Alfonso IX

Alfonso VIII (November 11, 1155 – October 5, 1214); called the Noble or, in Spanish, de las Navas; was the king of Castile and grandson of Alfonso VII. He led the coalition of Christian princes and foreign crusaders who broke the power of the Almohades at the battle of the Navas de Tolosa in 1212. His early life resembled that of other medieval kings. He succeeded to the throne, in infancy, on the death of his father, Sancho. Though proclaimed king, he was regarded as a mere name by the unruly nobles to w ...

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Berenguela (or Berengaria) (1180 – November 8, 1246), was briefly queen of Castile and León. The eldest daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Leonora of Aquitaine, she was briefly engaged to Conrad II, Duke of Swabia, but he was murdered in 1197 before they could be married. Berenguela married Alfonso IX in 1198, but this was annulled in 1204 by Pope Innocent III because they were cousins. Berenguela and Alfonso had five children, including one who died in infancy, and when she returned to her f ...

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• Berenguela of Castile - Sources

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List of Leonese monarchs - Pérez Dynasty. Ordoño I (850–866) Alfonso III the Great (866–910) García I (910–914) Ordoño II (914–924), also the king of Galicia from 910 Fruela II (924–925), also the king of Galicia from 924 and of Asturias from 910 Alfonso IV the Monk (925–931), died 933 Ramiro II (931–951) Ordoño III (951–956) Sancho I the Fat (956–958) Ordoño IV the Wicked (958–960) Sancho I t ...

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List of Leonese monarchs, List of Leonese monarchs - Kings of León, List of Leonese monarchs - Pérez Dynasty, List of Leonese monarchs - Jiménez Dynasty, List of Leonese monarchs - House of Burgundy, List of Leonese monarchs - House of Trastámara

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In 1219, Ferdinand married the daughter of the German king Philip of Swabia, Elizabeth, called Beatriz in Spain. Their children were: King Alfonso X of Castile (November 23, 1221-1284) Infante Fadrique (September 1223-1277), secretly executed by his brother Alfonso. Infante Fernando (March 1225-1243/1248) Infanta Leonor (1227-died young) Infanta Berenguela, a nun at las Huelgas (1228-1288/89). Infante Enrique "El Senador" (March 1230-August 1304) Infante Felipe (December 1231 ...

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Ferdinand III of Castile, Ferdinand III of Castile - Marriages and Family, Ferdinand III of Castile - Sources

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The expulsion of the Muslims was reputedly started by the first King of Asturias, named Pelayo (718-737), who started his fight against the Moors in the mountains of Covadonga (722). Later, his sons and descendants continued with his work until all of the Muslims were expelled. Meanwhile, in the east of the peninsula the Frankish emperors established the Marca Hispanica across the Pyrenees in pa ...

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History of Spain, History of Spain - Early history, History of Spain - Visigothic Hispania 5th-8th centuries, History of Spain - Al-Andalus 8th-15th centuries, History of Spain - Reconquista 8th-15th centuries, History of Spain - Spain under the Habsburgs 16th-17th centuries, History of Spain - The Enlightenment: Spain under the Bourbons 18th century, History of Spain - Napoleonic Wars: War of Spanish Independence 1808-1814, History of Spain - Spain in the nineteenth century 1814-1873, History of Spain - First Spanish Republic 1873-1874, History of Spain - The Restoration 1874-1931, History of Spain - Second Spanish Republic 1931-1939, History of Spain - Spanish Civil War 1936-1939, History of Spain - The dictatorship of Francisco Franco 1936-1975, History of Spain - The transition to democracy 1975-1978, History of Spain - Spain since 1978

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Portugal does not recognize Spain's sovereignty over the territory. For the Spaniards the border between these two countries in the Olivenza region was defined in 1801 in the Treaty of Badajoz, but for the Portuguese this treaty was invalidated by the Congress of Vienna. Olivenza had been under Portuguese sovereignty since 1297, when King Diniz forced the Castilian Regent to cede it together with Campo Maior and other minor territories, taking advantage from the critical situation created in Castile because of the death of King Sancho IV. Po ...

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Olivenza, Olivenza - Claim of sovereignty, Olivenza - History, Olivenza - Famous people from Olivenza, Olivenza - Olivença Groups Groups supporting the Portuguese claim

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The university was founded as a "General School of the kingdom" by the Leonese king Alfonso IX in 1218 to allow the Leonese people to study at home without having to leave for Castile. In the reign of Ferdinand, King of Aragon, and Isabella, Queen of Castile, the Spanish government was revamped. In spite of the launch of the Spanish Inquisition, expulsion of the Jews, and the conquest of Granada, there was a certain professionalization of the apparatus of the state. This involved the employment of letrados, lettered men, who we ...

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University of Salamanca, University of Salamanca - History, University of Salamanca - External link

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In the 1930s, Spanish politics were polarized at the left and right of the political spectrum. The left wing favoured class struggle, land reform, autonomy to the regions and reduction in church and monarchist power. The right-wing groups, the largest of which was CEDA, a right wing Catholic coalition, held opposing views on most issues. In 1936, with the blessing of the Comintern, the left united in the Popular Front and was elected to power and the chaos of previous years began to start again. There were gunfights over strikes, landless la ...

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History of Spain, History of Spain - Early history, History of Spain - Visigothic Hispania 5th-8th centuries, History of Spain - Al-Andalus 8th-15th centuries, History of Spain - Reconquista 8th-15th centuries, History of Spain - Spain under the Habsburgs 16th-17th centuries, History of Spain - The Enlightenment: Spain under the Bourbons 18th century, History of Spain - Napoleonic Wars: War of Spanish Independence 1808-1814, History of Spain - Spain in the nineteenth century 1814-1873, History of Spain - First Spanish Republic 1873-1874, History of Spain - The Restoration 1874-1931, History of Spain - Second Spanish Republic 1931-1939, History of Spain - Spanish Civil War 1936-1939, History of Spain - The dictatorship of Francisco Franco 1936-1975, History of Spain - The transition to democracy 1975-1978, History of Spain - Spain since 1978

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Spain remained officially neutral in World Wars I and II, but suffered through a devastating Civil War (1936-39). During Franco's rule, Spain remained largely economically and culturally isolated from the outside world, but slowly began to catch up economically with its European neighbors. Under Franco, Spain actively sought the return of Gibraltar by the UK, and gained some support for its cause at the Uni ...

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History of Spain, History of Spain - Early history, History of Spain - Visigothic Hispania 5th-8th centuries, History of Spain - Al-Andalus 8th-15th centuries, History of Spain - Reconquista 8th-15th centuries, History of Spain - Spain under the Habsburgs 16th-17th centuries, History of Spain - The Enlightenment: Spain under the Bourbons 18th century, History of Spain - Napoleonic Wars: War of Spanish Independence 1808-1814, History of Spain - Spain in the nineteenth century 1814-1873, History of Spain - First Spanish Republic 1873-1874, History of Spain - The Restoration 1874-1931, History of Spain - Second Spanish Republic 1931-1939, History of Spain - Spanish Civil War 1936-1939, History of Spain - The dictatorship of Francisco Franco 1936-1975, History of Spain - The transition to democracy 1975-1978, History of Spain - Spain since 1978

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Spain 1978-1982 The Unión del Centro Democrático governments. 1981 The 23-F coup d'état attempt. On February 23 Antonio Tejero, with members of the Guardia Civil entered the Congress of Deputies, and stopped the session, where Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo was going to be named president of the government. Officially, the coup d'état failed thanks to King Juan Carlos. Spain 1982-1996 Felipe González's So ...

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History of Spain, History of Spain - Early history, History of Spain - Visigothic Hispania 5th-8th centuries, History of Spain - Al-Andalus 8th-15th centuries, History of Spain - Reconquista 8th-15th centuries, History of Spain - Spain under the Habsburgs 16th-17th centuries, History of Spain - The Enlightenment: Spain under the Bourbons 18th century, History of Spain - Napoleonic Wars: War of Spanish Independence 1808-1814, History of Spain - Spain in the nineteenth century 1814-1873, History of Spain - First Spanish Republic 1873-1874, History of Spain - The Restoration 1874-1931, History of Spain - Second Spanish Republic 1931-1939, History of Spain - Spanish Civil War 1936-1939, History of Spain - The dictatorship of Francisco Franco 1936-1975, History of Spain - The transition to democracy 1975-1978, History of Spain - Spain since 1978

Read more here: » History of Spain: Encyclopedia II - History of Spain - Spain since 1978

The Portuguese government today is not actively claiming Olivenza, even if it understands it as part of its territory. The Portuguese parliament, in 2004, already prompted the government to restart talks with Spain. Public institutions such as IPPAR reproved the rebuilding of a National Monument in Olivenza (the Ajuda Bridge) by Spain. Spain has stopped the rebuilding due to IPPAR's pressures, a court in Elvas and various Portuguese groups, some of them founded by Olivença's refugees in Portugal. These groups are the ones that mostly ...

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Olivenza, Olivenza - Claim of sovereignty, Olivenza - History, Olivenza - Famous people from Olivenza, Olivenza - Olivença Groups Groups supporting the Portuguese claim

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Under the Second Spanish Republic, women were allowed to vote in general elections for the first time. The Republic devolved substantial autonomy to the Basque Country and to Catalonia. The first governments of the Republic, were center-left, headed by Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, and Manuel Azaña. Economic turmoil, substantial debt inherited from the Primo de Rivera regime, and fractious, rapidly changing governing coalitions led to serious political unrest. In 1933, the right-wing CEDA won power; an armed rising of workers of October 193 ...

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History of Spain, History of Spain - Early history, History of Spain - Visigothic Hispania 5th-8th centuries, History of Spain - Al-Andalus 8th-15th centuries, History of Spain - Reconquista 8th-15th centuries, History of Spain - Spain under the Habsburgs 16th-17th centuries, History of Spain - The Enlightenment: Spain under the Bourbons 18th century, History of Spain - Napoleonic Wars: War of Spanish Independence 1808-1814, History of Spain - Spain in the nineteenth century 1814-1873, History of Spain - First Spanish Republic 1873-1874, History of Spain - The Restoration 1874-1931, History of Spain - Second Spanish Republic 1931-1939, History of Spain - Spanish Civil War 1936-1939, History of Spain - The dictatorship of Francisco Franco 1936-1975, History of Spain - The transition to democracy 1975-1978, History of Spain - Spain since 1978

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Although the juntas that had forced the French to leave Spain had sworn by the liberal Constitution of 1812, Ferdinand VII openly believed that it was too liberal for the country. On his return to Spain, he refused to swear by it himself, and he continued to rule in the authoritarian fashion of his forebears. Although Spain accepted the rejection of the Constitution, the policy was not warmly accepted in Spain's empire in the New World. Revolution broke out. Spain - nearly bankrupt from the war with France and the reconstructio ...

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History of Spain, History of Spain - Early history, History of Spain - Visigothic Hispania 5th-8th centuries, History of Spain - Al-Andalus 8th-15th centuries, History of Spain - Reconquista 8th-15th centuries, History of Spain - Spain under the Habsburgs 16th-17th centuries, History of Spain - The Enlightenment: Spain under the Bourbons 18th century, History of Spain - Napoleonic Wars: War of Spanish Independence 1808-1814, History of Spain - Spain in the nineteenth century 1814-1873, History of Spain - First Spanish Republic 1873-1874, History of Spain - The Restoration 1874-1931, History of Spain - Second Spanish Republic 1931-1939, History of Spain - Spanish Civil War 1936-1939, History of Spain - The dictatorship of Francisco Franco 1936-1975, History of Spain - The transition to democracy 1975-1978, History of Spain - Spain since 1978

Read more here: » History of Spain: Encyclopedia II - History of Spain - Spain in the nineteenth century 1814-1873

In 711, Arabs and Berbers had converted to Islam, a religion founded in the 7th century by prophet Muhammad and which by the 8th century dominated all the north of Africa. A raiding party led by Tariq ibn-Ziyad was sent to intervene in a civil war in the Visigothic kingdoms in Iberia. Crossing the Strait of Gibraltar, it won a decisive victory in the summer of 711 when the Visigoth king Roderic was defeated and killed on July 19th at the Battle of Guadalete. Tariq's commander, Musa bin Nusair quickly crossed with substantial reinforcements, ...

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History of Spain, History of Spain - Early history, History of Spain - Visigothic Hispania 5th-8th centuries, History of Spain - Al-Andalus 8th-15th centuries, History of Spain - Reconquista 8th-15th centuries, History of Spain - Spain under the Habsburgs 16th-17th centuries, History of Spain - The Enlightenment: Spain under the Bourbons 18th century, History of Spain - Napoleonic Wars: War of Spanish Independence 1808-1814, History of Spain - Spain in the nineteenth century 1814-1873, History of Spain - First Spanish Republic 1873-1874, History of Spain - The Restoration 1874-1931, History of Spain - Second Spanish Republic 1931-1939, History of Spain - Spanish Civil War 1936-1939, History of Spain - The dictatorship of Francisco Franco 1936-1975, History of Spain - The transition to democracy 1975-1978, History of Spain - Spain since 1978

Read more here: » History of Spain: Encyclopedia II - History of Spain - Al-Andalus 8th-15th centuries

Main articles: Visigoth and Visigothic Hispania After the fall of the Roman Empire, Germanic tribes invaded the former empire, several turned sedentary and created successor-kingdoms to the Romans in various parts of Europe. Iberia was taken over by the Visigoths after 410. In the Iberian peninsula, as elsewhere, the Empire fell not with a bang but with a whimper. Rather than there being any convenient date for the "fall of the Roman Empire" there was a progressive "de-Romaniza ...

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History of Spain, History of Spain - Early history, History of Spain - Visigothic Hispania 5th-8th centuries, History of Spain - Al-Andalus 8th-15th centuries, History of Spain - Reconquista 8th-15th centuries, History of Spain - Spain under the Habsburgs 16th-17th centuries, History of Spain - The Enlightenment: Spain under the Bourbons 18th century, History of Spain - Napoleonic Wars: War of Spanish Independence 1808-1814, History of Spain - Spain in the nineteenth century 1814-1873, History of Spain - First Spanish Republic 1873-1874, History of Spain - The Restoration 1874-1931, History of Spain - Second Spanish Republic 1931-1939, History of Spain - Spanish Civil War 1936-1939, History of Spain - The dictatorship of Francisco Franco 1936-1975, History of Spain - The transition to democracy 1975-1978, History of Spain - Spain since 1978

Read more here: » History of Spain: Encyclopedia II - History of Spain - Visigothic Hispania 5th-8th centuries

The earliest history of the Iberian peninsula is discussed as part of prehistoric Europe. Before the Roman Empire, the Iberian Peninsula was never politically unified, see Preroman Iberia for a discussion of the indigenous Celtiberian groups and the trading ports established by the Greek, Tyrian (Phoenician), and later Carthaginian along the Mediterranean coast. Roman Iberia is discussed under Hispania and in entries keyed to the Roman provinces into which it was divided: Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Citerior during the late Roman R ...

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History of Spain, History of Spain - Early history, History of Spain - Visigothic Hispania 5th-8th centuries, History of Spain - Al-Andalus 8th-15th centuries, History of Spain - Reconquista 8th-15th centuries, History of Spain - Spain under the Habsburgs 16th-17th centuries, History of Spain - The Enlightenment: Spain under the Bourbons 18th century, History of Spain - Napoleonic Wars: War of Spanish Independence 1808-1814, History of Spain - Spain in the nineteenth century 1814-1873, History of Spain - First Spanish Republic 1873-1874, History of Spain - The Restoration 1874-1931, History of Spain - Second Spanish Republic 1931-1939, History of Spain - Spanish Civil War 1936-1939, History of Spain - The dictatorship of Francisco Franco 1936-1975, History of Spain - The transition to democracy 1975-1978, History of Spain - Spain since 1978

Read more here: » History of Spain: Encyclopedia II - History of Spain - Early history

Spain's powerful world empire of the great 16th and 17th centuries reached its height and declined under the Habsburgs. The Spanish Empire reached its maximum extent in Europe under Charles I of Spain, who was also (as Charles V) emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Charles V became king in 1516, and the history of Spain became even more firmly enmeshed with the dynastic struggles in Europe. During his reign, the Spanish economy was drastically reoriented by the beginnings of the influx of precious metals from America. The king was not o ...

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History of Spain, History of Spain - Early history, History of Spain - Visigothic Hispania 5th-8th centuries, History of Spain - Al-Andalus 8th-15th centuries, History of Spain - Reconquista 8th-15th centuries, History of Spain - Spain under the Habsburgs 16th-17th centuries, History of Spain - The Enlightenment: Spain under the Bourbons 18th century, History of Spain - Napoleonic Wars: War of Spanish Independence 1808-1814, History of Spain - Spain in the nineteenth century 1814-1873, History of Spain - First Spanish Republic 1873-1874, History of Spain - The Restoration 1874-1931, History of Spain - Second Spanish Republic 1931-1939, History of Spain - Spanish Civil War 1936-1939, History of Spain - The dictatorship of Francisco Franco 1936-1975, History of Spain - The transition to democracy 1975-1978, History of Spain - Spain since 1978

Read more here: » History of Spain: Encyclopedia II - History of Spain - Spain under the Habsburgs 16th-17th centuries

Philip V, the first Bourbon king, of French origin, signed the Decreto de Nueva Planta in 1715, a new law that revoked most of the historical rights and privileges of the different kingdoms that conformed the Spanish Crown, unifying them under the laws of Castile, where the Cortes had been more receptive to the royal wish. Spain became culturally and politically a follower of absolutist France. The rule of the Spanish Bourbons continued under Ferdinand VI and Charles III. Under the rule of Charles III and his ministers, Leopold ...

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History of Spain, History of Spain - Early history, History of Spain - Visigothic Hispania 5th-8th centuries, History of Spain - Al-Andalus 8th-15th centuries, History of Spain - Reconquista 8th-15th centuries, History of Spain - Spain under the Habsburgs 16th-17th centuries, History of Spain - The Enlightenment: Spain under the Bourbons 18th century, History of Spain - Napoleonic Wars: War of Spanish Independence 1808-1814, History of Spain - Spain in the nineteenth century 1814-1873, History of Spain - First Spanish Republic 1873-1874, History of Spain - The Restoration 1874-1931, History of Spain - Second Spanish Republic 1931-1939, History of Spain - Spanish Civil War 1936-1939, History of Spain - The dictatorship of Francisco Franco 1936-1975, History of Spain - The transition to democracy 1975-1978, History of Spain - Spain since 1978

Read more here: » History of Spain: Encyclopedia II - History of Spain - The Enlightenment: Spain under the Bourbons 18th century

Following the Hidalgo affair, Amadeus famously declared the people of Spain to be ungovernable, and fled the country. In his absence, a government of radicals and Republicans was formed that declared Spain a republic. The republic was immediately under siege from all quarters - the Carlists were the most immediate threat, launching a violent insurrection after their poor showing in the 1872 elections. There were calls for socialist revolution from the International Workingmen's Ass ...

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History of Spain, History of Spain - Early history, History of Spain - Visigothic Hispania 5th-8th centuries, History of Spain - Al-Andalus 8th-15th centuries, History of Spain - Reconquista 8th-15th centuries, History of Spain - Spain under the Habsburgs 16th-17th centuries, History of Spain - The Enlightenment: Spain under the Bourbons 18th century, History of Spain - Napoleonic Wars: War of Spanish Independence 1808-1814, History of Spain - Spain in the nineteenth century 1814-1873, History of Spain - First Spanish Republic 1873-1874, History of Spain - The Restoration 1874-1931, History of Spain - Second Spanish Republic 1931-1939, History of Spain - Spanish Civil War 1936-1939, History of Spain - The dictatorship of Francisco Franco 1936-1975, History of Spain - The transition to democracy 1975-1978, History of Spain - Spain since 1978

Read more here: » History of Spain: Encyclopedia II - History of Spain - First Spanish Republic 1873-1874

Spain initially sided against France in the Napoleonic Wars, but the defeat of her army early in the war led to Charles IV's pragmatic decision to align with the revolutionary French. The Spanish fleet was annihilated, along with the French, at the decisive Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, prompting the vacillating king of Spain to reconsider his alliance with France. Spain broke off from the Continental System temporarily, and Napoleon - aggravated with the Bourbon kings of Spain - invaded and d ...

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History of Spain, History of Spain - Early history, History of Spain - Visigothic Hispania 5th-8th centuries, History of Spain - Al-Andalus 8th-15th centuries, History of Spain - Reconquista 8th-15th centuries, History of Spain - Spain under the Habsburgs 16th-17th centuries, History of Spain - The Enlightenment: Spain under the Bourbons 18th century, History of Spain - Napoleonic Wars: War of Spanish Independence 1808-1814, History of Spain - Spain in the nineteenth century 1814-1873, History of Spain - First Spanish Republic 1873-1874, History of Spain - The Restoration 1874-1931, History of Spain - Second Spanish Republic 1931-1939, History of Spain - Spanish Civil War 1936-1939, History of Spain - The dictatorship of Francisco Franco 1936-1975, History of Spain - The transition to democracy 1975-1978, History of Spain - Spain since 1978

Read more here: » History of Spain: Encyclopedia II - History of Spain - Napoleonic Wars: War of Spanish Independence 1808-1814