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aldosterone | A Wisdom Archive on aldosterone | | aldosterone A selection of articles related to aldosterone | |
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aldosterone, Aldosterone, Aldosterone - Aldosterone and the kidney, Aldosterone - Control of aldosterone release
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO aldosterone | | | |  aldosterone: Encyclopedia II - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - GNRH1 as a neurohormoneGNRH1 is considered a neurohormone, a hormone produced in a specific neural cell and released at its neural terminal. A key area for production of GNRH1 is the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, that contains most of the GNRH1-secreting neurons. GNRH1 is secreted in the portal bloodstream at the median eminence. The portal blood carries the GNRH1 to the pituitary gland which contains the the gonadotrope cells, where GNRH1 activates its own receptor, gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GNRHR), located in the cell ...
See also:Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Gene, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Structure, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - GNRH1 as a neurohormone, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Control of FSH and LH, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Activity, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - GNRH1 in other organs, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Medication, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Agonists and antagonists Read more here: » Gonadotropin-releasing hormone: Encyclopedia II - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - GNRH1 as a neurohormone |
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| | | | | aldosterone: Encyclopedia II - Addison's disease - Diagnosis In suspected cases of Addison's disease, one needs to demonstrate that adrenal hormone levels are low after appropriate stimulation with synthetic pituitary hormone.
Once demonstrated, the cause of adrenal failure needs to be elucidated. The most common cause is autoimmune, and can be tested for with an assay for 21-hydroxylase antibodies. If there are no antibodies present, infectious or genetic causes should be sought. This may include imaging of the adrenal glands, tests for tuberculosis or HIV ...
See also:Addison's disease, Addison's disease - Signs and symptoms, Addison's disease - Early signs, Addison's disease - Addisonian crisis, Addison's disease - Diagnosis, Addison's disease - Pathophysiology, Addison's disease - Treatment, Addison's disease - Famous patients, Addison's disease - In animals, Addison's disease - Reference Read more here: » Addison's disease: Encyclopedia II - Addison's disease - Diagnosis |
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| | | | | aldosterone: Encyclopedia II - Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - What is CAH? Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) refers to any of several autosomal recessive diseases resulting from defects in steps of the synthesis of cortisol from cholesterol by the adrenal glands. All of the forms of CAH involve excessive or defective production of sex steroids and can pervert or impair development of primary or secondary sex characteristics in affected infants, children, and adults. Many also involve excessive or defective productio ...
See also:Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - What is CAH?, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Pathophysiology and genetics of lipoid CAH, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Clinical manifestations of lipoid CAH, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Mineralocorticoid deficiency, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Glucocorticoid deficiency, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Sex steroid deficiency and gonadal damage, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Management of lipoid CAH Read more here: » Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia: Encyclopedia II - Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - What is CAH? |
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| | | | | aldosterone: Encyclopedia II - Angiotensin - Angiotensin III & IV
Asp | Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe
Angiotensin III has 40% of the pressor activity of Angiotensin II, but 100% of the aldosterone-producing activity. Angiotensin IV, a hexapeptide also has some activity.
...
See also:Angiotensin, Angiotensin - Angiotensinogen, Angiotensin - Angiotensin I, Angiotensin - Angiotensin II, Angiotensin - Effects of Angiotensin II, Angiotensin - Vascular, Angiotensin - Brain, Angiotensin - Adrenals, Angiotensin - Renal, Angiotensin - Other, Angiotensin - Angiotensin III & IV Read more here: » Angiotensin: Encyclopedia II - Angiotensin - Angiotensin III & IV |
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| | | | | aldosterone: Encyclopedia II - Obstetrics - Antenatal care In obstetric practice, the obstetrician will see a pregnant woman on a regular basis as her pregnancy progresses. The exact schedule varies depending on resources and risk factors, such as diabetes.
The main rationale for these visits is surveillance for diseases of pregnancy which are detectable. Some examples are:
pre-eclampsia. The blood-pressure and urine of a pregnant woman is checked at every opportunity to check for this.
placenta praevia. On ultrasound, the placenta is visible obstructing the birth canal< ...
See also:Obstetrics, Obstetrics - Antenatal care, Obstetrics - Symptoms, Obstetrics - Trimesters, Obstetrics - Overall, Obstetrics - Maternal physiology, Obstetrics - Metabolism, Obstetrics - Nutrition, Obstetrics - Cardiovascular, Obstetrics - Pulmonary, Obstetrics - Hematology, Obstetrics - Gastrointestinal, Obstetrics - Renal, Obstetrics - Endocrine, Obstetrics - Musculoskeleton and dermatology, Obstetrics - Others, Obstetrics - Prenatal Care, Obstetrics - First trimester, Obstetrics - Second trimester, Obstetrics - Third trimester, Obstetrics - Complications, Obstetrics - Fetal assessments, Obstetrics - Induction, Obstetrics - Labour, Obstetrics - Emergencies in obstetrics, Obstetrics - Imaging monitoring and care, Obstetrics - Antenatal record, Obstetrics - Imaging, Obstetrics - Terms and definitions Read more here: » Obstetrics: Encyclopedia II - Obstetrics - Antenatal care |
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| | | | | aldosterone: Encyclopedia II - Nephron - Collecting duct Each distal convoluted tubule delivers its filtrate to a collecting duct, most of which begin in the renal cortex and extend deep into the cortex. As the urine travels down the collecting duct, it passes by the medullary interstitium which has a high sodium concentration as a result of the loop of Henle's countercurrent multiplier system. Though the collecting duct is normally impermeable to water, it becomes permeable under the actions of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). As much as three-fourths of the water from urine can be reabsorbed as it le ...
See also:Nephron, Nephron - Renal corpuscle, Nephron - Glomerulus, Nephron - Bowman's capsule, Nephron - Renal tubule, Nephron - Proximal tubule, Nephron - Loop of Henle, Nephron - Distal convoluted tubule, Nephron - Collecting duct, Nephron - Juxtaglomerular apparatus, Nephron - Clinical relevance Read more here: » Nephron: Encyclopedia II - Nephron - Collecting duct |
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| | | | | | aldosterone: Encyclopedia II - Ascites - Signs and symptoms Mild ascites is hard to notice, but severe ascites leads to abdominal distension. In patients with ascites, a doctor will attempt to identify causes, such as a history of liver disease, other signs of portal hypertension or signs of tuberculosis or nephrotic syndrome.
A proportion of chronic ascites patients also develop hepatic hydrothrorax, e.g. unilateral pleural effusion (mainly right-sided) due to liver disease, and many have par ...
See also:Ascites, Ascites - Signs and symptoms, Ascites - Diagnosis, Ascites - Classification, Ascites - Pathophysiology, Ascites - Causes, Ascites - Treatment, Ascites - Cultural significance, Ascites - Source Read more here: » Ascites: Encyclopedia II - Ascites - Signs and symptoms |
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| | | | | aldosterone: Encyclopedia II - Obstetrics - Symptoms
Obstetrics - Trimesters.
First trimester: elevated β-hCG (up to 100,000 mIU/mL by 10 weeks GA) can cause morning sickness, fatigue, mood swings and food cravings. The symptoms can last through 12 to 16 weeks of gestation.
Second trimester: The abdomen shows an obvious swelling arising from the pelvis, starting the "obvious phase" of pregnancy. Hyperpigmenta ...
See also:Obstetrics, Obstetrics - Antenatal care, Obstetrics - Symptoms, Obstetrics - Trimesters, Obstetrics - Overall, Obstetrics - Maternal physiology, Obstetrics - Metabolism, Obstetrics - Nutrition, Obstetrics - Cardiovascular, Obstetrics - Pulmonary, Obstetrics - Hematology, Obstetrics - Gastrointestinal, Obstetrics - Renal, Obstetrics - Endocrine, Obstetrics - Musculoskeleton and dermatology, Obstetrics - Others, Obstetrics - Prenatal Care, Obstetrics - First trimester, Obstetrics - Second trimester, Obstetrics - Third trimester, Obstetrics - Complications, Obstetrics - Fetal assessments, Obstetrics - Induction, Obstetrics - Labour, Obstetrics - Emergencies in obstetrics, Obstetrics - Imaging monitoring and care, Obstetrics - Antenatal record, Obstetrics - Imaging, Obstetrics - Terms and definitions Read more here: » Obstetrics: Encyclopedia II - Obstetrics - Symptoms |
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| | | | | aldosterone: Encyclopedia II - Cushing's syndrome - Therapy If an adrenal adenoma is identified it may be removed by surgery. Pituitary ACTH producing adenoma should be removed after diagnosis. Regardless of the adenoma's location, most patients will require steroid replacement postoperatively at least in the interim as long-term suppression of pituitary ACTH and normal adrenal tissue does not recover immediately. Clearly, if both adrenals are removed replacement with hydrocortisone or prednisolone is imperative.
In those patients not suitable for or unwilling to undergo surgery, several drugs have been found to inhibit cortisol sythesis (e.g. ketoconazole, ...
See also:Cushing's syndrome, Cushing's syndrome - Signs and symptoms, Cushing's syndrome - Diagnosis, Cushing's syndrome - Pathophysiology, Cushing's syndrome - Therapy, Cushing's syndrome - Epidemiology, Cushing's syndrome - Reference Read more here: » Cushing's syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Cushing's syndrome - Therapy |
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| | | | | aldosterone: Encyclopedia II - Obstetrics - Imaging monitoring and care In present society, medical science has developed a number of procedures to monitor pregnancy.
Obstetrics - Antenatal record.
On the first visit to her gynecologist or midwife, the pregnant woman is asked to carry out the antenatal record, which constitutes a medical history and physical examination.
On subsequent visits, the gestational age (GA) is rechecked with each visit. Symphysis-fundal height (SFH; in cm) should equal gestational age after 20 weeks of gestation, and the fetal growth should be ...
See also:Obstetrics, Obstetrics - Antenatal care, Obstetrics - Symptoms, Obstetrics - Trimesters, Obstetrics - Overall, Obstetrics - Maternal physiology, Obstetrics - Metabolism, Obstetrics - Nutrition, Obstetrics - Cardiovascular, Obstetrics - Pulmonary, Obstetrics - Hematology, Obstetrics - Gastrointestinal, Obstetrics - Renal, Obstetrics - Endocrine, Obstetrics - Musculoskeleton and dermatology, Obstetrics - Others, Obstetrics - Prenatal Care, Obstetrics - First trimester, Obstetrics - Second trimester, Obstetrics - Third trimester, Obstetrics - Complications, Obstetrics - Fetal assessments, Obstetrics - Induction, Obstetrics - Labour, Obstetrics - Emergencies in obstetrics, Obstetrics - Imaging monitoring and care, Obstetrics - Antenatal record, Obstetrics - Imaging, Obstetrics - Terms and definitions Read more here: » Obstetrics: Encyclopedia II - Obstetrics - Imaging monitoring and care |
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| | | | | aldosterone: Encyclopedia II - Obstetrics - Induction An obstetrician may recommend a woman have her labour induced if it is felt that continuation would be more dangerous to her, the fetus, or both. Reasons to induce include:
pre-eclampsia
IUGR
diabetes
other general medical condition, such as renal disease
Induction can occur any time after 24 weeks of gestation if the risk to the fetus or mother is greater than the risk of delivering a premature fetus regardless of lung maturity. Prior to 32 weeks gestation steroids are given to the ...
See also:Obstetrics, Obstetrics - Antenatal care, Obstetrics - Symptoms, Obstetrics - Trimesters, Obstetrics - Overall, Obstetrics - Maternal physiology, Obstetrics - Metabolism, Obstetrics - Nutrition, Obstetrics - Cardiovascular, Obstetrics - Pulmonary, Obstetrics - Hematology, Obstetrics - Gastrointestinal, Obstetrics - Renal, Obstetrics - Endocrine, Obstetrics - Musculoskeleton and dermatology, Obstetrics - Others, Obstetrics - Prenatal Care, Obstetrics - First trimester, Obstetrics - Second trimester, Obstetrics - Third trimester, Obstetrics - Complications, Obstetrics - Fetal assessments, Obstetrics - Induction, Obstetrics - Labour, Obstetrics - Emergencies in obstetrics, Obstetrics - Imaging monitoring and care, Obstetrics - Antenatal record, Obstetrics - Imaging, Obstetrics - Terms and definitions Read more here: » Obstetrics: Encyclopedia II - Obstetrics - Induction |
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| | | | | aldosterone: Encyclopedia II - Obstetrics - Complications See Complications of Pregnancy
Obstetrics - Fetal assessments.
Common
ultrasound is used for many functions:
Dating the gestational age of a pregnancy, most accurate in first trimester
Detecting fetal anomalies in the second trimester
biophysical profiles (BPP)
Blood flow velocity in umbilical cord -- decrease/absence/reversal or diastolic blood flow in the umbilical artery is worrisome.
Congenital anomalies can be diagnosed with ...
See also:Obstetrics, Obstetrics - Antenatal care, Obstetrics - Symptoms, Obstetrics - Trimesters, Obstetrics - Overall, Obstetrics - Maternal physiology, Obstetrics - Metabolism, Obstetrics - Nutrition, Obstetrics - Cardiovascular, Obstetrics - Pulmonary, Obstetrics - Hematology, Obstetrics - Gastrointestinal, Obstetrics - Renal, Obstetrics - Endocrine, Obstetrics - Musculoskeleton and dermatology, Obstetrics - Others, Obstetrics - Prenatal Care, Obstetrics - First trimester, Obstetrics - Second trimester, Obstetrics - Third trimester, Obstetrics - Complications, Obstetrics - Fetal assessments, Obstetrics - Induction, Obstetrics - Labour, Obstetrics - Emergencies in obstetrics, Obstetrics - Imaging monitoring and care, Obstetrics - Antenatal record, Obstetrics - Imaging, Obstetrics - Terms and definitions Read more here: » Obstetrics: Encyclopedia II - Obstetrics - Complications |
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| | | | | aldosterone: Encyclopedia II - Obstetrics - Prenatal Care Prenatal care is important in screening for various complications of pregnancy. This includes routine office visits with physical exams and routine lab tests:
Obstetrics - First trimester.
complete blood count (CBC)
blood type and general antibody screen (for transfusion purposes)
Rh- patients should receive RhoGam at 28 weeks.
Rapid plasma reagent (RPR) which screens for syphilis
Rubella antibody screen
Hepatitis B surface antigen
Gon ...
See also:Obstetrics, Obstetrics - Antenatal care, Obstetrics - Symptoms, Obstetrics - Trimesters, Obstetrics - Overall, Obstetrics - Maternal physiology, Obstetrics - Metabolism, Obstetrics - Nutrition, Obstetrics - Cardiovascular, Obstetrics - Pulmonary, Obstetrics - Hematology, Obstetrics - Gastrointestinal, Obstetrics - Renal, Obstetrics - Endocrine, Obstetrics - Musculoskeleton and dermatology, Obstetrics - Others, Obstetrics - Prenatal Care, Obstetrics - First trimester, Obstetrics - Second trimester, Obstetrics - Third trimester, Obstetrics - Complications, Obstetrics - Fetal assessments, Obstetrics - Induction, Obstetrics - Labour, Obstetrics - Emergencies in obstetrics, Obstetrics - Imaging monitoring and care, Obstetrics - Antenatal record, Obstetrics - Imaging, Obstetrics - Terms and definitions Read more here: » Obstetrics: Encyclopedia II - Obstetrics - Prenatal Care |
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| | | | | | aldosterone: Encyclopedia II - Ascites - Diagnosis Several blood tests are commonly performed for ascites, including full blood count, electrolytes and renal function, liver enzymes, and glucose. If the cause is not apparent, serology for viruses known to cause hepatitis and ferritin may contribute to the analysis.
Ultrasound investigation with doppler studies can be an important help, and may identify such problems as Budd-Chiari syndrome, portal vein thrombosis and cirrhosis. Additionally, the sonographer can make an estim ...
See also:Ascites, Ascites - Signs and symptoms, Ascites - Diagnosis, Ascites - Classification, Ascites - Pathophysiology, Ascites - Causes, Ascites - Treatment, Ascites - Cultural significance, Ascites - Source Read more here: » Ascites: Encyclopedia II - Ascites - Diagnosis |
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| | | | | | aldosterone: Encyclopedia II - Endocrine system - Physiology The endocrine system links the brain to the organs that control body metabolism, growth and development, and reproduction.
Signal transduction of some hormones with steroid structure involves nuclear hormone receptor proteins that are a class of ligand activated proteins that, when bound to specific sequences of DNA serve as on-off switches for transcription within the cell nucleus. These switches control the development and differentiation of skin, bone and behavioral centers in the brain, as well as th ...
See also:Endocrine system, Endocrine system - Physiology, Endocrine system - Table of endocrine glands and the hormones secreted, Endocrine system - In both sexes:, Endocrine system - In males only, Endocrine system - In females only, Endocrine system - Role in disease Read more here: » Endocrine system: Encyclopedia II - Endocrine system - Physiology |
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| | | | | aldosterone: Encyclopedia II - Estradiol - Therapy
Estradiol - Hormone replacement therapy.
In the event that levels of estradiol in a woman's blood are low (possibly due to menopause or oophorectomy), a hormone replacement therapy may be prescribed, including drugs such as Premarin™, Estrofem™, or Estrace™.
Estradiol - Blocking estrogens.
Inducing a state of hypoestrogenism may be beneficial in certain situations where estrogens are contributing to unwanted effects, e.g, certain forms of breast cance ...
See also:Estradiol, Estradiol - Synthesis, Estradiol - Production, Estradiol - Mechanism of action, Estradiol - Effects, Estradiol - Role in sexual differentiation, Estradiol - Therapy, Estradiol - Hormone replacement therapy, Estradiol - Blocking estrogens Read more here: » Estradiol: Encyclopedia II - Estradiol - Therapy |
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| | | | | aldosterone: Encyclopedia II - Endocrine system - Role in disease Diseases of the endocrine system are common, such as diabetes mellitus and thyroid disease.
Endocrineopathies can occur with any of these. Hypofunction can occur as result of loss of reserve, hyposecretion, agenesis, atrophy, destruction, etc. Hyperfunction can occur as result of hypersecretion, loss of suppression, tumor, hyperplasia, etc.
They are classified as primary, secondary, and teriary.
Primary is target organ dysfunction and is normally associated with increased or decreased secretory hormones. Secondary is a d ...
See also:Endocrine system, Endocrine system - Physiology, Endocrine system - Table of endocrine glands and the hormones secreted, Endocrine system - In both sexes:, Endocrine system - In males only, Endocrine system - In females only, Endocrine system - Role in disease Read more here: » Endocrine system: Encyclopedia II - Endocrine system - Role in disease |
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| | | | | aldosterone: Encyclopedia II - Glucagon - Pharmacological application of glucagon An injectable form of glucagon is essential first aid in cases of severe hypoglycemia. The glucagon is given by intramuscular injection and quickly raises blood glucose levels. It works only if there is glycogen stored in liver cells, and it won't work again until those stores are replenished.
Glucagon has also inotropic properties. Although its use is impracticable in heart failure, it has some value in t ...
See also:Glucagon, Glucagon - History, Glucagon - Physiology, Glucagon - Regulation, Glucagon - Stimulus for increased secretion of glucagon, Glucagon - Stimulus for decreased secretion of glucagon, Glucagon - Function, Glucagon - Mechanism of action, Glucagon - Pathology, Glucagon - Pharmacological application of glucagon, Glucagon - Media Read more here: » Glucagon: Encyclopedia II - Glucagon - Pharmacological application of glucagon |
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| | | | | aldosterone: Encyclopedia II - Indomethacin - Indications Clinical indications for indomethacin include:
ankylosing spondylitis
rheumatoid arthritis
arthritic gout
osteoarthritis
juvenile arthritis
psoriatic arthritis
Reiter's disease
Paget's disease of bone
Bartter's disease
pseudogout
dysmenorrhea (menstrual cramps)
pericarditis
bursitis
tendinitis
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (prostaglandin inhibits vasopressin's action in the kidney)
fever and pain associated with malignant diseases (tumors, b ...
See also:Indomethacin, Indomethacin - Chemical properties, Indomethacin - Indications, Indomethacin - Contraindications, Indomethacin - Mechanism of action, Indomethacin - Adverse effects, Indomethacin - Necessary Examinations during Longterm Treatment, Indomethacin - Animal Toxicity and Human Overdose, Indomethacin - Usual Dosage Forms, Indomethacin - History Read more here: » Indomethacin: Encyclopedia II - Indomethacin - Indications |
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