modification, Political correctness - Gender-related, Political correctness - Disability-related, Political correctness - Race and ethnic-related, Political correctness - Religion-related, Political correctness - Other, Political correctness - Quotations, Political correctness - Government note

Read more here: » Political correctness: Encyclopedia II - Political correctness - Examples of language modification

There are a wide range of disputed issues in the debate over 'non-sexist language'. Are there inherently sexist language forms, and if so, what are they? If they exist, should they be changed? If they should be changed, how should this be achieved? Gender-neutral language - Are some uses of language inherently sexist?. Some advocates of gender-neutral language, including many feminists, argue that traditional language fails to reflect the presence of women in society adequately. In general, they complain a ...

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Gender-neutral language, Gender-neutral language - Examples, Gender-neutral language - Common positions, Gender-neutral language - History, Gender-neutral language - Disputed issues, Gender-neutral language - Are some uses of language inherently sexist?, Gender-neutral language - Enforcement persuasion or evolution?, Gender-neutral language - Neologising, Gender-neutral language - Guidelines, Gender-neutral language - Gender neutral language modification in other languages, Gender-neutral language - Basque, Gender-neutral language - Chinese, Gender-neutral language - Esperanto, Gender-neutral language - Finnish, Gender-neutral language - French, Gender-neutral language - German, Gender-neutral language - Hebrew, Gender-neutral language - Hungarian, Gender-neutral language - Italian, Gender-neutral language - Japanese, Gender-neutral language - Korean, Gender-neutral language - Russian, Gender-neutral language - Serbian, Gender-neutral language - Spanish, Gender-neutral language - Swedish, Gender-neutral language - Tagalog, Gender-neutral language - Tamil, Gender-neutral language - Turkish, Gender-neutral language - Yup'iaq: Yup'ik Western Alaskan Eskimo

Read more here: » Gender-neutral language: Encyclopedia II - Gender-neutral language - Disputed issues

Many different authorities have presented guidelines on whether, and if so and where, to use gender-neutral, or "non-sexist" language. Several are listed below: The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association has an oft-cited section on "Guidelines to Reduce Bias in Language". ISBN 1557987912 American Philosophical Association - published 1986 Linguistic Society of America University of Western Sydney - last revised 1995 University of New Hampshire The Guardian ...

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Gender-neutral language, Gender-neutral language - Examples, Gender-neutral language - Common positions, Gender-neutral language - History, Gender-neutral language - Disputed issues, Gender-neutral language - Are some uses of language inherently sexist?, Gender-neutral language - Enforcement persuasion or evolution?, Gender-neutral language - Neologising, Gender-neutral language - Guidelines, Gender-neutral language - Gender neutral language modification in other languages, Gender-neutral language - Basque, Gender-neutral language - Chinese, Gender-neutral language - Esperanto, Gender-neutral language - Finnish, Gender-neutral language - French, Gender-neutral language - German, Gender-neutral language - Hebrew, Gender-neutral language - Hungarian, Gender-neutral language - Italian, Gender-neutral language - Japanese, Gender-neutral language - Korean, Gender-neutral language - Russian, Gender-neutral language - Serbian, Gender-neutral language - Spanish, Gender-neutral language - Swedish, Gender-neutral language - Tagalog, Gender-neutral language - Tamil, Gender-neutral language - Turkish, Gender-neutral language - Yup'iaq: Yup'ik Western Alaskan Eskimo

Read more here: » Gender-neutral language: Encyclopedia II - Gender-neutral language - Guidelines

The term PC is often used to mock either the idea that carefully chosen language can encourage, promote, or establish certain social outcomes and relationships, or the belief that the resulting changes benefit society. This mocking usage often targets certain forms of identity politics, including gay rights, feminism, multiculturalism and the disability rights movement. For example, the use of "gender-neutral" job titles ("firefighter" instead of "fireman," "chairperson" or "chair" instead of "chairman," etc.), the use of the expression "dif ...

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Political correctness, Political correctness - Usage perspective, Political correctness - Earlier uses, Political correctness - Linguistic background, Political correctness - Criticisms of political language choice, Political correctness - Orwell, Political correctness - Satirical use, Political correctness - Examples of language modification, Political correctness - Gender-related, Political correctness - Disability-related, Political correctness - Race and ethnic-related, Political correctness - Religion-related, Political correctness - Other, Political correctness - Quotations, Political correctness - Government note

Read more here: » Political correctness: Encyclopedia II - Political correctness - Usage perspective

One argument for using language dismissed by critics as politically correct is to prevent the exclusion or the offending of people based upon differences or handicaps. Another involves the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which states that a language's grammatical categories shape its speakers' ideas and actions. In both cases the goal is to bring peoples' unconscious biases into awareness, allowing them to make a more informed choice about their language and making them aware of things different people might find offensive. Two common examples of this practice are to use the word disabled in preference to cripp ...

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Political correctness, Political correctness - Usage perspective, Political correctness - Earlier uses, Political correctness - Linguistic background, Political correctness - Criticisms of political language choice, Political correctness - Orwell, Political correctness - Satirical use, Political correctness - Examples of language modification, Political correctness - Gender-related, Political correctness - Disability-related, Political correctness - Race and ethnic-related, Political correctness - Religion-related, Political correctness - Other, Political correctness - Quotations, Political correctness - Government note

Read more here: » Political correctness: Encyclopedia II - Political correctness - Linguistic background

The use of political language modification has a history in satire and comedy. Scott Adams refers to the Pointy-Haired Boss's brother Phil as "the prince of insufficient light", the PC version of "the prince of darkness." A major theme of Adams's Dilbert strip is the meaninglessness of management catchwords, used to mask unethical and incompetent management behavior. One of the earlier, and most well-known, satirical takes on this movement can be found in the book Politically Correct Bedtime Stories by James Finn Gardner, in which tra ...

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Political correctness, Political correctness - Usage perspective, Political correctness - Earlier uses, Political correctness - Linguistic background, Political correctness - Criticisms of political language choice, Political correctness - Orwell, Political correctness - Satirical use, Political correctness - Examples of language modification, Political correctness - Gender-related, Political correctness - Disability-related, Political correctness - Race and ethnic-related, Political correctness - Religion-related, Political correctness - Other, Political correctness - Quotations, Political correctness - Government note

Read more here: » Political correctness: Encyclopedia II - Political correctness - Satirical use

Critics of political language choice argue that it amounts to censorship and is a danger to free speech. Some argue that limits placed on language and the boundaries of public debate will inevitably lead to limits on conduct. Some conservatives would also view many "politically correct" terms as linguistic cover for an evasion of personal responsibility, for instance when "juvenile delinquents" become "children at risk". Some on the political left reject the conservative definition of the term when applied as a blanket political epith ...

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Political correctness, Political correctness - Usage perspective, Political correctness - Earlier uses, Political correctness - Linguistic background, Political correctness - Criticisms of political language choice, Political correctness - Orwell, Political correctness - Satirical use, Political correctness - Examples of language modification, Political correctness - Gender-related, Political correctness - Disability-related, Political correctness - Race and ethnic-related, Political correctness - Religion-related, Political correctness - Other, Political correctness - Quotations, Political correctness - Government note

Read more here: » Political correctness: Encyclopedia II - Political correctness - Criticisms of political language choice

The use of political language modification has a history in satire and comedy. One of the earlier, and most well-known, satirical takes on this movement can be found in the book Politically Correct Bedtime Stories by James Finn Gardner, in which traditional fairy tales are rewritten from an exaggeratedly-PC viewpoint. The roles of good and evil in these PC stories are often the reverse of those in the original versions, with the goal of showing that political correctness ignores or inverts morality. For example, in the "politically correct version" of Hansel and ...

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Political correctness, Political correctness - Usage perspective, Political correctness - Earlier uses, Political correctness - Linguistic background, Political correctness - Criticisms of political language choice, Political correctness - Orwell, Political correctness - Satirical use, Political correctness - Examples of language modification, Political correctness - Gender-related, Political correctness - Disability-related, Political correctness - Race and ethnic-related, Political correctness - Religion-related, Political correctness - Other, Political correctness - Anecdote, Political correctness - Goverment note

Read more here: » Political correctness: Encyclopedia II - Political correctness - Satirical use

One argument for using language dismissed by critics as politically correct is to prevent the exclusion or the offending of people based upon differences or handicaps. Another involves the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which states that a language's grammatical categories shape its speakers' ideas and actions. In both cases the goal is to bring peoples' unconscious biases into awareness, allowing them to make a more informed choice about their language and making them aware of things different people might find offensive. Two common examples of this practice are to use the word disabled in preference to cripp ...

See also:

Political correctness, Political correctness - Usage perspective, Political correctness - Earlier uses, Political correctness - Linguistic background, Political correctness - Criticisms of political language choice, Political correctness - Orwell, Political correctness - Satirical use, Political correctness - Examples of language modification, Political correctness - Gender-related, Political correctness - Disability-related, Political correctness - Race and ethnic-related, Political correctness - Religion-related, Political correctness - Other, Political correctness - Anecdote, Political correctness - Goverment note

Read more here: » Political correctness: Encyclopedia II - Political correctness - Linguistic background

The term PC is often used to mock either the idea that carefully chosen language can encourage, promote, or establish certain social outcomes and relationships, or the belief that the resulting changes benefit society. This mocking usage often targets certain forms of identity politics, including gay rights, feminism, multiculturalism and the disability rights movement. For example, the use of "gender-neutral" job titles ("firefighter" instead of "fireman," "chairperson" or "chair" instead of "chairman," etc.), the use of the expression "dif ...

See also:

Political correctness, Political correctness - Usage perspective, Political correctness - Earlier uses, Political correctness - Linguistic background, Political correctness - Criticisms of political language choice, Political correctness - Orwell, Political correctness - Satirical use, Political correctness - Examples of language modification, Political correctness - Gender-related, Political correctness - Disability-related, Political correctness - Race and ethnic-related, Political correctness - Religion-related, Political correctness - Other, Political correctness - Anecdote, Political correctness - Goverment note

Read more here: » Political correctness: Encyclopedia II - Political correctness - Usage perspective