alkylation - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Goldiii Chloride: Encyclopedia - Goldiii Chloride
Gold(III) chloride, traditionally called auric chloride, is one of the most common compounds of gold. It has the formula AuCl3. The Roman...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Benzene: Encyclopedia - Benzene
Benzene, also known as C6H6, PhH, and benzol, is an organic chemical compound which is a colorless and flammable liquid with a pleasant, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gasoline: Encyclopedia - Gasoline
Gasoline is a petroleum-derived liquid mixture consisting primarily of hydrocarbons, used as fuel in internal combustion engines. Gasolin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dna Repair: Encyclopedia - Dna Repair
DNA repair is a process constantly operating in cells; it is essential to survival because it protects the genome from damage and harmful...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cracking Chemistry: Encyclopedia - Cracking Chemistry
In petroleum geology and chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules (e.g. kerogens or heavy hydrocarbons) are c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Methylation: Encyclopedia Ii - Methylation - Biological Methylation
Methylation - Epigenetics. Methylation contributing to epigenetic inheritance can occur either through DNA methylation or protein methy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Raney Nickel: Encyclopedia Ii - Raney Nickel - Preparation
Raney nickel - Alloy preparation. Alloys are prepared commercially by melting the active metal (nickel in this case, but iron and coppe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dna Repair: Encyclopedia Ii - Dna Repair - Dna Repair Mechanisms
Cells cannot tolerate DNA damage that compromises the integrity and accessibility of essential information in the genome (but cells remai...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oil Refinery: Encyclopedia Ii - Oil Refinery - Operation
Raw oil or unprocessed ("crude") oil is not very useful in the form it comes in out of the ground. It needs to be broken down into parts ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedel-crafts Reaction: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedel-crafts Reaction - Friedel-crafts Alkylation
Friedel-Crafts alkylation involves the alkylation of an aromatic ring and an alkyl halide using a strong Lewis acid catalyst. With anhydr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Benzene: Encyclopedia Ii - Benzene - Structure
The formula of benzene (C6H6) caused a mystery for some time after its discovery, as no explanation had been found that could account for...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ceriumiii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Ceriumiii Chloride - Uses
Cerium(III) chloride can be used as a starting point for the preparation of other cerium salts, such as the Lewis acid, cerium(III) trifl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gasoline: Encyclopedia Ii - Gasoline - Chemical Analysis And Production
Gasoline is produced in oil refineries. These days, material that is simply separated from crude oil via distillation, called natural gas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrazine: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrazine - Health Effects
Breathing hydrazines may cause coughing and irritation of the throat and lungs, tremors, or seizures. Breathing hydrazines for long perio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Goldiii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Goldiii Chloride - Uses
Gold(III) chloride is one of the most common gold compounds and it is therefore used as the starting point for the synthesis of many othe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cracking Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Cracking Chemistry - Applications
In an oil refinery cracking processes allow the production of "light" products (such as LPG and gasoline) from heavier crude oil distilla...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Benzene: Encyclopedia Ii - Benzene - Structure
The formula of benzene (C6H6) caused a mystery for some time after its discovery, as no explanation had been found that could account for...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Benzene: Encyclopedia Ii - Benzene - Uses
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, benzene was used as an aftershave because of its pleasant smell. Prior to the 1920s, benzene was fr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Benzene: Encyclopedia Ii - Benzene - Production
Benzene may result whenever carbon-rich materials undergo incomplete combustion. It is produced naturally in volcanoes and forest fires, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Benzene: Encyclopedia Ii - Benzene - Reactions Of Benzene
Benzene - Electrophilic aromatic substitution. Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a general method of substituting aromatic rings s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Benzene: Encyclopedia Ii - Benzene - Uses
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, benzene was used as an aftershave because of its pleasant smell. Prior to the 1920s, benzene was fr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Benzene: Encyclopedia Ii - Benzene - Substituted Benzenes
Many important chemicals are essentially benzene, with one or more of the hydrogen atoms replaced with another functional group: Benzene...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Benzene: Encyclopedia Ii - Benzene - Reactions Of Benzene
Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a general method of substituting aromatic rings such as benzene. Benzene is nucleophilic enough, s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cracking Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Cracking Chemistry - History
In 1855, petroleum cracking methods were pioneered by Chemistry Professor Benjamin Silliman, Jr., of Yale University (then Sheffield Scie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Raney Nickel: Encyclopedia Ii - Raney Nickel - Applications
Raney nickel is used in a large number of industrial processes and in organic synthesis because of its stability and high catalytic activ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Raney Nickel: Encyclopedia Ii - Raney Nickel - Safety
Due to its large surface area and high volume of contained hydrogen gas, dry, activated Raney nickel is a pyrophoric material that should...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gasoline: Encyclopedia Ii - Gasoline - Additives
Gasoline - Lead. The mixture known as gasoline when used in high compression internal combustion engines, has a tendency to ignite earl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Raney Nickel: Encyclopedia Ii - Raney Nickel - Properties
Macroscopically Raney nickel looks like a finely divided gray powder. Microscopically, each particle of this powder looks like a three-di...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Benzene: Encyclopedia Ii - Benzene - Substituted Benzenes
Many important chemicals are essentially benzene, with one or more of the hydrogen atoms replaced with another functional group: Benzene...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Benzene: Encyclopedia Ii - Benzene - Health Effects
Breathing very high levels of benzene can result in death, while high levels can cause drowsiness, dizziness, rapid heart rate, headaches...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Benzene: Encyclopedia Ii - Benzene - Production
Benzene may result whenever carbon-rich materials undergo incomplete combustion. It is produced naturally in volcanoes and forest fires, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Benzene: Encyclopedia Ii - Benzene - Health Effects
Breathing very high levels of benzene can result in death, while high levels can cause drowsiness, dizziness, rapid heart rate, headaches...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Goldiii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Goldiii Chloride - Chemical Properties
Anhydrous AuCl3 begins to decompose to AuCl at around 160 °C; however at this will in turn undergo disproportionation at higher temperat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cracking Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Cracking Chemistry - History
The first thermal cracking method, the Burton process, was invented by William M. Burton; the oil industry first using it to produce gaso...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dna Repair: Encyclopedia Ii - Dna Repair - Dna Repair In Disease And Aging
DNA repair - Poor DNA repair induces pathology. As cells get older, the amount of DNA damage accumulates overtaking the rate of repair ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dna Repair: Encyclopedia Ii - Dna Repair - Dna Damage
DNA damage, due to normal metabolic processes inside the cell, occurs at a rate of 50,000 to 500,000 molecular lesions per cell per day. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gasoline: Encyclopedia Ii - Gasoline - History
Gasoline - Pharmaceutical. Before internal combustion engines were invented in the mid-1800s, gasoline was sold in small bottles as a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gasoline: Encyclopedia Ii - Gasoline - Energy Content
Gasoline contains about 45 megajoules per kilogram (MJ/kg) or 135MJ/US gallon. Volumetric energy density of some fuels compared to gasoli...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gasoline: Encyclopedia Ii - Gasoline - Additives
Gasoline - Lead. The mixture known as gasoline when used in high compression internal combustion engines, has a tendency to explode ear...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dna Repair: Encyclopedia Ii - Dna Repair - Dna Repair And Evolution
One form of DNA damage is alteration of a nucleotide (a mutation), altering the information carried in the DNA sequence. Because DNA muta...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dna Repair: Encyclopedia Ii - Dna Repair - Medicine & Dna Repair Modulation
A vast body of evidence correlates DNA damage to death and disease. As indicated by new overexpression studies, increasing the activity o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Goldiii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Goldiii Chloride - Preparation
Gold(III) chloride is most often prepared by direct chlorination of the metal at high temperatures: 2 Au + 3 Cl2 → 2 AuCl3 ... See al...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gasoline: Encyclopedia Ii - Gasoline - Dangers
Many of the non-aliphatic hydrocarbons naturally present in gasoline (especially aromatic ones like benzene), as well as many anti-knocki...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oil Refinery: Encyclopedia Ii - Oil Refinery - History
The world's first oil refinery opened at Ploieşti, Romania in 1856 [1]. Several other refineries were built at that location with invest...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oil Refinery: Encyclopedia Ii - Oil Refinery - Safety And Environmental Concerns
Oil refineries can become very large and sprawling complexes with vast numbers of pipes running throughout the facility. The refining pro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cracking Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Cracking Chemistry - Chemistry
"Cracking" breaks larger molecules into smaller ones. This can be done with a thermic or catalytic method. The thermal cracking process f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrazine: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrazine - Hydrazines
Hydrazine derivatives 1,1-dimethylhydrazine and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, in which two of the hydrogen atoms are substituted with methyl gro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Goldiii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Goldiii Chloride - Structure
AuCl3 exists as a dimer both as a solid and as a vapour; the bromide AuBr3 follows the same pattern. This is similar (but not identical)...   » Read the article