alkylation

Gold(III) chloride is most often prepared by direct chlorination of the metal at high temperatures: 2 Au + 3 Cl2 → 2 AuCl3 ...

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GoldIII chloride, GoldIII chloride - Structure, GoldIII chloride - Chemical properties, GoldIII chloride - Preparation, GoldIII chloride - Uses, GoldIII chloride - Precautions, GoldIII chloride - Suppliers/Manufacturers

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Many of the non-aliphatic hydrocarbons naturally present in gasoline (especially aromatic ones like benzene), as well as many anti-knocking additives, are carcinogenic. Because of this, any large-scale or ongoing leaks of gasoline pose a threat to the public's health and the environment, should the gasoline reach a public supply of drinking water. The chief risks of such leaks come not from vehicles, but from gasoline delivery truck accidents and leaks from storage tanks. Because of this risk, most (underground) storage tanks now have extens ...

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Gasoline, Gasoline - Chemical analysis and production, Gasoline - Volatility, Gasoline - Octane rating, Gasoline - Dangers, Gasoline - Energy content, Gasoline - Additives, Gasoline - Lead, Gasoline - MMT, Gasoline - Oxygenate blending, Gasoline - History, Gasoline - Pharmaceutical, Gasoline - Etymology, Gasoline - World War II and octane, Gasoline - Current use, Gasoline - Stability

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The world's first oil refinery opened at Ploieşti, Romania in 1856 [1]. Several other refineries were built at that location with investment from United States companies before being taken over by Nazi Germany during World War II. Most of these refineries were bombarded by the US Air Force in Operation Tidal Wave, August 1, 1943. Another early example is Oljeön preserved as a museum at the UNESCO world heritage site Engelsberg. It started operation in 1875 ...

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Oil refinery, Oil refinery - Operation, Oil refinery - Products of oil refinery, Oil refinery - Safety and environmental concerns, Oil refinery - Common process units found in a refinery, Oil refinery - Specialized end product units, Oil refinery - Co-plant siting, Oil refinery - History

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Oil refineries can become very large and sprawling complexes with vast numbers of pipes running throughout the facility. The refining process can cause many different chemicals to be released into the atmosphere - consequently a notable odor may accompany the presence of a refinery. Environmental groups have lobbied many governments to increase restrictions on how much material refineries can release, and many refineries have installed equipment and changed practices to lessen the environmental impact. In the United States, there is strong p ...

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Oil refinery, Oil refinery - Operation, Oil refinery - Products of oil refinery, Oil refinery - Safety and environmental concerns, Oil refinery - Common process units found in a refinery, Oil refinery - Specialized end product units, Oil refinery - Co-plant siting, Oil refinery - History

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"Cracking" breaks larger molecules into smaller ones. This can be done with a thermic or catalytic method. The thermal cracking process follows a homolytic mechanism, that is, bonds break symmetrically and thus pairs of free radicals are formed. The catalytic cracking process involves the presence of acid catalysts (usually solid acids such as silica-alumina and zeolites) which promote a heterolytic (asymmetric) breakage of bonds yielding pairs of ions of opposite charges, usually a carbocation and the very unstable hydride anion. Carbon-loc ...

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Cracking chemistry, Cracking chemistry - Applications, Cracking chemistry - Fluid Catalytic Cracking, Cracking chemistry - Hydrocracking, Cracking chemistry - Steam Cracking, Cracking chemistry - Chemistry, Cracking chemistry - Catalytic Cracking, Cracking chemistry - Thermal Cracking, Cracking chemistry - History

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Hydrazine derivatives 1,1-dimethylhydrazine and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, in which two of the hydrogen atoms are substituted with methyl groups, are also described as hydrazines. 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine is used to make hypergolic (self-igniting) bipropellant rocket fuels. The first discovered hydrazine is phenylhydrazine C6H5NHNH2 by Emil Fischer in 1875 by reduction of a phenyl diazonium salt by sulfite salts ^{See also:}

Hydrazine, Hydrazine - Health effects, Hydrazine - Use, Hydrazine - Molecular structure, Hydrazine - Industrial production, Hydrazine - Hydrazines, Hydrazine - Organic reactions

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AuCl3 exists as a dimer both as a solid and as a vapour; the bromide AuBr3 follows the same pattern. This is similar (but not identical) to the tetrahedral dimers formed by AlCl3 and FeCl3. The bonding in AuCl3 is mainly covalent, reflecting the high oxidation state and relatively high electronegativity (for a metal) of the gold. ...

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GoldIII chloride, GoldIII chloride - Structure, GoldIII chloride - Chemical properties, GoldIII chloride - Preparation, GoldIII chloride - Uses, GoldIII chloride - Precautions, GoldIII chloride - Suppliers/Manufacturers

Read more here: » GoldIII chloride: Encyclopedia II - GoldIII chloride - Structure