Eighty to ninety percent of cases of Addison's disease are said to be due to autoantibodies directed against adrenal cells containing 21-hydroxylase, an enzyme involved in the production of cortisol and aldosterone. The remainder of cases are due to tuberculosis, HIV, sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, metastatic cancer to the adrenal glands, adrenal haemorrhage and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Addison's disease can be an expression of an autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome when autoimmune reactions against other organs are also present. In APS type 1, 70% suf ...

See also:

Addison's disease, Addison's disease - Signs and symptoms, Addison's disease - Early signs, Addison's disease - Addisonian crisis, Addison's disease - Diagnosis, Addison's disease - Pathophysiology, Addison's disease - Treatment, Addison's disease - Famous patients, Addison's disease - In animals, Addison's disease - Reference

Read more here: » Addison's disease: Encyclopedia II - Addison's disease - Pathophysiology

While the precise mechanism which underlies androgenic alopecia is unknown, a high level of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is crucial in initiating the process. DHT is, ironically, a hair growth stimulator. Testosterone is synthesized from pregnalone which is formed from cholesterol. DHT is formed from Testosterone with the conversion from testosterone to DHT being mediated by 5-alpha reductase. There are two subtypes of 5-alpha re ...

See also:

Baldness, Baldness - Mechanism of male pattern baldness, Baldness - Evolutionary theories of male pattern baldness, Baldness - Approaches to baldness, Baldness - Psychological implications, Baldness - Preventing and reversing hair loss, Baldness - Concealing hair loss, Baldness - Embracing baldness, Baldness - Common baldness myths, Baldness - Trivia, Baldness - Reference

Read more here: » Baldness: Encyclopedia II - Baldness - Mechanism of male pattern baldness

Typically, bodybuilders, athletes and sportsmen who use anabolics steroids try to minimize the negative side-effects. For example, increasing the amount of cardiovascular exercise to help negate the effects of left ventricle hypertrophy. Some androgens will aromatise and convert to estrogen, potentially causing some combination of the side effects listed above. During a steroid cycle users may take an aromatase inhibitor and/or a SERM; these drugs affect aromatisation and estrogen receptor binding respectively. The SERM tamoxifen, is of particular interest as it prevents binding to the estrogen recpeto ...

See also:

Anabolic steroid, Anabolic steroid - Effects, Anabolic steroid - Medical uses, Anabolic steroid - Use and abuse in athletics and bodybuilding, Anabolic steroid - Minimizing the side-effects, Anabolic steroid - History, Anabolic steroid - List of Anabolic Compounds Commonly used as Ergogenic Aids

Read more here: » Anabolic steroid: Encyclopedia II - Anabolic steroid - Minimizing the side-effects

Anabolic steroids are believed to have been inadvertently discovered by German scientists in the early 1930s, but at the time the discovery was not considered significant enough to warrant further study. The first known reference to an anabolic steroid in a US weightlifting/bodybuilding magazine is testosterone propinate in a letter to the editor in Strength and Health magazine in 1938. In the 1950s, scientific interest was rekindled, and methandrostenolone (Dianabol) was approved for use in the United States by the federal Food and Drug Administration in 1958 after promising t ...

See also:

Anabolic steroid, Anabolic steroid - Effects, Anabolic steroid - Medical uses, Anabolic steroid - Use and abuse in athletics and bodybuilding, Anabolic steroid - Minimizing the side-effects, Anabolic steroid - History, Anabolic steroid - List of Anabolic Compounds Commonly used as Ergogenic Aids

Read more here: » Anabolic steroid: Encyclopedia II - Anabolic steroid - History

There are two definitions that are commonly used: In 1990 a consensus workshop sponsored by the NIH/NICHD suggested that a patient has PCOS if she has (1) signs of androgen excess (clinical or biochemical), (2) oligoovulation, and (3) other entities are excluded that would cause polycystic ovaries. In 2003 a consensus workshop sponsored by ESHRE/ASRM in Rotterdam indicated PCOS to be present if 2 out of 3 criteria are met: (1) oligoovulation and/or anovulation, (2) excess androgen activity, (3) polycystic ovaries (by gynecologic ultraso ...

See also:

Polycystic ovary syndrome, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Nomenclature, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Definition, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Signs and symptoms, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Risks, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Diagnosis, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Differential diagnosis, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Pathogenesis, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Treatment, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Reference

Read more here: » Polycystic ovary syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Polycystic ovary syndrome - Definition

Common symptoms of PCOS include: Oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea - irregular/few, or absent, menstrual periods; cycles that do occur may comprise heavy bleeding (check with a gynaecologist, since heavy bleeding is also an early warning sign of endometrial cancer, for which women with PCOS are at higher risk) Infertility, generally resulting from chronic anovulation (lack of ovulation) Elevated serum (blood) levels of androgens (male hormones), specifically testosterone, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone su ...

See also:

Polycystic ovary syndrome, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Nomenclature, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Definition, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Signs and symptoms, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Risks, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Diagnosis, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Differential diagnosis, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Pathogenesis, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Treatment, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Reference

Read more here: » Polycystic ovary syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Polycystic ovary syndrome - Signs and symptoms

Women with PCOS are at risk for the following: Endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer (cancer of the uterine lining) are possible, due to overaccumulation of uterine lining, and also lack of progesterone resulting in prolonged stimulation of uterine cells by estrogen Insulin resistance/Type II diabetes, generally thought to be caused by hyperinsulinaemia High blood pressure Dyslipidaemia (disorders of lipid metabolism - cholesterol and tr ...

See also:

Polycystic ovary syndrome, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Nomenclature, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Definition, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Signs and symptoms, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Risks, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Diagnosis, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Differential diagnosis, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Pathogenesis, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Treatment, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Reference

Read more here: » Polycystic ovary syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Polycystic ovary syndrome - Risks

Stewart has lent his recognizable voice to a number of projects. He has narrated recordings of Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf, Vivaldi's The Four Seasons, C. S. Lewis's The Last Battle (part of the series The Chronicles of Narnia), and Rick Wakeman's Return to the Centre of the Earth, as well as numerous TV programs such as High Spirits with Shirley Ghostman. He also was a voice actor on several animated films — including The Prince of Egypt, Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius, Chick ...

See also:

Patrick Stewart, Patrick Stewart - Biography, Patrick Stewart - Voice acting, Patrick Stewart - Filmography

Read more here: » Patrick Stewart: Encyclopedia II - Patrick Stewart - Voice acting

Physical examination - General appearance. Obvious apparent features as the patient enters the consulting room and in the course of taking the history (e.g. mobility problem or deafness) JACCOL, a mnemonic for Jaundice, suggestion of Anaemia (pale colour of skin or conjunctiva), Cyanosis (blue coloration of lips or extremities), Clubbing of fingernails, Oedema of ankles, Lymph nodes of neck, armpits, groins. Physical examination - Organ systems. Card ...

See also:

Physical examination, Physical examination - Vital Signs, Physical examination - Temperature, Physical examination - Blood pressure, Physical examination - Pulse, Physical examination - Basic biometrics, Physical examination - Height, Physical examination - Weight, Physical examination - Pain, Physical examination - Structure of the written examination record, Physical examination - General appearance, Physical examination - Organ systems, Physical examination - Special examinations

Read more here: » Physical examination: Encyclopedia II - Physical examination - Structure of the written examination record

The main effect of cyclophosphamide is due to its metabolite phosphoramide mustard. This metabolite is only formed in cells which have low levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase. Phosphoramide mustard forms DNA crosslinks between and within DNA strands. This leads to cell death. Cyclophosphamide has relatively little typical chemotherapy toxicity, as ALDH is present in relatively large concentrations in bone marrow stem cells, liver and intestinal epithelium, prot ...

See also:

Cyclophosphamide, Cyclophosphamide - Uses, Cyclophosphamide - Pharmacokinetics, Cyclophosphamide - Mode of action, Cyclophosphamide - Side-effects, Cyclophosphamide - History, Cyclophosphamide - Reference

Read more here: » Cyclophosphamide: Encyclopedia II - Cyclophosphamide - Mode of action

Side-effects include chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), bone marrow suppression, alopecia (hair loss) and lethargy. Hemorrhagic cystitis is a frequent complication, but this is prevented by adequate fluid intake and mesna (sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate). Mesna is a sulfhydryl donor and binds acrolein. Cyclophosphamide is itself carcinogenic, potentially causing transitional cell carc ...

See also:

Cyclophosphamide, Cyclophosphamide - Uses, Cyclophosphamide - Pharmacokinetics, Cyclophosphamide - Mode of action, Cyclophosphamide - Side-effects, Cyclophosphamide - History, Cyclophosphamide - Reference

Read more here: » Cyclophosphamide: Encyclopedia II - Cyclophosphamide - Side-effects

Physical examination - Height. Height is the anthropometric longitudinal growth of an individual. A statiometer is the device used to measure height although often a height stick is more frequently used for vertical measurement of adults or children older than 2. The patient is asked to stand barefoot. Height declines during the day because of compression of the intervertebral discs. Children under age 2 are measured lying horizontally.

Physical examination, Physical examination - Vital Signs, Physical examination - Temperature, Physical examination - Blood pressure, Physical examination - Pulse, Physical examination - Basic biometrics, Physical examination - Height, Physical examination - Weight, Physical examination - Pain, Physical examination - Structure of the written examination record, Physical examination - General appearance, Physical examination - Organ systems, Physical examination - Special examinations

Read more here: » Physical examination: Encyclopedia II - Physical examination - Basic biometrics

It is vital to note that not all women with PCOS have polycystic ovaries, nor do all women with ovarian cysts have PCOS; although a pelvic ultrasound is a major diagnostic tool, it is not the only one. Diagnosis can be difficult, particularly because of the wide range of symptoms, and the variability of how they present themselves in individuals (which is why this disorder is characterized as a syndrome rather than a disease). There is a lot of controversy about the appropriate testing: gynecologic ultrasonography testo ...

See also:

Polycystic ovary syndrome, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Nomenclature, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Definition, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Signs and symptoms, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Risks, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Diagnosis, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Differential diagnosis, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Pathogenesis, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Treatment, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Reference

Read more here: » Polycystic ovary syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Polycystic ovary syndrome - Diagnosis