alkyl

Straight-chain alkanes take the suffix "-ane" and are prefixed depending on the number of carbon atoms in the chain, as given by the following table: For example, the simplest alkane is CH4 methane, and the nine-carbon alkane CH3(CH2)7CH3 is named nonane. Cyclic alkanes are simply prefixed with "cyclo-", for example C4H8See also:

IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkanes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkenes and Alkynes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alcohols, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Halogenated compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Carboxylic acids, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ethers, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Esters, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Amines and Amides, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cyclic compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Order of precedence of groups, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Common nomenclature, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ions, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Hydron, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Parent hydride cations, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cations and substitution

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In reactions involving Grignard reagents, it is important to ensure that no water is present, which would otherwise cause the reagent to rapidly decompose. Thus, most Grignard reactions occur in solvents such as anhydrous diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran, because the oxygen of these solvents stabilizes the magnesium reagent. The reagent may also react with oxygen present in the atmosphere, inserting an oxygen atom between the carbon base and the magnesium halide group. Thus, many ...

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Grignard reagent, Grignard reagent - Nucleophilic addition reactions, Grignard reagent - Coupling reaction

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Esters can be produced by an equilibrium reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. The ester is named according to the alkyl group (the part from the alcohol) and then the alkanoate (the part from the carboxylic acid) which make it up.[1] For example, the reaction between methanol and butyric acid yields the ester methyl butyrate C3H7-COO-CH3 (as well as water). The simplest ester is H-COO-CH3 (methy ...

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Ester, Ester - Naming of esters, Ester - Physical properties, Ester - Reactions

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The SN1 reaction between a molecule A and a nucleophile B takes place in two steps: Formation of a carbocation from molecule A by separation of leaving group from the carbon. Nucleophilic attack: a nucleophile (molecule B) joins onto the carbon from A. If the nucleophile B is a neutral molecule (very often it is a solvent molecule such as water), a third step is required to complete the reaction. Deprotonation: Removal of a proton on the protonated nucleophile by a nearby ion or molecule. An example reaction: (CH3)3CBr + H2O → (C ...

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SN1 reaction, SN1 reaction - Mechanism, SN1 reaction - Kinetics, SN1 reaction - Scope of the reaction, SN1 reaction - Stereochemistry, SN1 reaction - Side reactions, SN1 reaction - Solvent effects

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Liquid-liquid extraction - Solvation mechanism. Using solvent extraction it is possible to extract uranium, plutonium, or thorium from acid solutions. One solvent used for this purpose is the organophosphate tri-n-butyl phosphate. The PUREX process is commonly used in nuclear reprocessing uses a mixture of tri-n-butyl phosphate and an inert hydrocarbon (kerocene), the uranium(VI) are extracted from strong nitric acid and are back-extracted (stripped) using weak nitric acid. An organic soluble uranium complex [UO< ...

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Liquid-liquid extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Distribution ratio, Liquid-liquid extraction - One big batch of solvent or several smaller batchs ?, Liquid-liquid extraction - Separation factors, Liquid-liquid extraction - Decontamination factor, Liquid-liquid extraction - Slopes of graphs, Liquid-liquid extraction - Batchwise single stage extractions, Liquid-liquid extraction - Multistage countercurrent continuous processes, Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction without chemical change, Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction with chemical change, Liquid-liquid extraction - Solvation mechanism, Liquid-liquid extraction - Ion exchange mechanism, Liquid-liquid extraction - Ion pair extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Kinetics of extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Aqueous complexing agents, Liquid-liquid extraction - Industrial process design, Liquid-liquid extraction - Equipment, Liquid-liquid extraction - Terms

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Main article: Biodiesel production Chemically, biodiesel comprises a mix of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids. The most common form uses methanol to produce methyl esters as it is the cheapest alcohol available, though ethanol can be used to produce an ethyl ester biodiesel and higher alcohols such as isopropanol and butanol have also been used. Using alcohols of higher molecular weights improves the cold flow properties of the resulting ester, at the cost of a less efficient transesterification reaction. A byproduct ...

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Biodiesel, Biodiesel - History, Biodiesel - Fuel quality standards and properties, Biodiesel - Production, Biodiesel - Base oils, Biodiesel - Efficiency and economic arguments, Biodiesel - Availability, Biodiesel - Australia, Biodiesel - Brazil, Biodiesel - Belgium, Biodiesel - Canada, Biodiesel - Germany, Biodiesel - India, Biodiesel - United States

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Organophosphate - A common misnomer. The term organophosphate should strictly be reserved for an ester of phosphoric acid or one of its higher compounds (such as pyrophosphoric acid. But is is used oftein to describe any organic phosphorus containing neurotoxin. Many of the so called organophosphate contain C-P bonds which make them something else, for instance sarin is O-Isopropyl Methylphosphonofluoridate whose parrent phosphorus acid is HP(O)(OH)2 which is phosphorous acid not phosphoric acid. Also many compounds which are ...

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Organophosphate, Organophosphate - Overview of 'Organophosphate' neurotoxins, Organophosphate - A common misnomer, Organophosphate - Basics, Organophosphate - Example, Organophosphate - Organophosphate poisoning

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The normal and the bigger alkylcycloalkanes are very stable like alkanes and their reactions (cf. radicalic chain reactions) are like alkanes. The small alkylcycloalkanes - particularly alkylcycloprapane - has a lower stability due to the Baeyer-tension. They react similar to alkenes, though they don't react with the EA (cf. electrophilic addition), but with the SN2 (cf. nucleophilic substitution) reaction mechanism. These reactions are both ...

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Alkyl cycloalkane, Alkyl cycloalkane - Nomenclature, Alkyl cycloalkane - Reactions, Alkyl cycloalkane - Typical compound

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Most commonly, photolytic, thermal, or transition metal catalyzed decomposition of diazoalkanes is used to create carbene molecules. A variation on catalyzed decomposition of diazoalkanes is the Bamford-Stevens reaction, which gives carbenes in aprotic solvents and carbenium ions in protic solvents. Another method is induced elimination of halogen from gem-dihalides or HX from CHX3 moiety, employing organolithium reagents (or another strong base). It is not certain that in these reactions actual free carbenes are formed. In some c ...

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Carbene, Carbene - Generation of Carbenes, Carbene - Persistent carbenes

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Amine oxide - Pyrolytic elimination. Amine oxides, when heated to 150 to 200 ºC eliminate a hydroxylamine, resulting in an alkene. This pyrolytic syn-elimination reaction is known under the name Cope reaction. The mechanism is similar to that of the Hofmann elimination. Amine oxide - Reduction to amines. Amine oxides are readily converted to the parent amine by common reduction reagents including lithium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride, catalytic reduction, zi ...

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Amine oxide, Amine oxide - Synthesis, Amine oxide - Reactions, Amine oxide - Pyrolytic elimination, Amine oxide - Reduction to amines, Amine oxide - Metabolites, Amine oxide - Prodrugs

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Carboxylic acids are widespread in nature. Carboxylic acids are typically weak acids that partially dissociate into H+ cations and RCOO- anions in aqueous solution. For example, only about 0.02% of all acetic acid molecules are dissociated at room temperature in solution. The two electronegative oxygen atoms tend to pull the electron away from the hydrogen of the hydroxyl group, and the remaining proton H+ can more easily leave. The remaining negative charge is then distributed symmetrically among the two oxygen atoms, and the two carbon–oxy ...

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Carboxylic acid, Carboxylic acid - Acidity electron distribution and resonance, Carboxylic acid - Synthesis, Carboxylic acid - Reactions, Carboxylic acid - Nomenclature and examples

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Carboxylic acids are widespread in nature. Carboxylic acids are typically weak acids that partially dissociate into H+ cations and RCOO- anions in aqueous solution. The carboxylate anion R-COO- is usually named with the suffix -ate, so acetic acid, for example, becomes acetate ion. Only about 0.02% of all acetic acid molecules are dissociated at room temperature in solution. The two electronegative oxygen atoms tend to pull the electron away from the hydrogen of the hydroxyl group, and the remai ...

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Carboxylic acid, Carboxylic acid - Acidity electron distribution and resonance, Carboxylic acid - Synthesis, Carboxylic acid - Reactions, Carboxylic acid - Examples

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Alcohol - Deprotonation. Alcohols can behave as weak acids, undergoing deprotonation. The deprotonation reaction to produce an alkoxide salt is either performed with a strong base such as sodium hydride or n-butyllithium, or with sodium or potassium metal. 2 R-OH + 2 NaH → 2 R-O-Na+ + H2↑ 2 R-OH + 2Na → 2R-O−Na+ e.g. 2 CH3CH2-OH + 2 Na → 2 CH3-CH ...

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Alcohol, Alcohol - Structure, Alcohol - Primary secondary and tertiary alcohols, Alcohol - Methanol & ethanol, Alcohol - Uses, Alcohol - Sources, Alcohol - Nomenclature, Alcohol - Systematic names, Alcohol - Etymology, Alcohol - Physical and chemical properties, Alcohol - Toxicity, Alcohol - Preparation of alcohols, Alcohol - Laboratory, Alcohol - Industrial, Alcohol - Reactions of alcohols, Alcohol - Deprotonation, Alcohol - Nucleophilic substitution, Alcohol - Dehydration, Alcohol - Esterification, Alcohol - Oxidation

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CH2COOR-CHCOOR'-CH2-COOR" where R, R', and R" are long alkyl chains; the three fatty acids RCOOH, R'COOH and R"COOH can be all different, all the same, or only two the same. Chain lengths of the fatty acids in naturally occurring triglycerides can be from 3 to 22 carbon atoms, but 16 and 18 are most common. Shorter chain lengths may be found in some substances (butter for example). Typically, plants and animals have natural fatty acids that comprise only of even numbers of carbo ...

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Triglyceride, Triglyceride - Chemical structure, Triglyceride - Metabolism, Triglyceride - Role in disease, Triglyceride - Guidelines, Triglyceride - Reducing triglyceride levels, Triglyceride - Industrial uses, Triglyceride - Staining

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Hydrolysis - Hydrolysis of metal salts. Many metal ions are strong Lewis acids, and in water they may undergo hydrolysis to form basic salts. Such salts contain a hydroxyl group that is directly bound to the metal ion in place of a water ligand. For example, aluminium chloride undergoes extensive hydrolysis in water, such that the pH of the solution become quite acidic: This means that if solutions of AlCl3 are evaporated, hydrogen chloride is lost and the residue is a basic salt (in thi ...

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Hydrolysis, Hydrolysis - Examples, Hydrolysis - Hydrolysis of metal salts, Hydrolysis - Hydrolysis of an ester link, Hydrolysis - Hydrolysing the peptide link of amino acids, Hydrolysis - Irreversibility of hydrolysis under physiological conditions

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The earliest known evidence of soap use are Babylonian clay cylinders dating from 2800 BC containing a soap-like substance. A formula for soap consisting of water, alkali and cassia oil was written on a Babylonian clay tablet around 2200 BC. The Ebers papyrus (Egypt, 1550 BC) indicates that ancient Egyptians bathed regularly and combined animal and vegetable oils with alkaline salts to create a soap-lik ...

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Soap, Soap - Purification and finishing, Soap - Use, Soap - The history and process of soap making, Soap - Handmade soap, Soap - Disadvantages

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Like ammonia, amines act as bases and are reasonably strong (see table for examples of conjugate acid Ka values). The nitrogen atom has a lone electron pair available which can accept a H+ ion to bond to the nitrogen forming a positive substituted ammonium ion. The pairs of dots on the N atoms in the chemical reactions shown in this article represent the lone electron pairs on the nitrogens in the amines. These lone pairs also contribute to the solubility of simple amines due to hydrogen bonding between water mo ...

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Amine, Amine - Naming, Amine - Properties, Amine - Synthesis, Amine - Reactions, Amine - Aromatic amines

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The π orbitals of an alkene can stabilize a transition state by helping to delocalize the positive charge of the carbocation. For instance the unsaturated tosylate will react more quickly with a nucleophile than the saturated tosylate. The carbocationic intermediate will be stabilized by resonance where the positive charge is spread over several atoms, in the diagram below this is shown. Here is a different view of the same intermediates. Even if the alkene is more remote from the reacting center the alkene can still act in this way. For instance in the follow ...

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Neighbouring group participation, Neighbouring group participation - NGP by heteroatom lone pairs, Neighbouring group participation - NGP by an alkene, Neighbouring group participation - NGP by a cyclopropane cyclobutane or a homoallyl group, Neighbouring group participation - NGP by an aromatic ring

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The earliest known evidence of soap use are Babylonian clay cylinders dating from 2800 BC containing a soap-like substance. A formula for soap consisting of water, alkali and cassia oil was written on a Babylonian clay tablet around 2200 BC. The Ebers papyrus (Egypt, 1550 BC) indicates that ancient Egyptians bathed regularly and combined animal and vegetable oils with alkaline salts to create a soap-like substance. Egyptian documents mention that a soap- ...

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Soap, Soap - Purification and finishing, Soap - Use, Soap - The history and process of soap making, Soap - Handmade soap, Soap - Disadvantages

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Diesel is produced from petroleum, and is sometimes called petrodiesel (or, less seriously, dinodiesel) when there is a need to distinguish it from diesel obtained from other sources. As a hydrocarbon mixture, it is obtained in the fractional distillation of crude oil between 250 °C and 350 °C at atmospheric pressure. Petro Diesel is considered to be a fuel oil and is about 18% denser than gasoline. Diesel typically weighs about 7.1 pounds (lb) per US gallon (gal) (850 grams per liter (g/l)), whereas gasoline ...

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Diesel, Diesel - Petroleum diesel, Diesel - Chemical composition, Diesel - Synthetic diesel, Diesel - Biodiesel, Diesel - Uses, Diesel - Other uses, Diesel - Notes

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In reactions involving Grignard reagents, it is important to ensure that no water is present, which would otherwise cause the reagent to rapidly decompose. Thus, most Grignard reactions occur in solvents such as anhydrous diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran, because the oxygen of these solvents stabilizes the magnesium reagent. The reagent may also react with oxygen present in the atmosphere, inserting an oxygen atom between the carbon base and the magnesium halide group. Thus, many ...

See also:

Grignard reagent, Grignard reagent - Grignard reagent formation, Grignard reagent - Nucleophilic addition reactions, Grignard reagent - Coupling reactions, Grignard reagent - Oxidation

Read more here: » Grignard reagent: Encyclopedia II - Grignard reagent - Nucleophilic addition reactions