Alexandre Koyré

Koyré was born in the city of Taganrog in a Russian family of Jewish origin. In Göttingen, Germany he studied under Edmund Husserl and David Hilbert.Husserl did not approve of Koyré's dissertation, whereupon Koyré left for Paris. After Husserl's Cartesian Meditations, a series of lectures given in Paris and one of the more important of Husserl's later works, Koyré met with him repeatedly and influen ...

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Alexandre Koyré, Alexandre Koyré - Life, Alexandre Koyré - Writings selection, Alexandre Koyré - Bibliography

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Adolf Bernhard Philipp Reinach (December 23, 1883, Mainz, Germany - November 16, 1917, Diksmuide, Belgium), German philosopher, phenomenologist (from the Munich phenomenology current) and law theorist. Adolf Reinach - Life and Works. Adolf Reinach studied at the Ostergymnasium in Mainz (where he became at first interested in Plato) and later entered the University of Munich in 1901 where he studied mainly psychology and philosophy under Theodor Lipps. In the circle of Lipps' students he came in conta ...

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• Adolf Reinach - Life and Works
• Adolf Reinach - List of main works
• Adolf Reinach - Bibliography

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Adolf Reinach studied at the Ostergymnasium in Mainz (where he became at first interested in Plato) and later entered the University of Munich in 1901 where he studied mainly psychology and philosophy under Theodor Lipps. In the circle of Lipps' students he came in contact with Moritz Geiger, Otto Selz, Aloys Fischer and above all Johannes Daubert. From onward 1903/4 he was increasingly busy with the works of Edmund Husserl, especially his Logis ...

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Adolf Reinach, Adolf Reinach - Life and Works, Adolf Reinach - List of main works, Adolf Reinach - Bibliography

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About 1600, Ideas and People who emerged: Uniform acceleration of falling bodies (Galileo) Inertia and inertial frames of reference The Earth as a magnet Theory of lenses Kepler's laws of planetary motion (Kepler), coupled with Copernicus' publication of Concerning the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres. Telescopic discoveries: moons of Jupiter, lunar mountains, phases of Venus, etc. (Galileo) Laws of hydrostatics Constant period of the pendulum (Newt ...

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Scientific revolution, Scientific revolution - Emergence of the revolution, Scientific revolution - Early and Medieval Views of Science, Scientific revolution - New Scientific Thought, Scientific revolution - Theoretical developments, Scientific revolution - Experimental developments, Scientific revolution - Methodological developments, Scientific revolution - Mechanisation, Scientific revolution - Empiricism, Scientific revolution - Literary criticisms

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Two New Sciences - The flow of time. It should be noted that the water clock mechanism described above was engineered to provide laminar flow of the water during the experiments, thus providing a constant flow of water for the durations of the experiments, and embodying what Newton called duration. In particular, Galileo ensured that the vat of water was large enough to provide a uniform jet of water. Galileo's experimental setup to measure the literal flow of time (see above), in ord ...

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Two New Sciences, Two New Sciences - The Science of materials, Two New Sciences - The Law of falling bodies, Two New Sciences - Reactions by Commentators, Two New Sciences - The flow of time, Two New Sciences - Notes, Two New Sciences - Sources

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Bachelard was a postmaster in Bar-Sur-Aube before studying physics and then finally becoming interested in philosophy. He was a professor at Dijon from 1930 to 1940 and then became the inaugural chair of history and philosophy of the sciences at the Sorbonne. Bachelard's studies of the history and philosophy of science in such works as Le nouvel esprit scientifique ("The New Scientific Mind") (1934) and La formation de l'esprit scientifique ("The Formation of the Scientific Mind")(1938) were based on his vision of histor ...

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Gaston Bachelard, Gaston Bachelard - Life and work, Gaston Bachelard - Bibliography, Gaston Bachelard - Introduction, Gaston Bachelard - Endnotes

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Just as the 1930s were a seminal decade for the development of our modern understanding of science, they were a seminal decade for the history and historiography of science as well. While Sarton taught the first American doctoral students in the discipline, in Europe some of the most influential historians and philosophers of science were first coming into the picture, and the setting of the philosophical battle which is now known as "the Science Wars" was being set. In 1931, the Second International Congress of the History of Science ...

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Historiography of science, Historiography of science - The origins of the discipline, Historiography of science - The Hessen thesis and the birth of externalism, Historiography of science - Vannevar Bush and World War II, Historiography of science - Thomas Kuhn and the 1960s, Historiography of science - The discipline today, Historiography of science - Disciplinary figures

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Historiography of science H. Floris Cohen, The Scientific Revolution: A Historiographical Inquiry, University of Chicago Press 1994 - Discussion on the origins of modern science has been going on for more then two hundred years. Cohen provides an excellent overview. Ernst Mayr, The Growth of Biological Thought, Belknap Press 1985 Michel Serres,(ed.), A History of Scientific Thought, Blackwell Publishers 1995 Companion to Science in the Twentieth Century, John Krige (E ...

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History of science and technology, History of science and technology - Universities with HST departments, History of science and technology - Prominent historians of the field, History of science and technology - Bibliography, History of science and technology - Journals and periodicals, History of science and technology - Professional societies

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Galileo Galilei - Contributions. Although the popular idea of Galileo inventing the telescope is inaccurate, he was one of the first people to use the telescope to observe the sky, and for a time was one of very few people able to make a telescope good enough for the purpose. Based on sketchy descriptions of telescopes invented in the Netherlands in 1608, Galileo made one with about 8x magnification, and then made improved models up to about 20x. On August 25, 1609, he demonstrated his first telescope to Venetian ...

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Galileo Galilei, Galileo Galilei - Galileo's Family & Early Careers, Galileo Galilei - Experimental science, Galileo Galilei - Astronomy, Galileo Galilei - Contributions, Galileo Galilei - Modern claims of scientific errors and misconduct, Galileo Galilei - Physics, Galileo Galilei - Mathematics, Galileo Galilei - Technology, Galileo Galilei - Church controversy, Galileo Galilei - Galileo's writings, Galileo Galilei - Writings on Galileo, Galileo Galilei - Named after Galileo

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The sciences named in the title are the strength of materials and the motion of objects. Galileo worked on an additional section on the force of percussion, but was not able to complete it to his own satisfaction. The discussion begins with a demonstration of the reasons that a large structure proportioned in exactly the same way as a smaller one must necessarily be weaker. Later in the discussion this principle is applied to the thickness required of the bones of a lar ...

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Two New Sciences, Two New Sciences - The Science of materials, Two New Sciences - The Law of falling bodies, Two New Sciences - Reactions by Commentators, Two New Sciences - The flow of time, Two New Sciences - Notes, Two New Sciences - Sources

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A recent trend in literary theory, "cultural materialism" questions whether there was a scientific revolution, or, if a revolution occurred, it questions whether it was important. Literary critics who hold this point of view have a special (and some would claim, mistaken), definition of what the term "revolution" means. These literary critics hold that if a scientific revolution did not occur instantaneously, and without historical precedent, then by definition it cannot be a revolution, and can only be an evolution. If the scientific revolu ...

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Scientific revolution, Scientific revolution - Emergence of the revolution, Scientific revolution - Early and Medieval Views of Science, Scientific revolution - New Scientific Thought, Scientific revolution - Theoretical developments, Scientific revolution - Experimental developments, Scientific revolution - Methodological developments, Scientific revolution - Mechanisation, Scientific revolution - Empiricism, Scientific revolution - Literary criticisms

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Galileo was the first to demonstrate and then formulate the equation for the distance d traveled by a falling object under the influence of gravity for a time t: He (Salviati speaks here) used a wood molding, "12 cubits long, half a cubit wide and three finger-breadths thick" as a ramp with a straight, smooth, polished groove to study rolling balls ("a hard, smooth and very round bronze ball"). He lined the groove with "parchment, also smooth and polished as possible". He inclined the ramp at v ...

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Two New Sciences, Two New Sciences - The Science of materials, Two New Sciences - The Law of falling bodies, Two New Sciences - Reactions by Commentators, Two New Sciences - The flow of time, Two New Sciences - Notes, Two New Sciences - Sources

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The most important changes were in the way that science was done. Three main developments can be identified as mathematisation, mechanisation, and empiricism. Scientific revolution - Mechanisation. Aristotle recognised four kinds of causes, of which the most important was the "final cause". The final cause was the aim or goal of something. Thus, the final cause of rain was to let plants grow. Until the scientific revolution, it was very natural to see such goals in nature. The world was inhabited by angels ...

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Scientific revolution, Scientific revolution - Emergence of the revolution, Scientific revolution - Early and Medieval Views of Science, Scientific revolution - New Scientific Thought, Scientific revolution - Theoretical developments, Scientific revolution - Experimental developments, Scientific revolution - Methodological developments, Scientific revolution - Mechanisation, Scientific revolution - Empiricism, Scientific revolution - Literary criticisms

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In the pantheon of the scientific revolution, Galileo takes a high position because of his pioneering use of quantitative experiments with results analyzed mathematically. There was no tradition of such methods in European thought at that time; the great experimentalist who immediately preceded Galileo, William Gilbert, did not use a quantitative approach. However, Galileo's father, Vincenzo Galilei, had performed experiments in which he discovered what may be the oldest known non-linear relation in physics, between the tension and the pitch ...

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Galileo Galilei, Galileo Galilei - Galileo's Family & Early Careers, Galileo Galilei - Experimental science, Galileo Galilei - Astronomy, Galileo Galilei - Contributions, Galileo Galilei - Modern claims of scientific errors and misconduct, Galileo Galilei - Physics, Galileo Galilei - Mathematics, Galileo Galilei - Technology, Galileo Galilei - Church controversy, Galileo Galilei - Galileo's writings, Galileo Galilei - Writings on Galileo, Galileo Galilei - Named after Galileo

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Galileo was born in Europe Pisa, in the Tuscan region of Italy, the son of Vincenzo Galilei, a mathematician and musician born in Florence in 1520, and Giulia Ammannati, born in Pescia and married in 1563. Galileo was their first child. Although a devout Catholic, Galileo fathered three children out of wedlock. All were the children of Galileo and Marina Gamba. Because of their illegitimate birth, both girls were sent to the convent of San Matteo in Arcetri at early ages. Virginia (1600-1634) who took the name Maria Celeste upon ...

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Galileo Galilei, Galileo Galilei - Galileo's Family & Early Careers, Galileo Galilei - Experimental science, Galileo Galilei - Astronomy, Galileo Galilei - Contributions, Galileo Galilei - Modern claims of scientific errors and misconduct, Galileo Galilei - Physics, Galileo Galilei - Mathematics, Galileo Galilei - Technology, Galileo Galilei - Church controversy, Galileo Galilei - Galileo's writings, Galileo Galilei - Writings on Galileo, Galileo Galilei - Named after Galileo

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In 1543 Copernicus' work on the heliocentric model of the solar system was published, in which he tried to prove that the sun was the centre of the universe. Ironically, this was at the behest of the Catholic Church as part of the Catholic Reformation efforts for a means of creating a more accurate calendar for its activities. For almost two millennia, the geocentric model had been accepted by all but a few astronomers. The idea that the earth moved around the sun, as advocated by Copernicus, was to most of his contemporaries preposterous. I ...

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Scientific revolution, Scientific revolution - Emergence of the revolution, Scientific revolution - Early and Medieval Views of Science, Scientific revolution - New Scientific Thought, Scientific revolution - Theoretical developments, Scientific revolution - Experimental developments, Scientific revolution - Methodological developments, Scientific revolution - Mechanisation, Scientific revolution - Empiricism, Scientific revolution - Literary criticisms

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See: Historians of science Philosophers of science: Paul Feyerabend Ian Hacking Imre Lakatos Thomas Kuhn Karl Popper See: Philosophers of science Sociologists of science Pierre Bourdieu Bruno Latour Robert K. Merton ...

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Historiography of science, Historiography of science - The origins of the discipline, Historiography of science - The Hessen thesis and the birth of externalism, Historiography of science - Vannevar Bush and World War II, Historiography of science - Thomas Kuhn and the 1960s, Historiography of science - The discipline today, Historiography of science - Disciplinary figures

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Psalms 93 and 104, and Ecclesiastes 1:5 speak of the motion of celestial bodies and the suspended position of the earth. Galileo defended heliocentrism, and claimed it was not contrary to those Scripture passages. He took Augustine's position on Scripture; not to take every passage too literally. The writers of the Scripture wrote from the perspective of the terrestrial world, and from that vantage point the sun does rise and ...

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Galileo Galilei, Galileo Galilei - Galileo's Family & Early Careers, Galileo Galilei - Experimental science, Galileo Galilei - Astronomy, Galileo Galilei - Contributions, Galileo Galilei - Modern claims of scientific errors and misconduct, Galileo Galilei - Physics, Galileo Galilei - Mathematics, Galileo Galilei - Technology, Galileo Galilei - Church controversy, Galileo Galilei - Galileo's writings, Galileo Galilei - Writings on Galileo, Galileo Galilei - Named after Galileo

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Galileo made a few contributions to what we now call technology as distinct from pure physics, and suggested others. This is not the same distinction as made by Aristotle, who would have considered all Galileo's physics as techne or useful knowledge, as opposed to episteme, or philosophical investigation into the causes of things. In 1595–1598, Galileo devised and improved a "Geometric and Military Compass" suitable for use by gunners and surveyors. This expanded on earlier instruments designed by Niccolo Tartaglia and ...

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Galileo Galilei, Galileo Galilei - Galileo's Family & Early Careers, Galileo Galilei - Experimental science, Galileo Galilei - Astronomy, Galileo Galilei - Contributions, Galileo Galilei - Modern claims of scientific errors and misconduct, Galileo Galilei - Physics, Galileo Galilei - Mathematics, Galileo Galilei - Technology, Galileo Galilei - Church controversy, Galileo Galilei - Galileo's writings, Galileo Galilei - Writings on Galileo, Galileo Galilei - Named after Galileo

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While Galileo's application of mathematics to experimental physics was innovative, his mathematical methods were the standard ones of the day. The analyses and proofs relied heavily on the Eudoxian theory of proportion, as set forth in the fifth book of Euclid's Elements. This theory had become available only a century before, thanks to accurate translations by Tartaglia and others; but by the end of Galileo's life it was being superseded by the algebraic methods of Descartes, whic ...

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Galileo Galilei, Galileo Galilei - Galileo's Family & Early Careers, Galileo Galilei - Experimental science, Galileo Galilei - Astronomy, Galileo Galilei - Contributions, Galileo Galilei - Modern claims of scientific errors and misconduct, Galileo Galilei - Physics, Galileo Galilei - Mathematics, Galileo Galilei - Technology, Galileo Galilei - Church controversy, Galileo Galilei - Galileo's writings, Galileo Galilei - Writings on Galileo, Galileo Galilei - Named after Galileo

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