Almagest is the Latin form of the Arabic name (al-kitabu-l-mijisti, i.e. "The Great Book") of an astronomical/astrological treatise proposing the complex motions of the stars and planetary paths, originally written in Greek as μαθηματικἠ σύνταξις (Mathematike Syntaxis, "Mathematical Treatise"; later titled Hè Megalè Syntaxis, "The Great Treatise") by Ptolemy of Alexandria, Egypt. The date of Almagest has recently been more precisely established. Ptolemy set up a public ins ...

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140 - Events

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An Epitome of the Almagest (Epitome in Ptolemaei Almagestum) was written between 1460 and 1463 by the Austrian astronomer Georg Peurbach and his famous pupil Johannes Regiomontanus at the suggestion of Cardinal Bessarion. It gave Europeans the first sophisticated understanding of Ptolemy's astronomy, and was studied by every competent astronomer of the 16th century. Unlike earlier systems (such as 'the stars move because that is the will of the gods', or the model of concentric spheres), the Ptolemaic model explained all ...

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Ptolemaic system, Ptolemaic system - The Almagest, Ptolemaic system - Geocentricity, Ptolemaic system - Problems with geocentricity, Ptolemaic system - Replacement with Copernican system

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Claudius Ptolemaeus (Greek: Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος; ca. 100 – ca. 178), known in English as Ptolemy, was an ancient geographer, astrologer, and astronomer who probably lived and worked in Alexandria, off the coast of Egypt. Ptolemy was the author of several scientific treatises, two of which have been of continuing importance to later Islamic and European science. One is the astronomical treatise that is now known as the Almagest (in Greek Η μεγάλη Σύνταξις, "The Great Treat ...

Including:

Ptolemy - Astronomy Ptolemy - Geographia Ptolemy - Ptolemy and astrology Ptolemy - Ptolemy and music Ptolemy - Named after Ptolemy

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Gerard of Cremona's Latin translation of an Arabic text was the only version of Ptolemy’s Almagest that was known in Western Europe for centuries, until George of Trebizond and then Johannes Regiomontanus translated it from the Greek originals in the 15th century. The Almagest formed the basis for a mathematical astronomy until it was eclipsed by the theories of Copernicus. Gerard edited for Latin readers the Tables of Toledo, the most accurate compilation of astronomical data ever seen in Europe at the time. Th ...

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Gerard of Cremona, Gerard of Cremona - Gerard's translations, Gerard of Cremona - A second Gerard Cremonensis

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Ptolemy's other main work is his Geographia. This too is a compilation of what was known about the world's geography in the Roman Empire during his time. He relied mainly on the work of an earlier geographer, Marinos of Tyre, and on gazetteers of the Roman and ancient Persian empire, but most of his sources beyond the perimeter of the Empire were unreliable. The first part of the Geographia is a discussion of the data and of the methods he used. Like with the model of the solar system in the Almagest, Ptolemy put ...

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Ptolemy, Ptolemy - Astronomy, Ptolemy - Geographia, Ptolemy - Ptolemy and astrology, Ptolemy - Ptolemy and music, Ptolemy - Named after Ptolemy

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Although very little is known about Menelaus's life, it is supposed that he lived in Rome, where he probably moved after having spent his youth in Alexandria. He was called Menelaus of Alexandria by both Pappus and Proclus, and a conversation of his with Lucius, held in Rome, is recorded by Plutarch. Ptolemy also mentions, in his work Almagest, astronomical observations made by Menelaus in Rome on the 14th January in the year 98. One of these observations was on the oc ...

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Menelaus of Alexandria, Menelaus of Alexandria - Life, Menelaus of Alexandria - Works, Menelaus of Alexandria - Bibliography

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Most of what is known about Hipparchus comes from Ptolemy's (2nd century) Almagest ("the great treatise"; ed. [Toomer 1981]), with additional references to him by Pappus of Alexandria and Theon of Alexandria (4th century) in their commentaries on the Almagest; from Strabo's Geographia ("Geography"), and from Pliny the Elder's Naturalis historia ("Natural history") (1st century). There is a strong tradition that Hipparchus was born in Nicaea (Greek Νικαία), in the ancient district of Bithynia (modern- ...

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Hipparchus astronomer, Hipparchus astronomer - Life and work, Hipparchus astronomer - Babylonian sources, Hipparchus astronomer - Geometry and trigonometry, Hipparchus astronomer - Lunar and solar theory, Hipparchus astronomer - Motion of the Moon, Hipparchus astronomer - Orbit of the Moon, Hipparchus astronomer - Apparent motion of the Sun, Hipparchus astronomer - Orbit of the Sun, Hipparchus astronomer - Calendar, Hipparchus astronomer - Distance parallax size of the Moon and Sun, Hipparchus astronomer - Eclipses, Hipparchus astronomer - Astronomical instruments and astrometry, Hipparchus astronomer - Geography, Hipparchus astronomer - Star catalogue, Hipparchus astronomer - Celestial bodies, Hipparchus astronomer - Celestial coordinate systems, Hipparchus astronomer - Brightness of stars, Hipparchus astronomer - Precession of the equinoxes 146 BC-130 BC, Hipparchus astronomer - Hipparchus and astrology, Hipparchus astronomer - Named after Hipparchus, Hipparchus astronomer - Literature

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The world's first star catalogue was made by Gan De, a Chinese astronomer in 4th century BC. Although no longer in serious use, mention should be made of Ptolemy's star catalogue published in the 2nd century as part of his Almagest, which lists 1,022 stars visible from Alexandria. It was the standard star catalogue in the Western and Arab worlds for over a thousand years. Ptolemy's catalogue was based almost entirely on an earlier one by Hipparchus from the 2nd century B.C. (Newton 1977; Rawlins 1982). An even earlier star catalogue was that of Timocharis of Alexandria, which ...

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Star catalogue, Star catalogue - Historical catalogues, Star catalogue - Full-sky catalogues, Star catalogue - HD/HDE, Star catalogue - SAO, Star catalogue - BD/CD/CPD, Star catalogue - AC, Star catalogue - USNO-B1.0, Star catalogue - Specialized catalogues, Star catalogue - ADS, Star catalogue - BS BSC HR, Star catalogue - GJ Gliese Gl, Star catalogue - GCTP, Star catalogue - HIP, Star catalogue - Proper motion catalogues

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The earliest systematic study of trigonometric functions and tabulation of their values was performed by Hipparchus of Nicaea (180-125 BC), who tabulated the lengths of circle arcs (angle A times radius r) with the lengths of the subtending chords (2r sin(A/2)). Later, Ptolemy (2nd century) expanded upon this work in his Almagest, deriving addition/subtraction formulas for the equivalent of sin(A + B) and cos(A + B). Ptolemy also derived the equivalent of the half-angle formula s ...

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Trigonometric function, Trigonometric function - List of trigonometric functions, Trigonometric function - History, Trigonometric function - Right triangle definitions, Trigonometric function - Mnemonics, Trigonometric function - Slope definitions, Trigonometric function - Unit-circle definitions, Trigonometric function - Series definitions, Trigonometric function - Relationship to exponential function, Trigonometric function - Definitions via differential equations, Trigonometric function - The significance of radians, Trigonometric function - Other definitions, Trigonometric function - Computation, Trigonometric function - Inverse functions, Trigonometric function - Identities, Trigonometric function - Properties and applications, Trigonometric function - Law of sines, Trigonometric function - Law of cosines, Trigonometric function - Law of tangents

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The earliest systematic study of trigonometric functions and tabulation of their values was performed by Hipparchus of Nicaea (180-125 BC), who tabulated the lengths of circle arcs (angle A times radius r) with the lengths of the subtending chords (2r sin(A/2)). Later, Ptolemy (2nd century) expanded upon this work in his Almagest, deriving addition/subtraction formulas for the equivalent of sin(A + B) and cos(A + B). Ptolemy also derived the equivalent of the half-angle formula s ...

See also:

Trigonometric function, Trigonometric function - History, Trigonometric function - Right triangle definitions, Trigonometric function - Mnemonics, Trigonometric function - Slope definitions, Trigonometric function - Unit-circle definitions, Trigonometric function - Series definitions, Trigonometric function - Relationship to exponential function, Trigonometric function - Definitions via differential equations, Trigonometric function - The significance of radians, Trigonometric function - Other definitions, Trigonometric function - Computation, Trigonometric function - Inverse functions, Trigonometric function - Identities, Trigonometric function - Properties and applications, Trigonometric function - Law of sines, Trigonometric function - Law of cosines, Trigonometric function - Law of tangents

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Most of what is known about Hipparchus' text comes from two ancient sources: Ptolemy and Pappus. The work is also mentioned by Theon of Smyrna and others, but their accounts have proven less useful in reconstructing the procedures of Hipparchus. Hipparchus On Sizes and Distances - Ptolemy. In Almagest V, 11, Ptolemy writes: Now Hipparchus made such an examination principally from the sun. Since from other properties of the sun and moon (of which a study wlil be made below) it follows th ...

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Hipparchus On Sizes and Distances, Hipparchus On Sizes and Distances - Sources, Hipparchus On Sizes and Distances - Ptolemy, Hipparchus On Sizes and Distances - Pappus of Alexandria, Hipparchus On Sizes and Distances - Modern Reconstructions, Hipparchus On Sizes and Distances - Hultsch, Hipparchus On Sizes and Distances - Book 2 reconstruction Swerdlow, Hipparchus On Sizes and Distances - Book 1 reconstruction Toomer, Hipparchus On Sizes and Distances - Conclusion, Hipparchus On Sizes and Distances - Works cited

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Hipparchus is credited with the invention or improvement of several astronomical instruments, which were used for a long time for naked-eye observations. According to Synesius of Ptolemais (4th century) he made the first astrolabion: this may have been an armillary sphere (which Ptolemy however says he constructed, in Almagest V.1); or the predecessor of the planar instrument called astrolabe (also mentioned by Theon of Alexandria). With an astrolabe Hipparchus was the first to be able to measure the geographical latitude and t ...

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Hipparchus astronomer, Hipparchus astronomer - Life and work, Hipparchus astronomer - Babylonian sources, Hipparchus astronomer - Geometry and trigonometry, Hipparchus astronomer - Lunar and solar theory, Hipparchus astronomer - Motion of the Moon, Hipparchus astronomer - Orbit of the Moon, Hipparchus astronomer - Apparent motion of the Sun, Hipparchus astronomer - Orbit of the Sun, Hipparchus astronomer - Calendar, Hipparchus astronomer - Distance parallax size of the Moon and Sun, Hipparchus astronomer - Eclipses, Hipparchus astronomer - Astronomical instruments and astrometry, Hipparchus astronomer - Geography, Hipparchus astronomer - Star catalogue, Hipparchus astronomer - Celestial bodies, Hipparchus astronomer - Celestial coordinate systems, Hipparchus astronomer - Brightness of stars, Hipparchus astronomer - Precession of the equinoxes 146 BC-130 BC, Hipparchus astronomer - Hipparchus and astrology, Hipparchus astronomer - Named after Hipparchus, Hipparchus astronomer - Literature

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With the revival of Greek science which took place in Islam, Jews were intimately connected, and the Almagest is said to have been translated by Sahal ibn Tabari as early as 800, while one of the earliest independent students of Astronomy among the Arabs was Mashallah (754-873?). Jews seem to have been particularly concerned with the formation of astronomical tables of practical utility to astronomers. Sind ben Ali (about 830) was one of the principal contributors to the tables drawn up under the patronage of the al-Mamun. No less than twelv ...

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Biblical astronomy, Biblical astronomy - Biblical Data, Biblical astronomy - The Four Elements in Genesis, Biblical astronomy - Stars the Hosts of Heaven, Biblical astronomy - Captain of Army., Biblical astronomy - Individual Stars, Biblical astronomy - Planets, Biblical astronomy - Helel Son of the Morning, Biblical astronomy - Ancient Conception of Astronomy, Biblical astronomy - In the Talmud, Biblical astronomy - Astronomy a Religious Study, Biblical astronomy - No Scientific Discoveries in Palestine, Biblical astronomy - Conceptions of Heaven and Earth, Biblical astronomy - Motions of the Heavenly Bodies, Biblical astronomy - Six Seasons, Biblical astronomy - Seven Planets, Biblical astronomy - The Zodiac, Biblical astronomy - Other Stars and Comets, Biblical astronomy - In Post-Talmudic Times, Biblical astronomy - Medieval Astronomers

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The scientific revolution can be viewed as a flowering of the Renaissance and the portal to modern civilization. This was in part brought about by the re-discovery of those elements of ancient Greek, Indian, Chinese and Islamic culture preserved and further developed by Islam from the 8th to the 15th centuries, and translated by Christian Monks into Latin, such as the Almagest. It started with only a few researchers, evolving into an enterprise which continues to the present day. Starting with astronomy, the principles of natur ...

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History of physics, History of physics - Antiquity, History of physics - Middle-Eastern contributions to physics, History of physics - Indian contributions to physics, History of physics - The Middle Ages, History of physics - The scientific revolution, History of physics - 16th century, History of physics - 17th century, History of physics - 18th century, History of physics - 19th century, History of physics - 20th century, History of physics - Developments since 1990, History of physics - Developments since 2000, History of physics - Notes

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The scientific revolution can be viewed as a flowering of the Renaissance and the portal to modern civilization. This was in part brought about by the re-discovery of those elements of ancient Greek, Indian, Chinese and Islamic culture preserved and further developed by Islam from the 8th to the 15th centuries, and translated by Christian Monks into Latin, such as the Almagest. It started with only a few researchers, evolving into an enterprise which continues to the present day. Starting with astronomy, the principles of natur ...

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History of physics, History of physics - Antiquity, History of physics - Greek contributions to physics, History of physics - Middle-Eastern contributions to physics, History of physics - Indian contributions to physics, History of physics - The Middle Ages, History of physics - The scientific revolution, History of physics - 16th century, History of physics - 17th century, History of physics - 18th century, History of physics - 19th century, History of physics - 20th century, History of physics - Developments since 1990, History of physics - Developments since 2000, History of physics - Notes

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Celestial mechanics is a division of astronomy dealing with the motions and gravitational effects of celestial objects. The field applies principles of physics, historically Newtonian mechanics, to astronomical objects such as stars and planets. It is distinguished from astrodynamics, which is the study of the creation of artificial satellite orbits. Celestial mechanics - History of celestial mechanics. Although modern analytic celestial mechanics starts 400 years ago with Isaac Newton, prior studies addres ...

Including:

Celestial mechanics - History of celestial mechanics
Celestial mechanics - Ancient Civilizations Celestial mechanics - Claudius Ptolemy Celestial mechanics - Johannes Kepler Celestial mechanics - Isaac Newton Celestial mechanics - Albert Einstein Celestial mechanics - Open problems
Celestial mechanics - Examples of problems
Celestial mechanics - Perturbation theory
Celestial mechanics - External link

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In astronomy, many stars are referred to simply by catalogue numbers. There are a great many different star catalogues which have been produced for different purposes over the years, and this article covers only some of the more frequently quoted ones. Most of the recent catalogues are available in electronic format and can be freely downloaded from NASA's Astronomical Data Center and other places (see links at end). Star catalogue - Historical catalogues. The world's first star catalogue was made by Gan De ...

Including:

Star catalogue - Historical catalogues Star catalogue - Full-sky catalogues
Star catalogue - HD/HDE Star catalogue - SAO Star catalogue - BD/CD/CPD Star catalogue - AC Star catalogue - USNO-B1.0
Star catalogue - Specialized catalogues
Star catalogue - ADS Star catalogue - BS BSC HR Star catalogue - GJ Gliese Gl Star catalogue - GCTP Star catalogue - HIP Star catalogue - Proper motion catalogues

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Arkaim is an archaeological site situated in the Southern Urals steppe, 8.2 km north-to-northwest of Amurskiy, and 2.3 km south-to-southeast of Alexandronvskiy, two villages in the Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, just to the north from the Kazakhstani border (52°37′37″N, 59°33′40″E). Arkaim - The site. The site is generally dated to the 17th century BC. Earlier dates, up to the 20th century BC, have been proposed. It was a ...

Including:

Arkaim - The site Arkaim - Speculations
Arkaim - Swastika City Arkaim - Observatory

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Alhazen Abu Ali al-Hasan Ibn Al-Haitham (also: Ibn al Haythen), (965-1040), was a mathematician; he is sometimes called al-Basri, after his birthplace Basrah, Iraq. Alhazen - Life. Alhazen was born at Basra, then part of Buwayhid Persia, now part of Iraq (See [1] and [2]), and probably died in Cairo, Egypt. One account of his career has him summoned to Egypt by the mercurial caliph Hakim to regulate the flooding of the Nile. After his field work made him aware of the impracticality of t ...

Including:

Alhazen - Life Alhazen - Works
Alhazen - Optics
Alhazen - Other Alhazens Alhazen - Bibliography

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