Alexander Cunningham

Sir Alexander Cunningham (23 January 1814–28 November 1893) was an English archaeologist and army engineer, known as the father of the Archaeological Survey of India. Born in London to the poet Allan Cunningham, he joined the Bengal Engineers at the age of 19 and spent the next 28 years in the service of British Government of India. Soon after arriving in India, a meeting with James Prinsep sparked his lifelong interest in Indian archaelogy and antiquity. Cunningham ...

Read more here: » Alexander Cunningham: Encyclopedia - Alexander Cunningham

Anagarika Dharmapala (1864 - 1933) was born David Hewavitarne in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka was then a British colony known as Ceylon, so Hewavitarne's state education was a Christian one: he attended Christian College, Kotte and the Colombo Academy. But the historical tide in Ceylon was beginning to turn in Buddhism's favour. In 1875 in New York, Madame Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott had founded the Theosophical Society. They were both very sympathetic to what they understood of Buddhism, and in 1880 they arrived in Ceylon, declared ...

Read more here: » Anagarika Dharmapala: Encyclopedia - Anagarika Dharmapala

Bhatti is a chandravanshi rajput clan and is one of the largest tribes of Rajputs, and also is a tribe of Jats. They reside for the most part in central Punjab, the Jaisalmer region, and in border villages of Bikaner and some tehsils of Jodhpur (Osian and Shergarh), India and in Chaniot, Sialkot, Sahiwal, Sargodha, Hafiz Abad, Sialkot, Narowal, Bahawalpur and Bahawalnagar districts of Pakistan. About 40 other gotras are the sub branches of the Bhattis. Religiously they are followers ...

Read more here: » Bhatti: Encyclopedia - Bhatti

Bodh Gaya or Bodhgaya is the place of Buddha's attainment of Enlightenment. The complex, located about 96 kilometers from Patna (situated at latitude 24° 41' 45" N, longitude 85° 2' 2" E) in the state of Bihar in India, contains the Mahabodhi Temple with the diamond throne (called the Vajrasana) and the holy Bodhi tree. This tree is a sapling of the Sri Maha Bodhi tree in Sri Lanka, its ...

Including:

• Bodh Gaya - History
• Bodh Gaya - Mahabodhi temple
• Bodh Gaya - Other Buddhist temples
• Bodh Gaya - External link

Read more here: » Bodh Gaya: Encyclopedia - Bodh Gaya

Mahabodhi Temple - Rise of Buddhism. Traditional accounts say that, around 530 BC, Gautam Buddha, wandering as a monk, reached the sylvan banks of Falgu River, near the city of Gaya, India. There he sat in meditation under a peepul tree (Ficus religiosa or Sacred Fig), which later became known as the Bodhi tree. According to Buddhist scriptures, after three days and three nights, Siddharta attained enlightenment and the answers that he had sought. Mahab ...

See also:

Mahabodhi Temple, Mahabodhi Temple - History, Mahabodhi Temple - Rise of Buddhism, Mahabodhi Temple - Construction, Mahabodhi Temple - Decline, Mahabodhi Temple - Restoration, Mahabodhi Temple - Architectural style, Mahabodhi Temple - Current status and management

Read more here: » Mahabodhi Temple: Encyclopedia II - Mahabodhi Temple - History

Gondophares is connected to St Thomas in early Christian traditions embodied in the Acts of Thomas. In that miracle-filled romance Thomas was sold in Syria to Habban, an envoy of Gondophares, and travelled in slavery by sea to India, was presented to Gondophares, and undertook the erection of the building the king required. Passing on to the realm of another king, named in the Syrian versions as "Mazdai" (compare Mazda), he allegedly suffered martyrdom before being redeemed. St Thomas thereafter went to Kerala and baptized the natives, whose de ...

See also:

Gondophares, Gondophares - St Thomas, Gondophares - Chronology, Gondophares - Coin types, Gondophares - External link

Read more here: » Gondophares: Encyclopedia II - Gondophares - St Thomas

The origin of Jats has several theories ranging from their sudden appearance from Shiva's Jattas (locks) to their lineage in the Aryan race. Some people point to their Indo-Scythian or Saka origins. Both Sir Alexander Cunningham and Colonel James Tod agreed in considering the Jats to be of Indo-Scythian stock. Cunningham identified them with the Zanthi of Strabo and the Jatti of Pliny the Elder and Ptolemy, and held that they probably entered the Punjab from their home on the Oxus. The Jats seem to have occupied th ...

See also:

Jat, Jat - Jatt origins, Jat - History, Jat - Genetics, Jat - List of Jatt Gotras clans, Jat - Famous Jat people, Jat - Books on Jat History, Jat - Genetics References

Read more here: » Jat: Encyclopedia II - Jat - Jatt origins

The origin of Jats has several theories ranging from their sudden appearance from Shiva's Jattas (locks) to their lineage in the Aryan race, some point to their Indo-Scythian or Saka origins. Both Sir Alexander Cunningham and Colonel James Tod agreed in considering the Jats to be of Indo-Scythian stock. Cunningham identified them with the Zanthi of Strabo and the Jatti of Pliny the Elder and Ptolemy; and held that they probably entered the Punjab from their home on the Oxus. The Jats seem to have occupied the ...

See also:

Jat, Jat - Jat origins, Jat - History, Jat - Genetics, Jat - List of Jat Gotras clans, Jat - Famous Jat people, Jat - Books on Jat History, Jat - Genetics References

Read more here: » Jat: Encyclopedia II - Jat - Jat origins

The first part of Thomson's Select Scottish Airs, brought out in June 1793, contained 25 songs by Burns. Thomson sent him a copy and, with the note that "you must suffer me to enclose a small mark of my gratitude, and to repeat it–afterwards when I find it convenient" a £5 note. Burns responded indignantly "that you truly hurt me with your pecuniary parcel. It degrades me in my own eyes. However, to return it would savour of bombast affectation; But, as to any more traffic of that Dr and Cr kind, I swear, by that HONOUR which crown ...

See also:

George Thomson, George Thomson - Early life, George Thomson - Collection of Scots songs, George Thomson - Select Scottish Airs, George Thomson - External link

Read more here: » George Thomson: Encyclopedia II - George Thomson - Select Scottish Airs

According to Buddhist traditions, circa 500 BC Prince Gautama Siddhartha, wandering as a monk, reached the sylvan banks of Falgu River, near the city of Gaya. There he sat in meditation under a peepal tree (Ficus religiosa). After three days and three nights of meditation, Siddharta attained enlightenment and insight, and the answers that he had sought. Enlightened by the new thought, he spent seven weeks at seven different spots in the vicinity meditating and considering his experience. After seven weeks, he travelled to Sarna ...

See also:

Bodh Gaya, Bodh Gaya - History, Bodh Gaya - Mahabodhi temple, Bodh Gaya - Other Buddhist temples, Bodh Gaya - External link

Read more here: » Bodh Gaya: Encyclopedia II - Bodh Gaya - History

It is believed that 250 years after the Enlightenment of the Buddha, Emperor Ashoka visited Bodh Gaya. He is considered to be the original founder of the Mahabodhi temple. It consisted of an elongated spire crowned by a miniature stupa and a chhatravali on a platform. A double flight of steps led up to the platform and the upper sanctum. The mouldings on the spire contained Buddha images in niches. Some historians believe that the temple was constructed or renovated in the 1st century during the Kushan period. With the decline of Buddhism in India, the temple was abandoned and forgott ...

See also:

Bodh Gaya, Bodh Gaya - History, Bodh Gaya - Mahabodhi temple, Bodh Gaya - Other Buddhist temples, Bodh Gaya - External link

Read more here: » Bodh Gaya: Encyclopedia II - Bodh Gaya - Mahabodhi temple

Whatever their origin, in the eighteenth century, with decline of Mughal empire, the Jats became a force that could not be ignored. The Bamraulia Jats founded the kingdom of Gohad, near Gwalior, in 1505. In 1669 the Jats of Mathura rose in opposition to Aurangzeb's rule, under the leadership of Gokula, Zamindar of Tilpat and killed the Imperial Faujdar Abdun-Nabi. It took more than a year for the powerful Mughal forces to subdue the Jats. Gokula was killed and his family converted to Islam. However, Jats once again rose in rebellion i ...

See also:

Jat, Jat - Jatt origins, Jat - History, Jat - Genetics, Jat - List of Jatt Gotras clans, Jat - Famous Jat people, Jat - Books on Jat History, Jat - Genetics References

Read more here: » Jat: Encyclopedia II - Jat - History

A : Abusaria, Achara, Aftab, Ahlawat, Agre, Ajmeria, Andhak, Antal, Asiagh, Atri, Atwal, Aulakh, Aujla B : Babal, Bachhal, Badesha, Badyal, Bhatoa, Bagri, Baht, Bains, Bajwa, Bajya, Balhara, Balyan, Bamraulia, Bana, Bansi, Barjati, Barola, Basran, Baswan, Bassi, Batar, Beniwal, Benning, Bhadare, Bhadiar, Bhadu, Bhalotia, Bhambu, Bhangu/Bhangoo, Bharhaich, Bhari, Bhela, Bhichar, Bhind, Bhukar, Bhullar, Billing, Brar, Budania, Budhwar, Burdak, Buttar C : Chadhar, Chahal, Chahar, Chauhan, Chand ...

See also:

Jat, Jat - Jatt origins, Jat - History, Jat - Genetics, Jat - List of Jatt Gotras clans, Jat - Famous Jat people, Jat - Books on Jat History, Jat - Genetics References

Read more here: » Jat: Encyclopedia II - Jat - List of Jatt Gotras clans

Mahabodhi Temple is constructed of brick and is one the oldest brick structures to have survived in eastern India. It considered to a fine example of Indian brickwork, and was highly influential in the development of later architectural traditions. According UNESCO, “the present temple is one of the earliest and most imposing structures built entirely in brick from the late Gupta period”. Mahabodhi Temple's central towers rise to 55 meteres, and were heavily renovated in the 19th century. The central tower is surrounde ...

See also:

Mahabodhi Temple, Mahabodhi Temple - History, Mahabodhi Temple - Rise of Buddhism, Mahabodhi Temple - Construction, Mahabodhi Temple - Decline, Mahabodhi Temple - Restoration, Mahabodhi Temple - Architectural style, Mahabodhi Temple - Current status and management

Read more here: » Mahabodhi Temple: Encyclopedia II - Mahabodhi Temple - Architectural style

A recent study of the genetics of the people of Indian Punjab[1] (where about 40% or more of the population are Jats) suggest that the Jats are similar to other populations of the Indus Valley in terms of Y-SNP groupings. Also Jats seem to share many common haplotypes with German, Slavic, Baltic, Iranian and Central Asians [2]. Unusually, Jat groups share only two haplotypes, one of which is also shared with Turks (Turkey), and have few matches with neighbouring Pakistani populations. This haplotype shared between the two Jat groups may be p ...

See also:

Jat, Jat - Jatt origins, Jat - History, Jat - Genetics, Jat - List of Jatt Gotras clans, Jat - Famous Jat people, Jat - Books on Jat History, Jat - Genetics References

Read more here: » Jat: Encyclopedia II - Jat - Genetics

Thomson played in the orchestra of the St Cecilia Concerts, enjoying performances of Scots songs by Italian castrati visiting Scotland. This gave him the idea of bringing out a collection of Scots songs with new accompaniments and respectable words. In the summer of 1792 he got Andrew Erskine, younger brother of the composer the Earl of Kellie, to take part in the project, but about fifteen months later Erskine, with gambli ...

See also:

George Thomson, George Thomson - Early life, George Thomson - Collection of Scots songs, George Thomson - Select Scottish Airs, George Thomson - External link

Read more here: » George Thomson: Encyclopedia II - George Thomson - Collection of Scots songs

Gondophares on horseback, with Zeus. Gondophares on horseback (missing), with Zeus and Nike standing on right hand. Gondophares on horseback (missing), with Athena. Head of Gondophares, with Athena. King on horseback, Nike flying behind him with a wreath, with Shiva. Bust of Gondophares, with winged Nike holding palm and wreath. Gondophares on horseback, with symbol of Gondophares. ...

See also:

Gondophares, Gondophares - St Thomas, Gondophares - Chronology, Gondophares - Coin types, Gondophares - External link

Read more here: » Gondophares: Encyclopedia II - Gondophares - Coin types

Whatever their origin, in the eighteenth century, with decline of Mughal empire, the Jats became a force that could not be ignored. The Bamraulia Jats founded the kingdom of Gohad, near Gwalior, in 1505. In 1669 the Jats of Mathura rose in opposition to Aurangzeb's rule, under the leadership of Gokula, Zamindar of Tilpat and killed the Imperial Faujdar Abdun-Nabi. It took more than a year for the powerful Mughal forces to subdue the Jats. Gokula was killed and his family converted to Islam. However, Jats once again rose in rebellion i ...

See also:

Jat, Jat - Jat origins, Jat - History, Jat - Genetics, Jat - List of Jat Gotras clans, Jat - Famous Jat people, Jat - Books on Jat History, Jat - Genetics References

Read more here: » Jat: Encyclopedia II - Jat - History

A recent study of the genetics of the people of Indian Punjab[1] (where about 40% or more of the population are Jats) suggest that the Jats are similar to other populations of the Indus Valley in terms of Y-snp groupings. Also Jats seem to share many common haplotypes with German, Slavic, Baltic, Iranian and Central Asians [2].Unusually, Jat groups share only two haplotypes, one of which is also shared with Turks (Turkey), and have few matches with neighbouring Pakistani populations. This haplotype shared between the two Jat groups may be pa ...

See also:

Jat, Jat - Jat origins, Jat - History, Jat - Genetics, Jat - List of Jat Gotras clans, Jat - Famous Jat people, Jat - Books on Jat History, Jat - Genetics References

Read more here: » Jat: Encyclopedia II - Jat - Genetics

A : Abusaria, Achara, Aftab, Ahlawat, Agre, Ajmeria, Andhak, Antal, Asiagh, Atri, Atwal, Aulakh, Aujla, B : Bachhal, Badesha, Badyal, Bhatoa, Bains, Bajwa, Bajya, Balhara, Balyan, Bamraulia, Bana, Barjati, Barola, Baswan, Bassi, Batar, Beniwal, Benning, Bhadare, Bhadiar, Bhadu, Bhalotia, Bhambu, Bhangu/Bhangoo, Bharhaich, Bhari, Bhati, Bhatti, Bhela, Bhichar, Bhind, Bhukar, Bhullar, Billing, Budania, Budhwar, Burdak, Buttar, C : Chahal, Chahar, Chauhan, Chandel ...

See also:

Jat, Jat - Jat origins, Jat - History, Jat - Genetics, Jat - List of Jat Gotras clans, Jat - Famous Jat people, Jat - Books on Jat History, Jat - Genetics References

Read more here: » Jat: Encyclopedia II - Jat - List of Jat Gotras clans