Almohades

Algiers (French Alger, (Arabic: ولاية الجزائر) El-Jazair, The Islands) is the capital and largest city of Algeria in North Africa. According to the 1998 census, the population of the city proper was 1,519,570 whilst the total for the agglomeration was 2,135,630. Nicknamed El-Bahdja (البهجة) or Alger la Blanche ("Algiers the White") for the glistening white of its buildings as seen sloping up from the sea, it is situated on the west side of a bay of the Mediterranean Sea. The city na ...

Including:

• Algiers - History
• Algiers - Local architecture

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Almoravides (In Arabic المرابطون al-Murabitun, sing. مرابط Murabit), is a Berber dynasty from the Sahara which, in the 11th century, founded the fourth dynasty in Morocco. Under this dynasty the Moorish empire was extended over Tlemcen (in modern Algeria) and a great part of Spain and Portugal. The name is derived from the Arabic Murabit, variously translated as religious ascetic or warrior monk. Almoravides - Beginnings. The most powerful of the invading tri ...

Including:

• Almoravides - Beginnings
• Almoravides - Influence of orthodox Islam
• Almoravides - Ascendence of Militarism
• Almoravides - Military Successes
• Almoravides - Morocco and Western Sahara
• Almoravides - Ghana
• Almoravides - Spain
• Almoravides - The Prince of the Muslims
• Almoravides - Decline

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Al-Andalus - Conquest and early years. In 711 AD, a Moorish Islamic army from North Africa invaded Visigoth Hispania. Under their leader Tariq ibn-Ziyad, a small force landed at Gibraltar on April 30, 711. After a decisive victory at the Battle of Guadalete on July 19, 711, Tariq ibn-Ziyad brought most of the Iberian Peninsula under Islamic rule in a seven-year campaign. They moved northeast across the Pyrenees but were defeated by the Frank Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours in 732. The Iberian peninsula, exc ...

Including:

• Al-Andalus - History
• Al-Andalus - Conquest and early years
• Al-Andalus - The Emirate and Caliphate of Córdoba
• Al-Andalus - The First Taifa Period
• Al-Andalus - Almoravids Almohads and Marīnids
• Al-Andalus - The Emirate of Granada
• Al-Andalus - Aftermath
• Al-Andalus - Culture
• Al-Andalus - Non-Muslims Dhimmi under the Caliphate
• Al-Andalus - Philosophy
• Al-Andalus - Etymology of al-Andalus
• Al-Andalus - Vandalícia
• Al-Andalus - Atlántida
• Al-Andalus - Landahlauts

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Alfonso VII of Castile (March 1, 1104/5 – August 21, 1157), nicknamed the Emperor, was the king of Castile and Leon since 1126, son of Urraca of Castile and Count Raymond of Burgundy. Alfonso was a dignified and somewhat enigmatic figure. A vague tradition had always assigned the title of emperor to the sovereign who held Leon. This sovereign was considered the most direct representative of the Visigoth kings, who were themselves the representatives of the Roman empire. But though given in charters, and claimed by Alfonso VI of Castile and Alfonso I of Aragon ...

Including:

• Alfonso VII of Castile - Sources

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Alfonso VIII (November 11, 1155 – October 5, 1214); called the Noble or, in Spanish, de las Navas; was the king of Castile and grandson of Alfonso VII. He led the coalition of Christian princes and foreign crusaders who broke the power of the Almohades at the battle of the Navas de Tolosa in 1212. His early life resembled that of other medieval kings. He succeeded to the throne, in infancy, on the death of his father, Sancho. Though proclaimed king, he was regarded as a mere name by the unruly nobles to w ...

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Jew - Usage note. Some uses of the term "Jew" are tainted by historic anti-Jewish bigotry. The correct adjectival form is "Jewish"; the use of "Jew" as an adjective (as in "Jew lawyer" rather than "Jewish lawyer") is associated with bigotry. The use of "Jew" or "jew" as a verb (as in "to jew someone down": to bargain for a lower price) is generally seen as an extremely offensive expression based on stereotypes. Even when used in a grammatically correct manner as a noun, the term "Jew" can objectify a ...

Including:

• Jew - Usage note
• Jew - Etymology
• Jew - Who is a Jew?
• Jew - Jewish culture
• Jew - Ethnic divisions
• Jew - Population
• Jew - Significant geographic populations
• Jew - State of Israel
• Jew - Diaspora outside Israel
• Jew - Population changes: Assimilation
• Jew - Population changes: Wars against the Jews
• Jew - Population changes: Growth
• Jew - Jewish languages
• Jew - History of the Jews
• Jew - Jews and migrations
• Jew - Kingdoms of Israel and Judah
• Jew - Persian Greek and Roman rule
• Jew - Beginning of the Diaspora
• Jew - Middle Ages: Europe
• Jew - Middle Ages: Islamic Europe and North Africa
• Jew - Enlightenment and emancipation
• Jew - Zionism and immigration
• Jew - The Holocaust
• Jew - Israel
• Jew - Persecution
• Jew - Jewish leadership
• Jew - Famous Jews
• Jew - Notes

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Moshe ben Maimon (March 30, 1135–December 13, 1204) was a Jewish rabbi, physician, and philosopher. Moshe ben Maimon's Hebrew name is רבי משה בן מיימון and his Arabic name is موسى بن ميمون بن عبد الله القرطبي الإسرائيلي, Mussa bin Maimun ibn Abdallah al-Kurtubi al-Israili. However, he is most commonly known by his Greek name, Moses Maimonides (Μωησής Μαϊμονίδης), and many Jewish works refer to him by the acronym of his title and name, RaMBaMIncluding:

• Maimonides - Biography
• Maimonides - Works and bibliography
• Maimonides - Influence
• Maimonides - The 13 principles of faith
• Maimonides - Halakhic works
• Maimonides - Philosophy
• Maimonides - Negative theology
• Maimonides - Prophecy
• Maimonides - The problem of evil
• Maimonides - Astrology
• Maimonides - True beliefs versus necessary beliefs
• Maimonides - Resurrection acquired immortality and the afterlife

Read more here: » Maimonides: Encyclopedia - Maimonides

The Arab-Israeli conflict is a long-running conflict in the Middle East concerning self-determination of the Jews in the Land of Israel and, after the establishment of the state of Israel, its relations with the Arab states and the Palestinian population (see Israeli-Palestinian conflict.) Some uses of the term Middle East conflict refer to this matter, but the region has been host to other disputes and wars not directly ...

Including:

• Arab-Israeli conflict - History
• Arab-Israeli conflict - Reasons for the conflict
• Arab-Israeli conflict - Israeli views
• Arab-Israeli conflict - Palestinian and other Arab views
• Arab-Israeli conflict - Mutual claims
• Arab-Israeli conflict - Peace and reconciliation
• Arab-Israeli conflict - Quotations
• Arab-Israeli conflict - Abbreviated timeline

Read more here: » Arab-Israeli conflict: Encyclopedia - Arab-Israeli conflict

The Arab-Israeli conflict is the result of numerous factors. Reasons cited for the conflict therefore vary from participant to participant and observer to observer. A powerful example of this divide can be found in opinion surveys of Palestinians and Israelis. In a March, 2005 poll 63% of the Israelis blamed the failure of the Oslo Peace Process on Palestinian violence, but only 5% of the Palestinians agreed. 54% of Palestinians put the blame on Israeli policies, but only 20% of the Israelis agreed.[11] It is therefore difficult to develop a single, objective reason for the conflict, so ...

See also:

Arab-Israeli conflict, Arab-Israeli conflict - History, Arab-Israeli conflict - Before 1947, Arab-Israeli conflict - War of 1948, Arab-Israeli conflict - Aftermath of the 1948 war, Arab-Israeli conflict - War of 1956, Arab-Israeli conflict - Between 1956 and 1967, Arab-Israeli conflict - War of 1967, Arab-Israeli conflict - War of 1968-1970, Arab-Israeli conflict - War of 1973, Arab-Israeli conflict - War of 1978, Arab-Israeli conflict - War of 1982, Arab-Israeli conflict - Intifada of 1987-1993, Arab-Israeli conflict - Gulf War of 1990-1991, Arab-Israeli conflict - Intifada of 2000, Arab-Israeli conflict - Reasons for the conflict, Arab-Israeli conflict - Israeli views, Arab-Israeli conflict - Palestinian and other Arab views, Arab-Israeli conflict - Mutual claims, Arab-Israeli conflict - Peace and reconciliation, Arab-Israeli conflict - Quotations, Arab-Israeli conflict - Abbreviated timeline

Read more here: » Arab-Israeli conflict: Encyclopedia II - Arab-Israeli conflict - Reasons for the conflict

Al-Andalus - Non-Muslims Dhimmi under the Caliphate. See also: Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain The treatment of non-Muslims (specifically Jews) in the Caliphate has been a subject of considerable interest from scholars and commentators, especially those interested in drawing parallels to the co-existence of Muslims and non-Muslims in the modern world. Some argue that - for at least part of the history of Al-Andalus - Jews were treated significantly better in Muslim-controlled Spain tha ...

See also:

Al-Andalus, Al-Andalus - History, Al-Andalus - Conquest and early years, Al-Andalus - The Emirate and Caliphate of Córdoba, Al-Andalus - The First Taifa Period, Al-Andalus - Almoravids Almohads and Marīnids, Al-Andalus - The Emirate of Granada, Al-Andalus - Aftermath, Al-Andalus - Culture, Al-Andalus - Non-Muslims Dhimmi under the Caliphate, Al-Andalus - Philosophy, Al-Andalus - Etymology of al-Andalus, Al-Andalus - Vandalícia, Al-Andalus - Atlántida, Al-Andalus - Landahlauts

Read more here: » Al-Andalus: Encyclopedia II - Al-Andalus - Culture

The expulsion of the Muslims was reputedly started by the first King of Asturias, named Pelayo (718-737), who started his fight against the Moors in the mountains of Covadonga (722). Later, his sons and descendants continued with his work until all of the Muslims were expelled. Meanwhile, in the east of the peninsula the Frankish emperors established the Marca Hispanica across the Pyrenees in pa ...

See also:

History of Spain, History of Spain - Early history, History of Spain - Visigothic Hispania 5th-8th centuries, History of Spain - Al-Andalus 8th-15th centuries, History of Spain - Reconquista 8th-15th centuries, History of Spain - Spain under the Habsburgs 16th-17th centuries, History of Spain - The Enlightenment: Spain under the Bourbons 18th century, History of Spain - Napoleonic Wars: War of Spanish Independence 1808-1814, History of Spain - Spain in the nineteenth century 1814-1873, History of Spain - First Spanish Republic 1873-1874, History of Spain - The Restoration 1874-1931, History of Spain - Second Spanish Republic 1931-1939, History of Spain - Spanish Civil War 1936-1939, History of Spain - The dictatorship of Francisco Franco 1936-1975, History of Spain - The transition to democracy 1975-1978, History of Spain - Spain since 1978

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Jew - Jews and migrations. Throughout Jewish history, Jews have repeatedly been directly or indirectly expelled from both their original homeland, and the areas in which they have resided. This experience as both immigrants and emigrants (see: Jewish refugees) have shaped Jewish identity and religious practice in many ways. An incomplete list of such migrations includes: The patriarch Abraham was a migrant to the land of Canaan from Ur of the Chaldees. The Children of Israel experienced the ...

See also:

Jew, Jew - Usage note, Jew - Etymology, Jew - Who is a Jew?, Jew - Jewish culture, Jew - Ethnic divisions, Jew - Population, Jew - Significant geographic populations, Jew - State of Israel, Jew - Diaspora outside Israel, Jew - Population changes: Assimilation, Jew - Population changes: Wars against the Jews, Jew - Population changes: Growth, Jew - Jewish languages, Jew - History of the Jews, Jew - Jews and migrations, Jew - Kingdoms of Israel and Judah, Jew - Persian Greek and Roman rule, Jew - Beginning of the Diaspora, Jew - Middle Ages: Europe, Jew - Middle Ages: Islamic Europe and North Africa, Jew - Enlightenment and emancipation, Jew - Zionism and immigration, Jew - The Holocaust, Jew - Israel, Jew - Persecution, Jew - Jewish leadership, Jew - Famous Jews, Jew - Notes

Read more here: » Jew: Encyclopedia II - Jew - History of the Jews

Through the Guide for the Perplexed and the philosophical introductions to sections of his commentaries on the Mishna, Maimonides exerted an important influence on the Scholastic philosophers, especially on Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, and Duns Scotus. He was himself a Jewish Scholastic. Educated more by reading the works of Arab Muslim philosophers than by personal contact with Arabian teachers, he acquired an intimate acquaintance not only with Arab Muslim philosophy, but with the doctrines of Aristotle. Maimonides strove to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and science, with the teachings of the Torah. < ...

See also:

Maimonides, Maimonides - Biography, Maimonides - Works and bibliography, Maimonides - Influence, Maimonides - The 13 principles of faith, Maimonides - Halakhic works, Maimonides - Philosophy, Maimonides - Negative theology, Maimonides - Prophecy, Maimonides - The problem of evil, Maimonides - Astrology, Maimonides - True beliefs versus necessary beliefs, Maimonides - Resurrection acquired immortality and the afterlife

Read more here: » Maimonides: Encyclopedia II - Maimonides - Philosophy

Translator; born at Granada, Spain, 1120; died after 1190. He left Spain in 1150, probably on account of anti-Semitic persecution by the Almohades, and went to Lunel in southern France. Benjamin of Tudela mentions him as a physician there in 1160. He died around 1190, in Marseille, France. Judah lived on terms of intimacy with Meshullam ben Jacob and with Meshullam's two sons, Asher and Aaron, whom in his will he recommends as friends to his only son, Samuel. He was also a close friend of Abraham ben David of Posquières and of Zerahi ...

See also:

Ibn Tibbon, Ibn Tibbon - Samuel ben Judah ibn Tibbon, Ibn Tibbon - Abraham ibn Tibbon, Ibn Tibbon - Jacob ben Machir ibn Tibbon, Ibn Tibbon - Judah ben Moses ibn Tibbon, Ibn Tibbon - Judah ben Saul ibn Tibbon, Ibn Tibbon - Moses ibn Tibbon, Ibn Tibbon - Samuel ibn Tibbon

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The Arab-Israeli conflict is the result of numerous factors. Reasons cited for the conflict therefore vary from participant to participant and observer to observer. A powerful example of this divide can be found in opinion surveys of Palestinians and Israelis. In a March, 2005 poll 63% of the Israelis blamed the failure of the Oslo Peace Process on Palestinian violence, but only 5% of the Palestinians agreed. 54% of Palestinians put the blame on Israeli policies, but only 20% of the Israelis agreed.[10] It is therefore difficult to develop a single, objective reason for the conflict, so ...

See also:

Arab-Israeli conflict, Arab-Israeli conflict - History, Arab-Israeli conflict - Reasons for the conflict, Arab-Israeli conflict - Israeli views, Arab-Israeli conflict - Palestinian and other Arab views, Arab-Israeli conflict - Mutual claims, Arab-Israeli conflict - Peace and reconciliation, Arab-Israeli conflict - Quotations, Arab-Israeli conflict - Abbreviated timeline

Read more here: » Arab-Israeli conflict: Encyclopedia II - Arab-Israeli conflict - Reasons for the conflict

History of Africa - Portuguese. With the Battle of Ceuta Africa had ceased to belong solely to the Mediterranean world. Among those who fought there was one, Prince Henry "the Navigator," son of King John I, who was fired with the ambition to acquire for Portugal the unknown parts of Africa. Under his inspiration and direction was begun that series of voyages of exploration which resulted in the circumnavigation of Africa and the esta ...

See also:

History of Africa, History of Africa - Paleolithic, History of Africa - Evolution of hominids and Homo sapiens in Africa, History of Africa - Neolithic prehistoric cultures, History of Africa - North Africa, History of Africa - Sub-Saharan Africa, History of Africa - History of North Africa 3500 B.C. - 1500 A.D., History of Africa - Ancient Egypt, History of Africa - Phoenician Greek and Roman colonization, History of Africa - Dark Age, History of Africa - Islamisation, History of Africa - History of Sub-Saharan Africa until 1500 A.D., History of Africa - Medieval empires, History of Africa - European exploration and conquest, History of Africa - Portuguese, History of Africa - 19th Century European explorers, History of Africa - Partition among European Powers, History of Africa - Conflicting ambitions of the European powers, History of Africa - The Berlin Conference of 1884-85, History of Africa - 20th Century: 1900-1945, History of Africa - Africa at the start of the 20th century, History of Africa - Interbellum, History of Africa - World War II, History of Africa - Postcolonial era:1945-present, History of Africa - Decolonization, History of Africa - Postcolonial Relationship with Europe, History of Africa - The Cold War in Africa, History of Africa - Pan-Africanism, History of Africa - Central Africa, History of Africa - East Africa, History of Africa - North Africa, History of Africa - Southern Africa, History of Africa - West Africa

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With the death of Al-Hakam II Ibn Abd-ar-Rahman in 976, the Caliphate began to dissolve, and the position of the Jews became more precarious under the various smaller Kingdoms. The first major persecution occurred on Dec. 30, 1066 when the Jews were expelled from Granada and fifteen hundred families were killed when they did not leave. This was the first persecution of Jews on the Peninsula while under Islamic rule. A possible date of the end of the Golden Age might be in 1090 with the invasion of the Almoravides, a puritan Mus ...

See also:

Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain, Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain - The Nature of the Golden Age, Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain - Birth of the Golden Age, Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain - End of the Golden Age, Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain - Notable figures

Read more here: » Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain: Encyclopedia II - Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain - End of the Golden Age

Murcia was founded with the name of Medinat Mursiya in A.D. 825 by Abd ar-Rahman II, emir of Al-Andalus. The Arabs, taking advantage of the course of the river Segura, created a complex network of irrigation channels that made the town prosperous and is the predecessor of the modern irrigation system. The Arab traveller Muhammad al-Idrisi described it in the 12th century as populous and strongly fortified. After the fall of the caliphate of Cordova, Murcia passed successively under the rule of Almería, Toledo and Seville. In 1172 it was taken by the Almohades, and from 1223 to 1243 it became the ...

See also:

Murcia, Murcia - History, Murcia - Sights and Monuments, Murcia - Festivals, Murcia - Economy, Murcia - Education, Murcia - People from Murcia, Murcia - Sport Teams

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Christianity, which has its roots in Jewish teachings about the Messiah, has often had a contentious relationship with Judaism, giving rise to anti-Semitism (See Christianity and anti-Semitism). Some Christians have had difficulty with the Jews' claim to being God's chosen people, and they have been seen as having contributed to the demise of Jesus, who according to the Christians was the Messiah and the "Son of God". Judaism considers this to be a serious heresy that ne ...

See also:

Persecution of Jews, Persecution of Jews - Christian, Persecution of Jews - Arab and Islamic, Persecution of Jews - Nazism, Persecution of Jews - Tsarist Russia, Persecution of Jews - Soviet Union

Read more here: » Persecution of Jews: Encyclopedia II - Persecution of Jews - Christian

Timeline of Portuguese history Second County - 11th century. 1077 - Alfonso VI of Castile and León proclaimes himself Emperor of all Spains. 1080 Coimbra is again a Diocese. Count Sisnando Davides of Coimbra takes part in the invasion of Granada. 1085-1096 - The Order of Cluny is established in Portugal. 1086 Several Muslim Emirs (namely Abbad III al-Mu'tamid) ask the Almoravides leader Yusuf ibn Tashfin for help against Alfonso VI of ...

See also:

Timeline of Portuguese history Second County, Timeline of Portuguese history Second County - Second County of Portugal, Timeline of Portuguese history Second County - 11th century, Timeline of Portuguese history Second County - 12th century

Read more here: » Timeline of Portuguese history Second County: Encyclopedia II - Timeline of Portuguese history Second County - Second County of Portugal