aldosterone

Adrenal cortex: Hypoadrenalism (e.g. due to Addison's disease) Cushing's syndrome Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Conn's syndrome Adrenal medulla: Pheochromocytoma is a catecholamine-secreting tumor of the adrenal medulla. ...

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Adrenal gland, Adrenal gland - Overview, Adrenal gland - Adrenal medulla, Adrenal gland - Adrenal cortex, Adrenal gland - Zona glomerulosa, Adrenal gland - Zona fasciculata, Adrenal gland - Zona reticularis, Adrenal gland - Pathology, Adrenal gland - Blood supply, Adrenal gland - Related topics

Read more here: » Adrenal gland: Encyclopedia II - Adrenal gland - Pathology

The CYP21 gene for the P450c21 enzyme (also known as 21-hydroxylase) is at 6p21.3, amid genes HLA B and HLA DR coding for the major human histocompatibility loci (HLA). CYP21 is paired with a nonfunctional pseudogene CYP21A. Scores of abnormal alleles of CYP21 have been documented, most arising from recombinations of homologous regions of CYP21 and CYP21A. Differences in residual enzyme activity of ...

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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Genetics inheritance and incidence of 21-hydroxylase deficient CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Pathophysiology, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Severe early onset 21-hydroxylase deficient CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Virilization of female infants, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Salt-wasting crises in infancy, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Sex assignment issues and controversies, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Long term management of CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Preventing hyperandrogenism and optimizing fertility, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Psychosexual development and issues, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Newborn screening, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Prenatal diagnosis and treatment, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Childhood onset simple virilizing CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Late onset nonclassical CAH

Read more here: » Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency: Encyclopedia II - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Genetics inheritance and incidence of 21-hydroxylase deficient CAH

Kidney - Excretion of waste products. The kidneys excrete a variety of waste products produced by metabolism, for example, urea (from protein catabolism) and uric acid (from nucleic acid metabolism. Kidney - Homeostasis. The kidneys regulate the pH, mineral ion concentration, and water composition of the blood. By exchanging hydronium ions and hydroxyl ions, the blood plasma is maintained by the ...

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Kidney, Kidney - Location, Kidney - Structure, Kidney - Organization, Kidney - Nephron, Kidney - Collecting duct system, Kidney - Functions, Kidney - Excretion of waste products, Kidney - Homeostasis, Kidney - Hormone secretion, Kidney - Terms, Kidney - Diseases and disorders, Kidney - Congenital, Kidney - Acquired, Kidney - Dialysis and kidney transplants, Kidney - Medical terminology

Read more here: » Kidney: Encyclopedia II - Kidney - Functions

Causes include: Hyperkalemia - Ineffective elimination from the body. Renal failure Medication. Medication that can cause hyperkalemia (most are antihypertensives): ACE inhibitors Potassium-sparing diuretics (e.g. amiloride and spironolactone) Angiotensin receptor blockers Succinylcholine (also known as suxamethonium, a paralytic used in anesthesia) Metabolic acidosis Mineralocorticoid deficiency or resistance (many types)

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Hyperkalemia, Hyperkalemia - Signs and symptoms, Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis, Hyperkalemia - Differential diagnosis, Hyperkalemia - Ineffective elimination from the body, Hyperkalemia - Excessive release from cells, Hyperkalemia - Excessive intake, Hyperkalemia - Pathophysiology, Hyperkalemia - Treatment, Hyperkalemia - Reference

Read more here: » Hyperkalemia: Encyclopedia II - Hyperkalemia - Differential diagnosis

In order to gather enough information for diagnosis, the measurement of potassium needs to be repeated, as the elevation can be due to hemolysis of the material in the first sample. Generally, blood tests for renal function (creatinine, blood urea nitrogen), glucose and occasionally creatine kinase and cortisol will be performed. Calculating the trans-tubular potassium gradient can sometimes help in dis ...

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Hyperkalemia, Hyperkalemia - Signs and symptoms, Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis, Hyperkalemia - Differential diagnosis, Hyperkalemia - Ineffective elimination from the body, Hyperkalemia - Excessive release from cells, Hyperkalemia - Excessive intake, Hyperkalemia - Pathophysiology, Hyperkalemia - Treatment, Hyperkalemia - Reference

Read more here: » Hyperkalemia: Encyclopedia II - Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis

Our understanding of the molecular basis for this disease has been advanced in the last decade by better understanding of adrenal steroidogenesis as well as genetic studies of affected patients. It used to be assumed that lipoid adrenal hyperplasia resulted from a defect of the enzymes that converted cholesterol to pregnenolone. The conversion reactions are mediated by a single enzyme, formerly referred to as 20,22-desmolase, but now identified as P450scc (side chain cleavage enzyme). However, as of 2003, only a si ...

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Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - What is CAH?, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Pathophysiology and genetics of lipoid CAH, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Clinical manifestations of lipoid CAH, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Mineralocorticoid deficiency, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Glucocorticoid deficiency, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Sex steroid deficiency and gonadal damage, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Management of lipoid CAH

Read more here: » Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia: Encyclopedia II - Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Pathophysiology and genetics of lipoid CAH

Many hormones are used as medication. The most commonly prescribed hormones are estrogens and progestagens (in the contraceptive pill and as HRT), thyroxine (as levothyroxine, for hypothyroidism) and steroids (for autoimmune diseases and several respiratory disorders). Insulin is used by many diabetics. Local preparations for use in otolaryngology often contain pharmacologic equivalents of adrenalin, while steroid and vitamin D creams are used ...

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Hormone, Hormone - History, Hormone - Physiology of hormones, Hormone - Types of hormones, Hormone - Pharmacology, Hormone - Important human hormones, Hormone - Amine hormones, Hormone - Peptide hormones, Hormone - Steroid and sterol hormones, Hormone - Lipid hormones, Hormone - Reference

Read more here: » Hormone: Encyclopedia II - Hormone - Pharmacology

Potassium is the most important intracellular cation and participates in many cellular processes, including transmission of action potentials in nerve cells. Its main dietary sources are vegetables (tomato and potato), fruits (orange and banana) and meat. Elimination is through the gastrointestinal tract and the kidney. The renal elimination of potassium is passive (through the glomeruli), and resorption is active in the proximal tubule and the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. In the distal tubule, there is active excretion of potassium in the distal tubule and the coll ...

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Hyperkalemia, Hyperkalemia - Signs and symptoms, Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis, Hyperkalemia - Differential diagnosis, Hyperkalemia - Ineffective elimination from the body, Hyperkalemia - Excessive release from cells, Hyperkalemia - Excessive intake, Hyperkalemia - Pathophysiology, Hyperkalemia - Treatment, Hyperkalemia - Reference

Read more here: » Hyperkalemia: Encyclopedia II - Hyperkalemia - Pathophysiology

Generally, humans can live normally with just one kidney. Only when the amount of functioning kidney tissue is greatly diminished will renal failure develop. If renal function is impaired, various forms of medications are used, while others are contraindicated. Provided that treatment is begun early, before a serum creatinine of 2 mg/dl, it may be possible to reverse chronic kidney failure due to diabetes or high blood pressure. If creatinine clearance (a measure of renal function) has fallen very low ("end-stage renal failure"), or if the r ...

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Kidney, Kidney - Location, Kidney - Structure, Kidney - Organization, Kidney - Nephron, Kidney - Collecting duct system, Kidney - Functions, Kidney - Excretion of waste products, Kidney - Homeostasis, Kidney - Hormone secretion, Kidney - Terms, Kidney - Diseases and disorders, Kidney - Congenital, Kidney - Acquired, Kidney - Dialysis and kidney transplants, Kidney - Medical terminology

Read more here: » Kidney: Encyclopedia II - Kidney - Dialysis and kidney transplants

Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia results from defects in the steps from cholesterol to pregnenolone. The adrenals are large and filled with lipid globules derived from cholesterol. Life-threatening mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid deficiency becomes apparent in infancy or early childhood. Sex steroid production is greatly impaired. XY infants (genetic males) are severely undervirilized so that the external genitalia at birth are female (normal or slightly virilized). XX infants have normal female anatomy and if their mineralocortico ...

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Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - What is CAH?, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Pathophysiology and genetics of lipoid CAH, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Clinical manifestations of lipoid CAH, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Mineralocorticoid deficiency, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Glucocorticoid deficiency, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Sex steroid deficiency and gonadal damage, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Management of lipoid CAH

Read more here: » Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia: Encyclopedia II - Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Kidney - Congenital. Polycystic kidney disease Congenital hydronephrosis Renal dysplasia Congenital obstruction of urinary tract Horseshoe kidney Duplicated ureter Kidney - Acquired. Renal failure Acute renal failure Chronic renal failure Kidney stones are a relatively common and particularly painful disorder. Pyelonephritis is infection of the kidneys and is frequent ...

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Kidney, Kidney - Location, Kidney - Structure, Kidney - Organization, Kidney - Nephron, Kidney - Collecting duct system, Kidney - Functions, Kidney - Excretion of waste products, Kidney - Homeostasis, Kidney - Hormone secretion, Kidney - Terms, Kidney - Diseases and disorders, Kidney - Congenital, Kidney - Acquired, Kidney - Dialysis and kidney transplants, Kidney - Medical terminology

Read more here: » Kidney: Encyclopedia II - Kidney - Diseases and disorders

Infantile pyloric stenosis is not a surgical emergency, but if not fixed via surgery, the infant will die of malnutrition and dehydration. Initially the baby's condition must be improved by correcting the dehydration and hypochloremic alkalosis with IV fluids. This can usually be accomplished in about 24-48 hours. Definitive treatment of pyloric stenosis is with surgical pyloromyotomy - dividing of the muscle layer of the pylorus to open up the the gastric outlet (distal opening of the stomach). Once the stomach can ...

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Pyloric stenosis, Pyloric stenosis - Symptoms, Pyloric stenosis - Diagnosis, Pyloric stenosis - Pathophysiology, Pyloric stenosis - Treatment, Pyloric stenosis - Reference

Read more here: » Pyloric stenosis: Encyclopedia II - Pyloric stenosis - Treatment

The gastric outlet obstruction due to the hypertrophic pylorus impairs emptying of gastric contents into the duodenum. As a consequence all ingested food and gastric secretions can only exit via vomiting which can be of a projectile nature. The vomited material does not contain bile because the pyloric onstruction prevents entry of duodenal contents (containing bile) into the stomach. This results in loss of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid). The chloride loss results in hypochloremia which impairs the kidney's ability to excrete bicarbonate. This is the significant fa ...

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Pyloric stenosis, Pyloric stenosis - Symptoms, Pyloric stenosis - Diagnosis, Pyloric stenosis - Pathophysiology, Pyloric stenosis - Treatment, Pyloric stenosis - Reference

Read more here: » Pyloric stenosis: Encyclopedia II - Pyloric stenosis - Pathophysiology

Most cells are capable of producing one or more, sometimes many, molecules which signal other cells to alter their growth, function, or metabolism. The classical endocrine glands and their hormone products are specialized to serve regulation on the overall organism level, but can often be used in other ways or only on the tissue level. The rate of production of a hormone is often regulated by a homeostatic control system, generally by negative feedback. Homeostatic regulation of hormones depends, apart from produc ...

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Hormone, Hormone - History, Hormone - Physiology of hormones, Hormone - Types of hormones, Hormone - Pharmacology, Hormone - Important human hormones, Hormone - Amine hormones, Hormone - Peptide hormones, Hormone - Steroid and sterol hormones, Hormone - Lipid hormones, Hormone - Reference

Read more here: » Hormone: Encyclopedia II - Hormone - Physiology of hormones

GNRH1 activity is very low during childhood, and is activated at puberty. During the reproductive years, pulse activity is critical for successful reproductive function as controlled by feedback loops. However, once a pregnancy is established, GNRH1 activity is not required. Pulsatile activity can be disrupted by hypothalamic-pituitary disease, either dysfunction (i.e., hypothalamic suppression) or organic lesions (trauma, tumor). Elevated prolactin levels decrease GNRH1 activity. In contrast, hyperinsulinemia increases pulse activity leading to disordery LH and FSH activity, as seen in Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). G ...

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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Gene, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Structure, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - GNRH1 as a neurohormone, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Control of FSH and LH, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Activity, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - GNRH1 in other organs, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Medication, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Agonists and antagonists

Read more here: » Gonadotropin-releasing hormone: Encyclopedia II - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Activity

Eighty to ninety percent of cases of Addison's disease are said to be due to autoantibodies directed against adrenal cells containing 21-hydroxylase, an enzyme involved in the production of cortisol and aldosterone. The remainder of cases are due to tuberculosis, HIV, sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, metastatic cancer to the adrenal glands, adrenal haemorrhage and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Addison's disease can be an expression of an autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome when autoimmune reactions against other organs are also present. In APS type 1, 70% suf ...

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Addison's disease, Addison's disease - Signs and symptoms, Addison's disease - Early signs, Addison's disease - Addisonian crisis, Addison's disease - Diagnosis, Addison's disease - Pathophysiology, Addison's disease - Treatment, Addison's disease - Famous patients, Addison's disease - In animals, Addison's disease - Reference

Read more here: » Addison's disease: Encyclopedia II - Addison's disease - Pathophysiology

Mutations that result in some residual 21-hydroxylase activity cause milder disease, traditionally termed simple virilizing CAH (SVCAH). In these children the mineralocorticoid deficiency is insignificant and salt-wasting does not occur. The androgen excess is mild enough that virilization is not apparent or goes unrecognized at birth and in early childhood. However, androgen levels are above normal and slowly rise during childhood, producing noticeable effects between 2 and 9 years of age. Appearance of pubic hair in mid-child ...

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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Genetics inheritance and incidence of 21-hydroxylase deficient CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Pathophysiology, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Severe early onset 21-hydroxylase deficient CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Virilization of female infants, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Salt-wasting crises in infancy, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Sex assignment issues and controversies, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Long term management of CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Preventing hyperandrogenism and optimizing fertility, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Psychosexual development and issues, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Newborn screening, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Prenatal diagnosis and treatment, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Childhood onset simple virilizing CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Late onset nonclassical CAH

Read more here: » Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency: Encyclopedia II - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Childhood onset simple virilizing CAH

Anatomically, the adrenal glands are located in the abdomen, situated on the anteriosuperior aspect of the kidneys. In humans, the adrenal glands are found at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra and receive their blood supply from the adrenal arteries. It is separated into two distinct structures, the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex, both of which receive regulatory input from the nervous system. As its name suggests, the adrenal medulla is at the center of the adren ...

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Adrenal gland, Adrenal gland - Overview, Adrenal gland - Adrenal medulla, Adrenal gland - Adrenal cortex, Adrenal gland - Zona glomerulosa, Adrenal gland - Zona fasciculata, Adrenal gland - Zona reticularis, Adrenal gland - Pathology, Adrenal gland - Blood supply, Adrenal gland - Related topics

Read more here: » Adrenal gland: Encyclopedia II - Adrenal gland - Overview

The defective enzyme P450c21, commonly referred to as 21-hydroxylase, is embedded in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the cells of the adrenal cortex. It catalyzes hydroxylation of 17-hydroxyprogesterone to 11-deoxycortisol in the glucocorticoid pathway from pregnenolone to cortisol. It also catalyzes hydroxylation of progesterone to deoxycorticosterone (DOC) in the mineralocorticoid pathway from pregnenolone to aldosterone. Deficient activity of this enzyme reduces the efficiency of cortisol synthesis, with consequent elevation of ...

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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Genetics inheritance and incidence of 21-hydroxylase deficient CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Pathophysiology, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Severe early onset 21-hydroxylase deficient CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Virilization of female infants, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Salt-wasting crises in infancy, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Sex assignment issues and controversies, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Long term management of CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Preventing hyperandrogenism and optimizing fertility, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Psychosexual development and issues, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Newborn screening, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Prenatal diagnosis and treatment, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Childhood onset simple virilizing CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Late onset nonclassical CAH

Read more here: » Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency: Encyclopedia II - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Pathophysiology

This is one of the second steps in the formation of urine. As the filtrate moves through the renal tubules certain substances are reabsorbed. Reabsorption rates are high for nutrients, water, and ions but lower for waste products. Reabsorption is caused by Starling forces, diffusion, and active transport. Sodium reabsorption is an active process dependent upon sodium potassium pumps. Sodium reabsorption creates an osmotic difference across the tubule which drives water reabsorption through water chann ...

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Renal physiology, Renal physiology - Functions of the kidney, Renal physiology - Filtering wastes from the bloodstream, Renal physiology - Secretion of hormones, Renal physiology - Maintaining body sodium and water balance, Renal physiology - Acid-base homeostasis, Renal physiology - Glomerular filtration, Renal physiology - Tubular reabsorption, Renal physiology - Tubular secretion, Renal physiology - Measurement of renal function

Read more here: » Renal physiology: Encyclopedia II - Renal physiology - Tubular reabsorption

Diseases of the endocrine system are common, such as diabetes mellitus and thyroid disease. Endocrineopathies can occur with any of these. Hypofunction can occur as result of loss of reserve, hyposecretion, agenesis, atrophy, destruction, etc. Hyperfunction can occur as result of hypersecretion, loss of suppression, tumor, hyperplasia, etc. They are classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary is target organ dysfunction and is normally associated with increased or decreased secretory hormones. Secondary is a ...

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Endocrine system, Endocrine system - Physiology, Endocrine system - Table of endocrine glands and the hormones secreted, Endocrine system - In both sexes:, Endocrine system - In males only, Endocrine system - In females only, Endocrine system - Role in disease

Read more here: » Endocrine system: Encyclopedia II - Endocrine system - Role in disease

At the pituitary, GNRH1 stimulates the synthesis and secretion of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). These processes are controlled by the size and frequency of GNRH1 pulses, as well as by feedback from androgens and estrogens. There are differences in GNRH1 secretion between males and females: in males, GNRH1 is secreted in pulses at a constant frequency, but in females the frequency of the pulses varies during the me ...

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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Gene, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Structure, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - GNRH1 as a neurohormone, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Control of FSH and LH, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Activity, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - GNRH1 in other organs, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Medication, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Agonists and antagonists

Read more here: » Gonadotropin-releasing hormone: Encyclopedia II - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Control of FSH and LH