The Algerian War of Independence (1954–62) was a period of guerrilla strikes, maquis fighting, terrorism against civilians on both sides, and riots between the French army and colonists, or the "colons" as they were called, in Algeria and the FLN (Front de Libération Nationale) and other pro-independence Algerians. The struggle was touched off by the FLN in 1954, only two years before France gave up its control over Tunisia and Morocco. The FLN's main Algerian rival — with the same goal of Algerian independence — ...

Including:

Algerian War of Independence - Beginning of Hostilities Algerian War of Independence - FLN Algerian War of Independence - Philippeville Algerian War of Independence - Conduct of the War Algerian War of Independence - Committee of Public Safety Algerian War of Independence - De Gaulle Algerian War of Independence - The Evian Accords Algerian War of Independence - The pieds-noirs' and harkis' exodus
Algerian War of Independence - Pieds-noirs Algerian War of Independence - Harkis
Algerian War of Independence - War dead Algerian War of Independence - Lasting effects in Algerian politics Algerian War of Independence - Reference

Read more here: » Algerian War of Independence: Encyclopedia - Algerian War of Independence

See also:

Algerian War of Independence, Algerian War of Independence - Beginning of Hostilities, Algerian War of Independence - FLN, Algerian War of Independence - Philippeville, Algerian War of Independence - Conduct of the War, Algerian War of Independence - Committee of Public Safety, Algerian War of Independence - De Gaulle, Algerian War of Independence - The Evian Accords, Algerian War of Independence - The pieds-noirs' and harkis' exodus, Algerian War of Independence - Pieds-noirs, Algerian War of Independence - Harkis, Algerian War of Independence - War dead, Algerian War of Independence - Lasting effects in Algerian politics, Algerian War of Independence - Reference

Read more here: » Algerian War of Independence: Encyclopedia II - Algerian War of Independence - Conduct of the War

1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. 1954 - Events. January 1 - Soviet Union no longer demands war reparations from East Germany January 12 - Large-scale avalanches in Austria - over 20 dead January 14 - The Hudson Motor Car Company merges with Nash-Kelvinator forming the American Motors Corporation January 14 - Marilyn Monroe weds Joe DiMaggio. January 15 - Mau Mau leader Waruhiu Itote is captured in KenyaIncluding:

1954 - Events
1954 - February 1954 - March 1954 - April 1954 - May 1954 - June 1954 - July 1954 - August 1954 - September 1954 - October 1954 - November 1954 - December 1954 - unknown dates
1954 - Births
1954 - January 1954 - February 1954 - March 1954 - April 1954 - May 1954 - June 1954 - July 1954 - August 1954 - September 1954 - October 1954 - November 1954 - December 1954 - Unknown dates
1954 - Deaths
1954 - January 1954 - February 1954 - March 1954 - May 1954 - April 1954 - June 1954 - July 1954 - August 1954 - September 1954 - November 1954 - December
1954 - Nobel Prizes 1954 - Fields Medalists

Read more here: » 1954: Encyclopedia - 1954

The "War on Terrorism" or "War on Terror" (in U.S. foreign policy circles, the global war on terrorism or GWOT1 ) is a campaign by the United States government and some of its allies with the stated goal of ending worldwide terrorism by stopping terrorist groups and ending state sponsorship of terrorism. The "War on Terrorism" was launched in response to the September 11, 2001 attacks on New York and Washington D.C., by Al Qaeda — an Islamic militan ...

Including:

War on Terrorism - History War on Terrorism - Conceptual challenges War on Terrorism - Historical usage of the phrase War on Terrorism - Contemporary United States War on Terrorism - Objective and Strategies War on Terrorism - International support War on Terrorism - Military/diplomatic campaigns War on Terrorism - U.S. domestic initiatives
War on Terrorism - Opposition and Criticism
War on Terrorism - Critics' Opposition
War on Terrorism - Criticisms of the War on Terrorism: War on Terrorism - Support for the War on Terrorism: War on Terrorism - Interrogation methods War on Terrorism - Detentions at Guantanamo Bay
War on Terrorism - Military decorations War on Terrorism - Notes

Read more here: » War on Terrorism: Encyclopedia - War on Terrorism

The most general definition of nationalism is broad, and has been controversial throughout history. Specific examples of nationalism are extremely diverse. Extreme emotions are aroused when discussing nationalism, and that makes it difficult to describe and define nationalism. A recurring problem is that people define nationalism on the basis of their local experience. To a Breton nationalist, the central issue is state nationalism versus cultural nationalism; elsewhere that distinction may be irrelevant. Often supporters of nationalism fear ...

Including:

Nationalism - Background and problems
Nationalism - Issues in nationalism theory
Nationalism - Historical evolution of nationalism
Nationalism - Prior to 1900 Nationalism - 20th Century nationalism Nationalism - Language and nationalism Nationalism - Prominent figures
Nationalism - Types of nationalism
Nationalism - Nationalism within nations Nationalism - Post-2001 nationalism in the United States Nationalism - Patriotism and extremism Nationalism - Racism
Nationalism - Opposition and critique Nationalism - Historical effect of nationalism

Read more here: » Nationalism: Encyclopedia - Nationalism

Albert Camus (November 7, 1913 – January 4, 1960) was a French author and philosopher and one of the principal luminaries (with Jean-Paul Sartre) of existentialism. Camus was the second youngest-ever recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature (after Rudyard Kipling) when he received the award in 1957. He is also the shortest-lived of any literature laureate to date, having died in a car crash 3 years after receiving the award. Albert Camus - Early years. Albert Camus was born in Mondovi, Algeria to a Fre ...

Including:

Albert Camus - Early years Albert Camus - Literary career Albert Camus - Summary of Absurdism Albert Camus - Famous works
Albert Camus - Novels Albert Camus - Short stories Albert Camus - Non-fiction Albert Camus - Plays Albert Camus - Collections Albert Camus - Movies Albert Camus - Bibliography

Read more here: » Albert Camus: Encyclopedia - Albert Camus

The army saw this outcome as unacceptable. The FIS had made open threats against the ruling pouvoir, condemning them as unpatriotic and pro-French, as well as financially corrupt. Additionally, FIS leadership was at best divided on the desirability of democracy, and some expressed fears that a FIS government would be, as U.S. Assistant Secretary of State Edward Djerejian put it, "one man, one vote, one time." On January 11, 1992, the army cancelled the electoral process, forcing President Chadli Bendjedid to resign and bringing ...

See also:

Algerian Civil War, Algerian Civil War - Liberalization: prelude to war, Algerian Civil War - Coup d'état: a guerrilla war begins, Algerian Civil War - Failed negotiations and guerrilla infighting, Algerian Civil War - Politics resume militias emerge, Algerian Civil War - Massacres and reconciliation, Algerian Civil War - GIA destroyed GSPC continues, Algerian Civil War - Notes

Read more here: » Algerian Civil War: Encyclopedia II - Algerian Civil War - Coup d'état: a guerrilla war begins

Conscription National service Conscription crisis Conscientious objection Conscription in Australia Conscription in Germany Conscription in Greece Conscription in New Zealand Conscription in the United States Conscription is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority, but it is most often used in the specific sense of government policies that require (very often, male only) citizens to serve in their armed forces. It ...

Including:

Conscription - History
Conscription - The invention of modern conscription during the French Revolution Conscription - Disputes over conscription WW I Vietnam War etc.
Conscription - The Gender-issue Conscription - Conscientious objection Conscription - Draft evaders Conscription - Draft resisters Conscription - Countries with mandatory military service partial list
Conscription - Austria Conscription - Belarus Conscription - Bermuda Conscription - Brazil Conscription - Bulgaria Conscription - Chile Conscription - China PRC Conscription - Croatia Conscription - Cyprus Conscription - Denmark Conscription - Egypt Conscription - Eritrea Conscription - Finland Conscription - Germany Conscription - Greece Conscription - Israel Conscription - Korea South Conscription - Lebanon Conscription - Malaysia Conscription - Mexico Conscription - Norway Conscription - Poland Conscription - Romania Conscription - Russia Conscription - Singapore Conscription - Sweden Conscription - Switzerland Conscription - Taiwan ROC Conscription - Turkey Conscription - Ukraine Conscription - Venezuela
Conscription - Countries that do not currently have mandatory military service partial list
Conscription - Argentina Conscription - Australia Conscription - Belgium Conscription - Canada Conscription - Czech Republic Conscription - France Conscription - Hungary Conscription - India Conscription - Iraq Conscription - Ireland Conscription - Italy Conscription - Japan Conscription - Luxembourg Conscription - Netherlands Conscription - New Zealand Conscription - Portugal Conscription - Slovakia Conscription - Slovenia Conscription - Spain Conscription - United Kingdom Conscription - United States
Conscription - Arguments for conscription
Conscription - Valuable training Conscription - The draft as protection against democracy-destroying military coups Conscription - Manpower Conscription - Personnel diversity Conscription - Conscript quality Conscription - Political and moral motives
Conscription - Arguments against conscription
Conscription - Conscription and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Conscription - The draft as slavery Conscription - Discipline problems Conscription - The draft as nationalism Conscription - The draft as justification for attacks on civilians Conscription - Questions of conscript quality
Conscription - Economics

Read more here: » Conscription: Encyclopedia - Conscription

The term War of Independence is generally used to describe a war occurring over a territory that has declared independence. Once the state that previously held the territory sends in military forces to assert its sovereignty or the native population clashes with the former occupier, a separatist rebellion has begun. If a new state is successfully established, the conflict is subsequently known as a war of independence. Examples include: Algerian War of Independence American War of Independence Ang

Read more here: » War of Independence: Encyclopedia - War of Independence

October 31 is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 61 days remaining, as the final day of October. October 31 - Events. October 31 is the day of halloween 475 - Romulus Augustus was proclaimed Roman Emperor. 1517 - Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the [[Wittenberg Castle Church]]. 1587 - Leiden University Library opens its doors after its founding in 1575. ...

Including:

October 31 - Events October 31 - Births October 31 - Deaths October 31 - Holidays and observances

Read more here: » October 31: Encyclopedia - October 31

A concentration camp is a large detention center created for political opponents, aliens, specific ethnic or religious groups, civilians of a critical war-zone, or other groups of people, often during a war. The term refers to situations where the internees are persons selected for their conformance to broad criteria without judicial process, rather than having been judged as individuals. Camps for prisoners of war are usually considered separately from this category, although informally (and in some other languages) they may also be ...

Including:

Concentration camp - The British Concentration camp - The United States Concentration camp - Canada Concentration camp - Austria-Hungary Concentration camp - Germany Concentration camp - Fascist Italy Concentration camp - Ustaša regime in Croatia Concentration camp - Cambodia Concentration camp - Serbia Concentration camp - Russia and the Soviet Union Concentration camp - People's Republic of China Concentration camp - Bosnia and Herzegovina Concentration camp - North Korea Concentration camp - Headline text Concentration camp - Sweden Concentration camp - Finland Concentration camp - France Concentration camp - Chile Concentration camp - Argentina
Concentration camp - External links
Concentration camp - Netherlands Concentration camp - Notes

Read more here: » Concentration camp: Encyclopedia - Concentration camp

Pierre Bourdieu (August 1, 1930-January 23, 2002) was a French sociologist whose work ranged widely from philosophy to anthropology. In his obituary, The Guardian newspaper in the United Kingdom said he "was, for many, the leading intellectual of present-day France... a thinker in the same rank as Foucault, Barthes and Lacan". His works have been translated in two dozen languages and have impacted the whole gamut of disciplines in the social sciences and the humanities. Several of his books are considered classics of in sociolo ...

Including:

Pierre Bourdieu - Biography Pierre Bourdieu - Bourdieu's critical conflict theory Pierre Bourdieu - Bourdieu's work

Read more here: » Pierre Bourdieu: Encyclopedia - Pierre Bourdieu

1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). As MAD Magazine pointed out on its cover for the March issue, this was the first "upside-up" year—i.e., one that looked the same upside down—since 1881, and the last until 6009. 1961 - Events. 1961 - January. January 1 - The farthing coin, used since the 13th century, ceases to be legal tender in the United Kingdom. January 3 - President Dwight Eisenhower ...

Including:

1961 - Events
1961 - January 1961 - February 1961 - March 1961 - April 1961 - May 1961 - June 1961 - July 1961 - August 1961 - September 1961 - October-November 1961 - December 1961 - Unknown dates
1961 - Births
1961 - January 1961 - February 1961 - March 1961 - April 1961 - May 1961 - June 1961 - July 1961 - August 1961 - September-November 1961 - October 1961 - November 1961 - December
1961 - Deaths
1961 - January 1961 - February 1961 - March 1961 - April 1961 - May 1961 - June 1961 - July 1961 - August 1961 - September 1961 - October 1961 - November 1961 - December 1961 - Unknown date
1961 - Nobel Prizes

Read more here: » 1961: Encyclopedia - 1961

1 See Languages section for regional languages 2 Whole territory of the French Republic, including all the overseas departments and territories, but excluding the French territory of Terre Adélie in Antarctica where sovereignty is suspended since the signing of the Antarctic Treaty in 1959 3 Metropolitan (i.e. European) France only 4 French National Geographic Institute data 5 French Land Register data, which exclude lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than ...

Including:

France - Geography France - History France - Government and politics France - Military France - Administrative divisions France - Economy France - Demographics
France - Population France - Languages France - Cities
France - Culture
France - Marianne France - Religion
France - Terminology
France - Origin of the country's name France - Meanings of the name France
France - Miscellaneous topics France - International rankings France - Notes and references

Read more here: » France: Encyclopedia - France

Torture, the infliction of severe physical or psychological pain upon an individual to extract information, a confession or as a punishment, is prohibited by international law and illegal in most countries. However, it is still used unofficially by modern governments. This article describes uses of torture in recent times, that is to say, the use of torture since the adoption of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), which prohibited it. Uses of torture in recent times - Torture in modern society. Including:

Uses of torture in recent times - Torture in modern society Uses of torture in recent times - Technology Uses of torture in recent times - Inter-state Collaboration Uses of torture in recent times - Recent instances of torture in selected countries
Uses of torture in recent times - Afghanistan Uses of torture in recent times - Albania Uses of torture in recent times - Angola Uses of torture in recent times - Chile Uses of torture in recent times - China Uses of torture in recent times - France Uses of torture in recent times - Germany Uses of torture in recent times - Israel Uses of torture in recent times - Saudi Arabia Uses of torture in recent times - Singapore Uses of torture in recent times - Soviet Union Uses of torture in recent times - Spain Uses of torture in recent times - United Kingdom Uses of torture in recent times - United States Uses of torture in recent times - Uzbekistan
Uses of torture in recent times - Notes

Read more here: » Uses of torture in recent times: Encyclopedia - Uses of torture in recent times

Crown Prince Bảo Long (Chữ nôm 保隆) of Vietnam (born January 4, 1936) is the head of the Nguyễn Dynasty, the now deposed Emperors of Vietnam. Bao Long - Biography. Bảo Long was born at Kien-Trung Palace, Huế on January 4, 1936, to parents Emperor Bảo Đại and Empress Nam Phuong (born Marie-Therese Nguyen Huu Thi Lan) of Vietnam. On March 7, 1939, he was invested and proclaimed Crown Prince of Vietnam, the official heir to the throne in an ancient Confucian ceremony at Can-Chanh Pal ...

Including:

Bao Long - Biography

Read more here: » Bao Long: Encyclopedia - Bao Long

This article is in need of attention. You can help Wikipedia by editing it into a better article. Please also consider changing this notice to be more specific. Armed religious warfare in Islam can be categorised into two levels, namely the defensive jihad and the offensive jihad. This article discusses jihad as a kind of warfare . (For discussion of aspects of jihad not related to warfare, see the main article, jihad.) Combative jihad - Etymology. ...

Including:

Combative jihad - Etymology Combative jihad - Defensive jihad
Combative jihad - Contemporary defensive jihad in Muslim countries Combative jihad - Contemporary defensive jihad in occupied territories Combative jihad - Who can authorize defensive jihad?
Combative jihad - Offensive jihad
Combative jihad - Offensive jihad as a means of propagating the Islamic faith Combative jihad - Who can authorize offensive Jihad?

Read more here: » Combative jihad: Encyclopedia - Combative jihad

The People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (Arabic: الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية) , or Algeria (Arabic: الجزائر), is a presidential state in north Africa, and the second largest country on the African continent, Sudan being the largest. It is bordered by Tunisia in the northeast, Libya in the east, Niger in the southeast, Mali and Mauritania in the southwest, and Morocco as well as a few kilometers of its annexed territory, Western Sahara, in the west. Constit ...

Including:

Algeria - History Algeria - Politics Algeria - Provinces Algeria - Geography Algeria - Economy Algeria - Demographics Algeria - Language Algeria - Culture Algeria - Miscellaneous topics
Algeria - Directories

Read more here: » Algeria: Encyclopedia - Algeria

Anthropology (from the Greek word άνθρωπος, "human" or "person") consists of the study of humanity (see genus Homo). It is holistic in two senses: it is concerned with all humans at all times, and with all dimensions of humanity. A primary trait that traditionally distinguished anthropology from other humanistic disciplines is an emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons. This distinction has, however, become increasingly the subject of controversy and debate, with anthropological methods now bein ...

Including:

Anthropology - Historical and institutional context Anthropology - Anthropology in the U.S. Anthropology - Anthropology in Britain Anthropology - Anthropology in France Anthropology - Anthropology after World War Two Anthropology - Politics of anthropology Anthropology - Anthropological fields and subfields

Read more here: » Anthropology: Encyclopedia - Anthropology

With the outbreak of the Algerian War that same year, their loyalty to France inevitably came under heavy strain and some of the regular Muslim units were transferred from Algeria to France or Germany to prevent desertions or mutiny. As a partial replacement the French administration recruited the Harkis as irregular militia based in their home villages or towns throughout Algeria. Initially raised as self-defence units the Harkis, from 1956 on, increasingly served alongside the French Army in the field. They were lightly armed (often only with shotguns) but their knowledge of local terrain and c ...

See also:

Harki, Harki - Before the Algerian war of independence, Harki - During the Algerian war of independence, Harki - After the war

Read more here: » Harki: Encyclopedia II - Harki - During the Algerian war of independence