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Aryl: Encyclopedia - Aryl
In the context of organic molecules, aryl refers to any member of the set of functional groups or substituents that are derived from an a...
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Alcohol: Encyclopedia - Alcohol
In general usage, alcohol (from Arabic al-kukhul الكحول, al meaning 'the' and kukhul meaning 'spirit', the chemical) refers almost ...
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Amine: Encyclopedia - Amine
Amines are organic compounds containing nitrogen as the key atom in the amine functional group. Amines have structures resembling ammonia...
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Barton-mccombie Deoxygenation: Encyclopedia - Barton-mccombie Deoxygenation
The Barton-McCombie deoxygenation is a organic reaction in which an hydroxy functional group in an organic compound is replaced by a prot...
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Hemiaminal: Encyclopedia - Hemiaminal
A hemiaminal is a functional group or type of chemical compound that has a hydroxyl group and a amine attached to the same carbon atom: -...
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Diesel: Encyclopedia - Diesel
Diesel or Diesel fuel is a specific fractional distillate of fuel oil (mostly petroleum) that is used as fuel in a diesel engine invented...
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Biodiesel: Encyclopedia - Biodiesel
Biodiesel is fuel made from renewable resources such as vegetable oils or animal fats. It is biodegradable and non-toxic, and has signifi...
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Ether: Encyclopedia - Ether
Ether is the general name for a class of chemical compounds which contain an ether group — an oxygen atom connected to two (substituted...
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Triglyceride: Encyclopedia - Triglyceride
Triglycerides (also known as triacylglycerols or triacylglycerides) are glycerides in which the glycerol is esterified with three fatty a...
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Alkylation: Encyclopedia - Alkylation
Alkylation is the transfer of an alkyl group from one molecule to another.
In a standard oil refinery process, alkylation combines low-mo...
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Soap: Encyclopedia - Soap
Soap is a surfactant cleaning compound used for personal or minor cleaning. It usually comes in solid moulded form, termed bars. In somew...
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Butyl: Encyclopedia - Butyl
In organic chemistry, butyl is a four-carbon alkyl substituent with chemical formula -C4H9. It is the substituent form of the alkane buta...
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Valeric Acid: Encyclopedia - Valeric Acid
Valeric acid, or pentanoic acid, is a straight chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)3COOH. Like other low molecu...
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Urushiol: Encyclopedia - Urushiol
For specific information on prevention and treatment of urushiol poisoning, see Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis.
Urushiol (you-ROO-sh...
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Carboxylic Acid: Encyclopedia - Carboxylic Acid
Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=O)-OH, usually written as...
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Zaitsev's Rule: Encyclopedia - Zaitsev's Rule
Zaitsev's rule or Saytzeff's rule named after A. N. Zaitsev is a rule in chemistry that states: If more than one alkene can be formed by ...
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Hydroxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydroxide - Hydroxyl Radical
The hydroxyl radical, ·OH, is the neutral form of the hydroxide ion. Hydroxyl radicals are highly reactive and consequently short lived,...
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Nucleophilic Substitution: Encyclopedia Ii - Nucleophilic Substitution - Nucleophilic Substitution At Saturated Carbon Centres
Nucleophilic substitution - SN1 and SN2 reactions.
In 1935, Edward D. Hughes and Sir Christopher Ingold studied nucleophilic substituti...
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Nitrite: Encyclopedia Ii - Nitrite - Definition
The nitrite ion is NO2-.
A nitrite compound is one that contains this group, either an ionic compound, or an analogous covalent one. Thes...
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Hydrolysis: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrolysis - Examples
Hydrolysis - Hydrolysis of metal salts.
Many metal ions are strong Lewis acids, and in water they may undergo hydrolysis to form basic ...
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Iupac Nomenclature Of Organic Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Iupac Nomenclature Of Organic Chemistry - Alkanes
Straight-chain alkanes take the suffix "-ane" and are prefixed depending on the number of carbon atoms in the chain, as given by the foll...
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Grignard Reagent: Encyclopedia Ii - Grignard Reagent - Nucleophilic Addition Reactions
In reactions involving Grignard reagents, it is important to ensure that no water is present, which would otherwise cause the reagent to ...
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Ester: Encyclopedia Ii - Ester - Naming Of Esters
Esters can be produced by an equilibrium reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. The ester is named according to the alkyl gro...
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Sn1 Reaction: Encyclopedia Ii - Sn1 Reaction - Mechanism
The SN1 reaction between a molecule A and a nucleophile B takes place in two steps:
Formation of a carbocation from molecule A by separa...
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Liquid-liquid Extraction: Encyclopedia Ii - Liquid-liquid Extraction - Extraction With Chemical Change
Liquid-liquid extraction - Solvation mechanism.
Using solvent extraction it is possible to extract uranium, plutonium, or thorium from ...
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Biodiesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Biodiesel - Production
Main article: Biodiesel production
Chemically, biodiesel comprises a mix of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids. The most common ...
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Organophosphate: Encyclopedia Ii - Organophosphate - Overview Of 'organophosphate' Neurotoxins
Organophosphate - A common misnomer.
The term organophosphate should strictly be reserved for an ester of phosphoric acid or one of its...
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Alkyl Cycloalkane: Encyclopedia Ii - Alkyl Cycloalkane - Reactions
The normal and the bigger alkylcycloalkanes are very stable like alkanes and their reactions (cf. radicalic chain reactions) are like alk...
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Carbene: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbene - Generation Of Carbenes
Most commonly, photolytic, thermal, or transition metal catalyzed decomposition of diazoalkanes is used to create carbene molecules. A va...
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Amine Oxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Amine Oxide - Reactions
Amine oxide - Pyrolytic elimination.
Amine oxides, when heated to 150 to 200 ºC eliminate a hydroxylamine, resulting in an alkene. Thi...
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Carboxylic Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Carboxylic Acid - Acidity Electron Distribution And Resonance
Carboxylic acids are widespread in nature. Carboxylic acids are typically weak acids that partially dissociate into H+ cations and RCOO- ...
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Carboxylic Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Carboxylic Acid - Acidity Electron Distribution And Resonance
Carboxylic acids are widespread in nature. Carboxylic acids are typically weak acids that partially dissociate into H+ cations and RCOO- ...
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Alcohol: Encyclopedia Ii - Alcohol - Reactions Of Alcohols
Alcohol - Deprotonation.
Alcohols can behave as weak acids, undergoing deprotonation. The deprotonation reaction to produce an alkoxide...
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Triglyceride: Encyclopedia Ii - Triglyceride - Chemical Structure
CH2COOR-CHCOOR'-CH2-COOR"
where R, R', and R" are long alkyl chains; the three fatty acids RCOOH, R'COOH and R"COOH can be all different,...
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Hydrolysis: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrolysis - Examples
Hydrolysis - Hydrolysis of metal salts.
Many metal ions are strong Lewis acids, and in water they may undergo hydrolysis to form basic ...
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Soap: Encyclopedia Ii - Soap - The History And Process Of Soap Making
The earliest known evidence of soap use are Babylonian clay cylinders dating from 2800 BC containing a soap-like substance. A formula for...
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Amine: Encyclopedia Ii - Amine - Properties
Like ammonia, amines act as bases and are reasonably strong (see table for examples of conjugate acid Ka values). The nitrogen atom has a...
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Neighbouring Group Participation: Encyclopedia Ii - Neighbouring Group Participation - Ngp By An Alkene
The π orbitals of an alkene can stabilize a transition state by helping to delocalize the positive charge of the carbocation. For instan...
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Soap: Encyclopedia Ii - Soap - The History And Process Of Soap Making
The earliest known evidence of soap use are Babylonian clay cylinders dating from 2800 BC containing a soap-like substance. A formula for...
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Diesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Diesel - Petroleum Diesel
Diesel is produced from petroleum, and is sometimes called petrodiesel (or, less seriously, dinodiesel) when there is a need to distingui...
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Grignard Reagent: Encyclopedia Ii - Grignard Reagent - Nucleophilic Addition Reactions
In reactions involving Grignard reagents, it is important to ensure that no water is present, which would otherwise cause the reagent to ...
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Encyclopedia Ii - Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution - Substituted Aromatic Rings
Electrophiles may attack aromatic rings with functional groups. Performing an electrophilic substitution on an already substituted benzen...
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Substitution Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Substitution Chemistry - Substituted Compounds
Substituted compounds are chemical compounds where one or more hydrogen atoms of a core structure have been replaced with a functional gr...
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Ether: Encyclopedia Ii - Ether - Chemical Reactions
Ether - Synthesis.
R-OH + R-OH → R-O-R + H2O
This direct reaction requires drastic conditions (heat and an acid catalyst) and is us...
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Stilbene: Encyclopedia Ii - Stilbene - Stilbene Reactions
Halogenation of Stilbene
Simple hydrocarbons are relatively unreactive. In order to form more complex molecules, it is generally necessar...
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Ester: Encyclopedia Ii - Ester - Naming Of Esters
Esters can be produced by an equilibrium reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. The ester is named according to the alkyl gro...
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Biodiesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Biodiesel - Fuel Quality, Standards And Properties
Biodiesel is a clear amber-yellow liquid with a viscosity similar to petrodiesel, the industry term for diesel produced from petroleum. I...
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Carboxylic Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Carboxylic Acid - Acidity, Electron Distribution And Resonance
Carboxylic acids are widespread in nature. Carboxylic acids are typically weak acids that partially dissociate into H+ cations and RCOO- ...
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Soap: Encyclopedia Ii - Soap - Handmade Soap
Some individuals continue to make soap in the home. The traditional name "soaper", for a soapmaker, is still used by those who make soap ...
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Stilbene: Encyclopedia Ii - Stilbene - Uses Of Stilbene
Stilbene is used in manufacture of dyes and optical brighteners, and also as a phosphor and a scintillator.
Stilbene is one of the gain m...
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Soap: Encyclopedia Ii - Soap - Disadvantages
Today, fat-based soaps have mostly been superseded by modern detergents. Washing agents do not contain soap for cleaning fabric, but to r...
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Liquid-liquid Extraction: Encyclopedia Ii - Liquid-liquid Extraction - Extraction Without Chemical Change
Some solutes such as noble gases and osmium tetoxide can be extracted from one phase to another without the need for a chemical reaction....
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Liquid-liquid Extraction: Encyclopedia Ii - Liquid-liquid Extraction - Extraction Without Chemical Change
Some solutes such as noble gases can be extracted from one phase to another without the need for a chemical reaction (See Absorption (che...
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Diesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Diesel - Uses
Diesel fuel is very similar to heating oil which is used in central heating. In Europe, the United States and Canada, taxes on diesel fue...
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Diesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Diesel - Biodiesel
Biodiesel can be obtained from vegetable oil and animal fats (bio-lipids, using transesterification). Biodiesel is a non-fossil fuel alte...
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Grignard Reagent: Encyclopedia Ii - Grignard Reagent - Oxidation
The oxidation of a Grignard reagent with oxygen takes place through a radical intermediate to a magnesium hydroperoxide. Hydrolysis of th...
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Diesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Diesel - Other Uses
Bad quality (high sulfur) diesel fuel has been used as a palladium extraction agent for the liquid-liquid extraction of this metal from n...
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Liquid-liquid Extraction: Encyclopedia Ii - Liquid-liquid Extraction - Multistage Countercurrent Continuous Processes
These are commly used in industry for the processing of metals such as the lanthanides, because the separation factors between the lantha...
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Encyclopedia Ii - Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution - Basic Reaction Mechanism
In the first step of the reaction mechanism for this reaction, the electrophile A attacks the electron-rich aromatic ring which in the si...
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Carboxylic Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Carboxylic Acid - Nomenclature And Examples
The carboxylate anion R-COO– is usually named with the suffix -ate, so acetic acid, for example, becomes acetate ion. In IUPAC nomencla...
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Iupac Nomenclature Of Organic Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Iupac Nomenclature Of Organic Chemistry - Aldehydes
Aldehydes (R-CHO) take the suffix "-al". Since they are always at the end of an alkane chain, they do not need a position number: HCHO (f...
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Liquid-liquid Extraction: Encyclopedia Ii - Liquid-liquid Extraction - Industrial Process Design
Typically an industrial process will use an extraction step in which solutes are transferred from the aqueous phase to the organic phase,...
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Liquid-liquid Extraction: Encyclopedia Ii - Liquid-liquid Extraction - Aqueous Complexing Agents
If a complexing agent is present in the aqueous phase then it can lower the distribution ratio. For instance in the case of iodine being ...
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Encyclopedia Ii - Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution - Basic Reactions
Aromatic nitrations to form nitro compounds take place by generating a nitronium ion from nitric acid and sulfuric acid.
Aromatic sulfona...
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Liquid-liquid Extraction: Encyclopedia Ii - Liquid-liquid Extraction - Multistage Countercurrent Continuous Processes
These are commonly used in industry for the processing of metals such as the lanthanides, because the separation factors between the lant...
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Liquid-liquid Extraction: Encyclopedia Ii - Liquid-liquid Extraction - Distribution Ratio
In solvent extraction a distribution ratio is oftein quoted as a measure of how well extracted a species is. The distribution ratio (D) i...
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Alcohol: Encyclopedia Ii - Alcohol - Structure
The functional group of an alcohol is a hydroxyl group bonded to an sp³ hybridized carbon. It can therefore be regarded as a derivative ...
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Neighbouring Group Participation: Encyclopedia Ii - Neighbouring Group Participation - Ngp By Heteroatom Lone Pairs
A classic example of NGP is the reaction of a sulfur or nitrogen mustard with a nucleophile, the rate of reaction is much higher for the ...
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Iupac Nomenclature Of Organic Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Iupac Nomenclature Of Organic Chemistry - Order Of Precedence Of Groups
When compounds contain more than one functional group, the order of precedence determines which groups are named with prefix or suffix fo...
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Alcohol: Encyclopedia Ii - Alcohol - Toxicity
Alcohols often have an odor described as 'biting' that 'hangs' in the nasal passages. Ethanol in the form of alcoholic beverages has been...
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Alcohol: Encyclopedia Ii - Alcohol - Physical And Chemical Properties
The hydroxyl group generally makes the alcohol molecule polar. Those groups can form hydrogen bonds to one another and to other compounds...
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Alcohol: Encyclopedia Ii - Alcohol - Nomenclature
Alcohol - Systematic names.
In the IUPAC system, the name of the alkane chain loses the terminal "e" and adds "ol", e.g. "methanol" and...
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Alcohol: Encyclopedia Ii - Alcohol - Preparation Of Alcohols
Alcohol - Laboratory.
Several methods exist for the preparation of alcohols in the laboratory.
Primary Alkyl halides react with aqueou...
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Diesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Diesel - Biodiesel
Biodiesel can be obtained from vegetable oil and animal fats (bio-lipids, using transesterification). Biodiesel is a non-fossil fuel alte...
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Diesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Diesel - Other Uses
Bad quaility (high sulfur) diesel fuel has been used as a palladium extraction agent for the liquid-liquid extraction of this metal from ...
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Diesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Diesel - Uses
Diesel fuel is very similar to heating oil which is used in central heating. In both Europe and the United States, taxes on diesel fuel a...
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Alcohol: Encyclopedia Ii - Alcohol - Uses
Alcohols are in wide use in industry and science as reagents, solvents, and fuels. Ethanol and methanol can be made to burn more cleanly ...
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Alcohol: Encyclopedia Ii - Alcohol - Structure
The functional group of an alcohol is a hydroxyl group bonded to an sp3 hybridized carbon. It can therefore be regarded as a derivative o...
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Soap: Encyclopedia Ii - Soap - Handmade Soap
Some individuals continue to make soap in the home. The traditional name "soaper", for a soapmaker, is still used by those who make soap ...
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Soap: Encyclopedia Ii - Soap - Use
Although the word soap continues to be used informally in everyday speech and product labels, in practice nearly all kinds of "soap" in u...
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Soap: Encyclopedia Ii - Soap - Purification And Finishing
The common process of purifying soap involves removal of sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, and glycerol. These impurities are removed by...
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Soap: Encyclopedia Ii - Soap - Disadvantages
Today, fat-based soaps have mostly been superseded by modern detergents. Washing agents do not contain soap for cleaning fabric, but to r...
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Triglyceride: Encyclopedia Ii - Triglyceride - Metabolism
See also fatty acid metabolism
Triglycerides play an important role in metabolism as energy sources. They contain a bit more than twice a...
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Amine: Encyclopedia Ii - Amine - Naming
Methylamine
2-amino-pentane
(or better: pent-2-yl-amine or pentane-2-amine)
...
See also:Amine, Amine - Naming, Amine - Properties, A...
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Triglyceride: Encyclopedia Ii - Triglyceride - Role In Disease
See also the main article hypertriglyceridaemia
In the human body, high levels of triglycerides in the bloodstream have been linked to at...
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Biodiesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Biodiesel - History
Transesterification of a vegetable oil was conducted as early as 1853, by scientists E. Duffy and J. Patrick, many years before the first...
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Biodiesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Biodiesel - Fuel Quality Standards And Properties
Biodiesel is a clear amber-yellow liquid with a viscosity similar to petrodiesel, the industry term for diesel produced from petroleum. I...
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Iupac Nomenclature Of Organic Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Iupac Nomenclature Of Organic Chemistry - Cyclic Compounds
Cycloalkanes and aromatic compounds can be treated as the main parent chain of the compound, in which case the position of substituents a...
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Iupac Nomenclature Of Organic Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Iupac Nomenclature Of Organic Chemistry - Amines And Amides
Amines (R-NH2) are named for the attached alkane chain with the suffix "-amine" (e.g. CH3NH2 methanamine). If necessary, the bonding posi...
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Iupac Nomenclature Of Organic Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Iupac Nomenclature Of Organic Chemistry - Esters
Esters (R-CO-O-R') are named as alkyl derivatives of carboxylic acids. The alkyl (R') group is named first. The R-CO-O part is then named...
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Iupac Nomenclature Of Organic Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Iupac Nomenclature Of Organic Chemistry - Common Nomenclature
Common nomenclature is an older system of naming organic compounds.
IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones.
Common names for...
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Iupac Nomenclature Of Organic Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Iupac Nomenclature Of Organic Chemistry - Ions
The IUPAC nomenclature also provides rules for naming ions.
IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Hydron.
Hydron is a generic term ...
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Liquid-liquid Extraction: Encyclopedia Ii - Liquid-liquid Extraction - Separation Factors
The separation factor is one distribution ratio divided by another, it is a measure of the ability of the system to separate two solutes....
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Liquid-liquid Extraction: Encyclopedia Ii - Liquid-liquid Extraction - Distribution Ratio
In solvent extraction a distribution ratio is oftein quoted as a measure of how well extracted a species is. The distribution ratio (D) i...
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Iupac Nomenclature Of Organic Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Iupac Nomenclature Of Organic Chemistry - Carboxylic Acids
In general carboxylic acids are named with the suffix "-anoic acid". As for aldehydes, they take the "1" position on the parent chain, bu...
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Iupac Nomenclature Of Organic Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Iupac Nomenclature Of Organic Chemistry - Aldehydes
Aldehydes (R-CHO) take the suffix "-al". Since they are always at the end of a alkane chain, they do not need a position number: HCHO (fo...
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Hydrolysis: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrolysis - Irreversibility Of Hydrolysis Under Physiological Conditions
Under physiological conditions (i.e. in dilute aqueous solution), a hydrolytic cleavage reaction, where the concentration of a metabolic ...
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Biodiesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Biodiesel - Availability
Biodiesel - Australia.
With around 100 million litres (26.5 million US Gallons) annual production capacity, commercial biodiesel produc...
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Nucleophilic Substitution: Encyclopedia Ii - Nucleophilic Substitution - Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
There are many reactions in organic chemistry that involve this type of mechanism. Common examples include
organic reductions with hydri...
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Nucleophilic Substitution: Encyclopedia Ii - Nucleophilic Substitution - Nucleophilic Substitution At Unsaturated Carbon Centres
Nucleophilic substitution via the SN1 or SN2 mechanism does not generally occur with vinyl or aryl halides or related compounds. Under ce...
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Iupac Nomenclature Of Organic Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Iupac Nomenclature Of Organic Chemistry - Alcohols
Alcohols (R-OH) drop the terminal "e" from the name of the parent alkane, and take the suffix "-ol" with an infix numerical bonding posit...
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