In the context of organic molecules, aryl refers to any member of the set of functional groups or substituents that are derived from an aromatic compound, such as benzene, naphthalene or an aromatic heterocycle such as pyridine, etc. There are more specific terms, such as phenyl, to describe unsubstituted aryl groups and subsets of aryl groups (as well as arbitrarily substituted groups: refer to IUPAC nomenclature), but "aryl" is used for ...
In general usage, alcohol (from Arabic al-kukhul الكحول, al meaning 'the' and kukhul meaning 'spirit', the chemical) refers almost always to ethanol, also known as grain alcohol, and often to any beverage that contains ethanol (see alcoholic beverage). This sense underlies the term alcoholism (addiction to alcohol). Other forms of alcohol are usually described with a clarifying adjective, as in isopropyl alcohol or by the suffix -ol, as in isopropanol.
As a drug, com ...
Amines are organic compounds containing nitrogen as the key atom in the amine functional group. Amines have structures resembling ammonia, where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl groups or other groups where the nitrogen is bonded to a carbon atom in the group (groups symbolized by R below). However, if any of the carbons bonded to the nitrogen that is part of a carbonyl group, then the compound is considered an amide rather than an amine.
See the Category:Amines for a list of types of amine and some real examp ...
The Barton-McCombie deoxygenation is a organic reaction in which an hydroxy functional group in an organic compound is replaced by a proton to an alkane [1][2].
This deoxygenation reaction is a radical substitution.
Barton-McCombie deoxygenation - Mechanism.
The reaction mechanism consists of a catalytic cycle with a radical ...
A hemiaminal is a functional group or type of chemical compound that has a hydroxyl group and a amine attached to the same carbon atom: -C(OH)(NR2)-. R can be hydrogen or an alkyl group.
An aminal or aminoacetal is a functional group or type of chemical compound that has two amine groups attached to the same carbon atom: -C(NR2)(NR2)-. Again R can be hydrogen or a alkyl group.
The aminal and the hemiaminal groups are the cousins of hemiacetals and acetals with nitrogen repla ...
Diesel or Diesel fuel is a specific fractional distillate of fuel oil (mostly petroleum) that is used as fuel in a diesel engine invented by German engineer Rudolf Diesel. The term typically refers to fuel that has been processed from petroleum, but increasingly, alternatives such as biodiesel or biomass to liquid (BTL) or gas to liquid (GTL) diesel that are not derived from petroleum are being developed.
Diesel - Petroleum diesel.
Diesel is produced from petroleum, and is sometimes called petrodi ...
Biodiesel is fuel made from renewable resources such as vegetable oils or animal fats. It is biodegradable and non-toxic, and has significantly fewer emissions than petroleum-based diesel (petro-diesel) when burned. Biodiesel functions in current diesel engines, and is a possible candidate to replace fossil fuels as the world's primary transport energy source.
With a flash point of 150 °C, Biodiesel is classified as a non-flammable liquid by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. This property makes a vehicle fuele ...
Ether is the general name for a class of chemical compounds which contain an ether group — an oxygen atom connected to two (substituted) alkyl groups. A typical example is the solvent and anesthetic diethyl ether (ethoxyethane, CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH3).
Ether - Similar structures.
Ethers are not to be confused with the following classes of compounds with the same general structure R-O-R.
Aromatic compounds like furan where the oxygen is part of the aromat ...
Triglycerides (also known as triacylglycerols or triacylglycerides) are glycerides in which the glycerol is esterified with three fatty acids. They are the main constituent of vegetable oil and animal fats.
Triglyceride - Chemical structure.
CH2COOR-CHCOOR'-CH2-COOR"
where R, R', and R" are long alkyl chains; the three fatty acids RCOOH, R'COOH and R"COOH can be all different, all the same, or only two the same.
Chain lengths of t ...
Alkylation is the transfer of an alkyl group from one molecule to another.
In a standard oil refinery process, alkylation combines low-molecular-weight olefins (primarily a mixture of propylene and butylene) with isobutane in the presence of a catalyst, either sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid. The product is called alkylate and is composed of a mixture of high-octane, branched-chain paraffinic hydrocarbons. Alkylate is a premium gasoline blending stock because it has exceptional antiknock properties and is clean burning. The ...
Soap is a surfactant cleaning compound used for personal or minor cleaning. It usually comes in solid moulded form, termed bars. In somewhat recent years, the use of thick liquid soap has become increasingly widespread, especially from dispensers in public washrooms. Soap is used in conjunction with water for washing and cleaning. The wet soap residue and the dirt or soil are rinsed off with clean water afterwards. In the developed world, synthetic deterg ...
In organic chemistry, butyl is a four-carbon alkyl substituent with chemical formula -C4H9. It is the substituent form of the alkane butane.
For example:
This is methyl tertiary butyl ether (an ether). The butyl group (which is tert-butyl, see below) is to the left of the oxygen atom; the rest of the molecule can be thought of as a methoxy group.
There are four isomers of the butyl substituent. Butyl is the largest substituent for which trivial names are commonly u ...
Valeric acid, or pentanoic acid, is a straight chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)3COOH. Like other low molecular weight carboxylic acids, it has a very unpleasant odor. It is found naturally in the perennial flowering plant valerian (Valeriana officinalis), from which it gets its name. Its primary use is in the synthesis of its esters. Volatile esters of valeric acid tend to have pleasant odors and are used in perfumes and cosmetics. Ethyl valerate and pentyl valerate are used ...
For specific information on prevention and treatment of urushiol poisoning, see Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis.
Urushiol (you-ROO-shee-ol) is an oil found in plants of the Family Anacardiaceae, especially Toxicodendron spp. (e.g. poison oak, poison-ivy, and poison sumac). It causes an allergic skin rash on contact. The name comes from urushi, a lacquer produced in Japan from the sap of kiurushi ...
Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=O)-OH, usually written as COOH. In general, the salts and anions of carboxylic acids are called carboxylates.
The simplest series of carboxylic acids are the alkanoic acids, R-COOH, where R is a hydrogen or an alkyl group. Compounds may also have two or more carboxylic acid groups per molecule.
Carboxylic acid - Acidity electron distribution and resonance.
Carboxylic ac ...
Zaitsev's rule or Saytzeff's rule named after A. N. Zaitsev is a rule in chemistry that states: If more than one alkene can be formed by an elimination reaction, the more stable alkene is the major product. In general, the compound that has a higher substituted C=C carbon-carbon double bond is more stable due to the electron donating properties of the alkyl group.
Alexander M. Zaitsev was a professor at the University of Kazan (Russia) in the late 1800s. In 1875 he put forth a generalization about the regios ...
The hydroxyl radical, ·OH, is the neutral form of the hydroxide ion. Hydroxyl radicals are highly reactive and consequently short lived, however they form an important part of radical chemistry. Most notably hydroxyl radicals are produced from the decomposition of hydro-peroxides (ROOH) or, importantly in atmospheric chemistry, by the reaction of excited atomic oxygen with water.
The Hydroxyl radical is often referred to as the "detergent" of the troposphere because it reacts with many pollutants, often acting as ...
Nucleophilic substitution - SN1 and SN2 reactions.
In 1935, Edward D. Hughes and Sir Christopher Ingold studied nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides and related compounds. They proposed that there were two main mechanisms at work, both of them competing with each other. The two main mechanisms are the SN1 reaction and the SN2 reaction. S stands for chemical substitution, N stands for nucleophilic, and the number represents the kinetic order of ...
The nitrite ion is NO2-.
A nitrite compound is one that contains this group, either an ionic compound, or an analogous covalent one. These may be considered salts or esters of nitrous acid.
...
Hydrolysis - Hydrolysis of metal salts.
Many metal ions are strong Lewis acids, and in water they may undergo hydrolysis to form basic salts. Such salts contain a hydroxyl group that is directly bound to the metal ion in place of a water ligand. For example aluminium chloride undergoes extensive hydrolysis in water, such that the pH of the solution become quite acidic:
This means that if solutions of AlCl3 are evaporated, hydrogen chloride is lost and the residue is a basic salt (in this ...
