Alodia

Alodia or Alwa was the southernmost of the three kingdoms of Christian Nubia; the other two were Nobatia and Makuria to the north. Alodia was converted to Christianity in the 6th century by missionaries sent by Byzantine Emperor Justinian and his wife Theodora. Monophysite Christianity flourished in Alodia, moreso than other Christian sects. Alodia was centered south of the great bend in the Nile river and south into the Gezira with its capital at Soba. Most of what is known about Christian Nubia comes from either contemporary ...

Including:

• Alodia - Notes

Read more here: » Alodia: Encyclopedia - Alodia

Kush or Cush was an African civilization south of Ancient Egypt in Nubia, which is located in the modern day North African nation of Sudan. Though influenced by (and influencing) Egypt, it was a distinct culture and civilization and was one of the earliest civilizations to develop in the Nile River Valley. Kush - Origins. The first developed societies appeared in Nubia around the time of the First Egyptian Dynasty. The first known Kushite state was the Kingdom of Kerma, which appeared c. 2600 BC and ...

Including:

• Kush - Origins
• Kush - Napata
• Kush - Move to Meroe
• Kush - Decline
• Kush - In the Bible
• Kush - External link

Read more here: » Kush: Encyclopedia - Kush

Makuria - Origins. The origins of Makuria are uncertain. Ptolemy mentions a Nubian people known as the Makkourae, who might be ancestors to the Makurians[5]. The kingdom is believed to have formed in the 4th or 5th century. The first recorded mention of it is in a work by the 6th-century John of Ephesus, who decries its hostility to Monophysite missionaries traveling to Alodia. Soon after John of Biclarum wrote approvingly of Makuria's a ...

See also:

Makuria, Makuria - Sources, Makuria - History, Makuria - Origins, Makuria - Height, Makuria - Decline, Makuria - Economy, Makuria - Government, Makuria - Religion, Makuria - Culture, Makuria - Rulers, Makuria - Notes

Read more here: » Makuria: Encyclopedia II - Makuria - History

Nubia - Pre-history. The earliest cultures of Nubia left no writings and are unreported in the annals of other nations. The first noticeable cultures in Nubia include first the Badarian culture, then the Amratian and finally the Gerzean. From the Gerzean the first native culture developed known as the A-Group, which began roughly at the same time as the First dynasty of Egypt around 3100 BC. It consisted of semi-nomadic groups who subsided by herding sheep, goats, and some cattle. It is known from its distinctive burial rituals and pottery. Prehistoric tools discovered in Nubia date to circa 65,000 BC, ...

See also:

Nubia, Nubia - History, Nubia - Pre-history, Nubia - Kush, Nubia - Christian Nubia, Nubia - Modern Nubia, Nubia - Notes and references, Nubia - Notes, Nubia - References, Nubia - External links

Read more here: » Nubia: Encyclopedia II - Nubia - History

Like many Japanese noodles, soba noodles are often served chilled in the summer and hot in the winter. They are traditionally eaten on New Years Eve Toppings are chosen to reflect the seasons and to balance with other ingredients. Most toppings are added without much cooking, although some are deep-fried. Most of these dishes many also be prepared with udon. Hot Kake soba 掛け蕎麦 – Hot soba in broth topped with thinly sliced negi, and perhaps a slice of kamaboko (fish cake). Kitsune sobaSee also:

Soba, Soba - Varieties of Soba, Soba - Common Soba Dishes

Read more here: » Soba: Encyclopedia II - Soba - Common Soba Dishes

History of Sudan - The Turkiyah. Main article: History of Sudan (1821-1885) In 1820–21, an Egyptian-Ottoman force conquered and unified the northern portion of the country. The new government was known as the Turkiyah or Turkish regime. They were looking to open new markets and sources of natural resources. Historically, the pestilential swamps of the Suud discouraged expansion into the deeper south of the country. Although Egypt claimed all of the present Sudan during most of ...

See also:

History of Sudan, History of Sudan - Early history, History of Sudan - The coming of Islam, History of Sudan - 19th Century, History of Sudan - The Turkiyah, History of Sudan - Mahdism and condominium, History of Sudan - European Colonialism, History of Sudan - Independence and the First Civil War, History of Sudan - The Nimeiry Era, History of Sudan - Arms suppliers, History of Sudan - Second Civil War, History of Sudan - Darfur, History of Sudan - Chadian-Sudanese War

Read more here: » History of Sudan: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan - 19th Century

It is clear from the records that Aspelta's successors had their capital at Meroe, considerably farther south than Napata. The exact date this change was made is uncertain but some historians believe it was during Aspelta's reign, in response to the Egyptian invasion of Lower Nubia. Other historians believe it was the attraction of iron working that drove the kingdom south: around Meroe, unlike Napata, there were large forests that could fire the blast furnaces. The arrival of Greek merchants throughout the region also meant that Kush was no longer dependent on trade along the Nile; rather, it could export its goods east to the Red Sea ...

See also:

Kush, Kush - Origins, Kush - Napata, Kush - Move to Meroe, Kush - Decline, Kush - In the Bible, Kush - External link

Read more here: » Kush: Encyclopedia II - Kush - Move to Meroe

In 1983 the civil war was reignited following the government's Islamicization policy which would have instituted Islamic law, among other things. After several years of fighting, the government compromised with southern groups. Main article: History of Sudan (Transitional Military Council) On April 6, 1985, a group of military officers, led by Lieutenant General Abd ar Rahman Siwar adh Dhahab, overthrew Nimeiri, who took refuge in Egy ...

See also:

History of Sudan, History of Sudan - Early history, History of Sudan - The coming of Islam, History of Sudan - 19th Century, History of Sudan - The Turkiyah, History of Sudan - Mahdism and condominium, History of Sudan - European Colonialism, History of Sudan - Independence and the First Civil War, History of Sudan - The Nimeiry Era, History of Sudan - Arms suppliers, History of Sudan - Second Civil War, History of Sudan - Darfur, History of Sudan - Chadian-Sudanese War

Read more here: » History of Sudan: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan - Second Civil War

The decline of Kush is hotly debated. A diplomatic mission in Nero's reign travelled to Meroe; (Pliny the Elder, N.H. 6.35). After the 2nd century AD the royal tombs began to shrink in size and splendour, and the building of large monuments seems to have ceased. The royal pyramid burials halted altogether in the middle 4th century AD. The archeological record shows a cultural shift to a new society known as the X-Group, or Ballana culture. Examinations of skeletal remains shows that physically the people remained ...

See also:

Kush, Kush - Origins, Kush - Napata, Kush - Move to Meroe, Kush - Decline, Kush - In the Bible, Kush - External link

Read more here: » Kush: Encyclopedia II - Kush - Decline

During the ancient period, the area that today is northern Sudan was known as Nubia. Egyptians and people of the Mediterranean world also referred to it as Ethiopia (see History of Ethiopia). The area of the Nile valley that lies within present day Sudan was home to three Kushite kingdoms during antiquity: the first with its capital at Kerma (2400 – 1500 BCE), another that centered on Napata (1000 – 300 BCE) and, finally, that of Meroë (300 BCE – 300 CE). Each of these kingdoms was strongly culturally, economically, politically ...

See also:

History of Sudan, History of Sudan - Early history, History of Sudan - The coming of Islam, History of Sudan - 19th Century, History of Sudan - The Turkiyah, History of Sudan - Mahdism and condominium, History of Sudan - European Colonialism, History of Sudan - Independence and the First Civil War, History of Sudan - The Nimeiry Era, History of Sudan - Arms suppliers, History of Sudan - Second Civil War, History of Sudan - Darfur, History of Sudan - Chadian-Sudanese War

Read more here: » History of Sudan: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan - Early history

Dissatisfaction culminated in a second military coup on 25 May 1969. The coup leader, Col. Gaafar Nimeiry, became prime minister, and the new regime abolished parliament and outlawed all political parties. Disputes between Marxist and non-Marxist elements within the ruling military coalition resulted in a briefly successful coup in July 1971, led by the Sudanese Communist Party. Several days later, anti-communist military elements restored Nimeiry to power. In 1972, the Addis Ab ...

See also:

History of Sudan, History of Sudan - Early history, History of Sudan - The coming of Islam, History of Sudan - 19th Century, History of Sudan - The Turkiyah, History of Sudan - Mahdism and condominium, History of Sudan - European Colonialism, History of Sudan - Independence and the First Civil War, History of Sudan - The Nimeiry Era, History of Sudan - Arms suppliers, History of Sudan - Second Civil War, History of Sudan - Darfur, History of Sudan - Chadian-Sudanese War

Read more here: » History of Sudan: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan - The Nimeiry Era

Islam came to Egypt in the 640s, and pressed southward; around 651 the governor of Egypt raided as far south as Dongola. The Egyptians met with stiff resistance and found little wealth worth capturing. They thus ceased their offensive and a treaty known as the baqt was signed between the Arabs and Makuria. This treaty held for some seven hundred years. The area between the Nile and the Red Sea was a source of gold and emeralds, and Arab miners gradually moved in. Around the 970s an Egyptian envoy Ibn Sulaym went to Dongola and wrote an accou ...

See also:

History of Sudan, History of Sudan - Early history, History of Sudan - The coming of Islam, History of Sudan - 19th Century, History of Sudan - The Turkiyah, History of Sudan - Mahdism and condominium, History of Sudan - European Colonialism, History of Sudan - Independence and the First Civil War, History of Sudan - The Nimeiry Era, History of Sudan - Arms suppliers, History of Sudan - Second Civil War, History of Sudan - Darfur, History of Sudan - Chadian-Sudanese War

Read more here: » History of Sudan: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan - The coming of Islam

In February 1953, the United Kingdom and Egypt concluded an agreement providing for Sudanese self-government and self-determination. The transitional period toward independence began with the inauguration of the first parliament in 1954. With the consent of the British and Egyptian Governments, Sudan achieved independence on 1 January 1956, under a provisional constitution. The United States was among the first foreign powers to recognize the new state. However, the Arab-led Khartoum government reneged on promises to southerners to create a ...

See also:

History of Sudan, History of Sudan - Early history, History of Sudan - The coming of Islam, History of Sudan - 19th Century, History of Sudan - The Turkiyah, History of Sudan - Mahdism and condominium, History of Sudan - European Colonialism, History of Sudan - Independence and the First Civil War, History of Sudan - The Nimeiry Era, History of Sudan - Arms suppliers, History of Sudan - Second Civil War, History of Sudan - Darfur, History of Sudan - Chadian-Sudanese War

Read more here: » History of Sudan: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan - Independence and the First Civil War

Christian Nubia was long considered something of a backwater, mainly because its graves were small and lacking the grave goods of previous eras.[31] Modern scholars realize that this was due to cultural reasons, and that the Makurians actually had a rich and vibrant art and culture. One of the most important discoveries of the rushed work prior to the flooding of Lower Nubia was the Cathedral of Faras. This large building had been completely fille ...

See also:

Makuria, Makuria - Sources, Makuria - History, Makuria - Origins, Makuria - Height, Makuria - Decline, Makuria - Economy, Makuria - Government, Makuria - Religion, Makuria - Culture, Makuria - Rulers, Makuria - Notes

Read more here: » Makuria: Encyclopedia II - Makuria - Culture

The decline of Kush is hotly debated. A diplomatic mission in Nero's reign travelled to Meroe; (Pliny the Elder, N.H. 6.35). After the 2nd century AD the royal tombs began to shrink in size and splendour, and the building of large monuments seems to have ceased. The royal piramid burials halted altogether in the middle 4th century AD. The archeological record shows a cultural shift to a new society known as the X-Group, or Ballana culture. Examinations of skeletal remains shows that physically the people remained ...

See also:

Kush, Kush - Origins, Kush - Napata, Kush - Move to Meroe, Kush - Decline, Kush - In the Bible, Kush - External link

Read more here: » Kush: Encyclopedia II - Kush - Decline

This Napata based kingdom became quite potent and under king Kashta and then Piye; it conquered Egypt, establishing the twenty-fifth dynasty. When the Assyrians invaded in 671 BC, Kush became, once again, an independent state. In 591 BC the Egyptians under Psammetik II invaded Kush, perhaps because Kush ruler Aspelta was preparing to invade Egypt. the Egyptians soon withdrew from Kush. ...

See also:

Kush, Kush - Origins, Kush - Napata, Kush - Move to Meroe, Kush - Decline, Kush - In the Bible, Kush - External link

Read more here: » Kush: Encyclopedia II - Kush - Napata

The first developed societies appeared in Nubia around the time of the First Dynasty of Egypt. The first known Kushite state was the Kingdom of Kerma, which appeared around 2600 BC and at times ruled all of Nubia and parts of Egypt. Little is known about these peoples, because no writings have been found from them, and Egyptian accounts rarely mention them. Around 2500 BC, Egyptians began moving south, and it is through them that most of our knowledge of Kush comes. But this expansion was halted by the fall of the Middle Kingdom of Eg ...

See also:

Kush, Kush - Origins, Kush - Napata, Kush - Move to Meroe, Kush - Decline, Kush - In the Bible, Kush - External link

Read more here: » Kush: Encyclopedia II - Kush - Origins

Makuria is by far the best-known kingdom of Christian Nubia, but there are still many gaps in our knowledge. The most important source for the history of the area is various Arab travelers and historians who passed through Nubia during this period. The accounts are often problematic as many of the Arab writers were biased against their Christian neighbours, and these works generally focus on only the military conflicts between Egypt and Nubia.[2] One except ...

See also:

Makuria, Makuria - Sources, Makuria - History, Makuria - Origins, Makuria - Height, Makuria - Decline, Makuria - Economy, Makuria - Government, Makuria - Religion, Makuria - Culture, Makuria - Rulers, Makuria - Notes

Read more here: » Makuria: Encyclopedia II - Makuria - Sources

One of the most debated issues among scholars is over the religion of Makuria. Up to the fifth century the old faith of Meroe seems to have remained strong, even while its counterpart in Egypt disappeared. In the fifth century the Nubians went so far as to launch an invasion of Egypt, during which the Christians tried to turn some of the main temples into churches.[24] Archaeological evidence in this period finds a number of Christian ornaments in Nubia ...

See also:

Makuria, Makuria - Sources, Makuria - History, Makuria - Origins, Makuria - Height, Makuria - Decline, Makuria - Economy, Makuria - Government, Makuria - Religion, Makuria - Culture, Makuria - Rulers, Makuria - Notes

Read more here: » Makuria: Encyclopedia II - Makuria - Religion

Makuria was a monarchy ruled by a king based in Dongola. The king was also considered a priest and could perform mass. [18] How succession was decided is not clear. Early writers indicate it was from father to son. After the eleventh century, however, it seems clear that Makuria was using the uncle-to-sister's-son system favoured for millennia in Kush. Shinnie speculates that the later form may have actually been used throughout, and that the early Arab wri ...

See also:

Makuria, Makuria - Sources, Makuria - History, Makuria - Origins, Makuria - Height, Makuria - Decline, Makuria - Economy, Makuria - Government, Makuria - Religion, Makuria - Culture, Makuria - Rulers, Makuria - Notes

Read more here: » Makuria: Encyclopedia II - Makuria - Government