aldosterone

Ascitic fluid can accumulate as a transudate or an exudate. Amounts of up to 25 litres are fully possible. Roughly, transudates are a result of increased pressure on the portal vein (>8 mmHg), e.g. due to cirrhosis, while exudates are actively secreted fluid due to inflammation or malignancy. As a result, exudates are high in protein, high in lactate dehydrogenase, have a low pH (<7.30), a low glucose level, and more white blood cells. Transudates have low protein (<30g/L), low LDH, high pH, normal glucose, and fewer than 1 w ...

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Ascites, Ascites - Signs and symptoms, Ascites - Diagnosis, Ascites - Classification, Ascites - Pathophysiology, Ascites - Causes, Ascites - Treatment, Ascites - Cultural significance, Ascites - Source

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Symptoms include rapid weight gain, particularly of the trunk and face with sparing of the limbs (central obesity), "moon face", excess sweating, telangiectasia (dilation of capillaries), atrophy of the skin (which gets thin and bruises easily) and other mucous membranes, purple or red striae on the trunk, buttocks, arms, legs or breasts, proximal muscle weakness (hips, shoulders), and hirsutism (facial male-pattern hair growth). A common sign is the growth of fat pads along the collar bone and on the back of the neck (known as a buffalo hum ...

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Cushing's syndrome, Cushing's syndrome - Signs and symptoms, Cushing's syndrome - Diagnosis, Cushing's syndrome - Pathophysiology, Cushing's syndrome - Therapy, Cushing's syndrome - Epidemiology, Cushing's syndrome - Reference

Read more here: » Cushing's syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Cushing's syndrome - Signs and symptoms

Endocrine system - In both sexes:. (starting from the head and going downwards) hypothalamus thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) somatostatin dopamine pituitary gland anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) GH (human growth hormone) PRL (prolactin)< ...

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Endocrine system, Endocrine system - Physiology, Endocrine system - Table of endocrine glands and the hormones secreted, Endocrine system - In both sexes:, Endocrine system - In males only, Endocrine system - In females only, Endocrine system - Role in disease

Read more here: » Endocrine system: Encyclopedia II - Endocrine system - Table of endocrine glands and the hormones secreted

Kidney - Organization. In a normal human adult, each kidney is about 11 cm long and about 5 cm thick, weighing 150 grams. The kidneys are "bean-shaped" organs, and have a concave side facing inwards (medially). On this medial aspect of each kidney is an opening, called the hilum, which admits the renal artery, the renal vein, nerves, and the ureter. The outermost portion of the kidney is called the renal cortex, which sits directly beneath the kidney's loose connective tissue capsule. Deep to the cortex li ...

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Kidney, Kidney - Location, Kidney - Structure, Kidney - Organization, Kidney - Nephron, Kidney - Collecting duct system, Kidney - Functions, Kidney - Excretion of waste products, Kidney - Homeostasis, Kidney - Hormone secretion, Kidney - Terms, Kidney - Diseases and disorders, Kidney - Congenital, Kidney - Acquired, Kidney - Dialysis and kidney transplants, Kidney - Medical terminology

Read more here: » Kidney: Encyclopedia II - Kidney - Structure

In physiology, the primary ions of electrolytes are sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphate, and bicarbonate. All higher lifeforms require a subtle and complex electrolyte balance between the intracellular and extracellular milieu. In particular, the maintenance of precise osmotic gradients of electrolytes is important. Such gradients affect and regulate the hydration of the body, blood pH, and a ...

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Electrolyte, Electrolyte - Physiology, Electrolyte - Nutrition, Electrolyte - Uses in electrochemistry

Read more here: » Electrolyte: Encyclopedia II - Electrolyte - Physiology

Apart from high blood pressure, the symptoms may include muscle cramps and headaches (due to the low potassium), metabolic alkalosis (due to increased production of bicarbonate in the kidney). The high pH of the blood makes calcium less available to the tissues and causes symptoms of hypocalcemia (low calcium levels). It can be mimicked by liquorice ingestion (glycyrrhizin) and Liddle syndrome. ...

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Conn's syndrome, Conn's syndrome - Signs, symptoms and findings, Conn's syndrome - Diagnosis, Conn's syndrome - Causes, Conn's syndrome - Therapy, Conn's syndrome - Reference

Read more here: » Conn's syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Conn's syndrome - Signs, symptoms and findings

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) refers to any of several autosomal recessive diseases resulting from defects in steps of the synthesis of cortisol from cholesterol by the adrenal glands. All of the forms of CAH involve excessive or defective production of sex steroids and can pervert or impair development of primary or secondary sex characteristics in affected infants, children, and adults. Many also involve excessive or d ...

See also:

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - What is CAH?, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Genetics of the various forms of P450c17 deficiency, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Pathophysiology and genetics of the various forms of P450c17 deficiency, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - 17α-hydroxylase deficient CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Mineralocorticoid effects of 17α-hydroxylase deficient CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Glucocorticoid effects of 17α-hydroxylase deficient CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Effects of impaired sex steroid synthesis in 17α-hydroxylase deficient CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - 1720-lyase deficiency, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Management of 17α-hydroxylase and 1720-lyase deficiencies

Read more here: » Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency: Encyclopedia II - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - What is CAH?

Hypertension and mineralocorticoid excess is treated with glucocorticoid replacement, as in other forms of CAH. Most genetic females with both forms of the deficiency will need replacement estrogen to induce puberty. Most will also need periodic progestin to regularize menses. Fertility is usually reduced because egg maturation and ovulation is poorly supported by the reduced intra-ovarian steroid production. The most difficult management decisions are posed by the more ambiguous genetic (XY) males. Most who are severely underv ...

See also:

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - What is CAH?, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Genetics of the various forms of P450c17 deficiency, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Pathophysiology and genetics of the various forms of P450c17 deficiency, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - 17α-hydroxylase deficient CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Mineralocorticoid effects of 17α-hydroxylase deficient CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Glucocorticoid effects of 17α-hydroxylase deficient CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Effects of impaired sex steroid synthesis in 17α-hydroxylase deficient CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - 1720-lyase deficiency, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Management of 17α-hydroxylase and 1720-lyase deficiencies

Read more here: » Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency: Encyclopedia II - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Management of 17α-hydroxylase and 1720-lyase deficiencies

The gene for the cytochrome P450c17 enzyme resides on chromosome 10q24.3. Mutations of this gene result in altered activities of the enzyme and the various forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia and sex steroid deficiency due to its impairment. As are most enzyme deficiencies, these disorders are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner with a reported incidence of about 1 in 50,000 births. The OMIM number for diseases arising from mutations of this gene is 202110. ...

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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - What is CAH?, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Genetics of the various forms of P450c17 deficiency, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Pathophysiology and genetics of the various forms of P450c17 deficiency, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - 17α-hydroxylase deficient CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Mineralocorticoid effects of 17α-hydroxylase deficient CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Glucocorticoid effects of 17α-hydroxylase deficient CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Effects of impaired sex steroid synthesis in 17α-hydroxylase deficient CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - 1720-lyase deficiency, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Management of 17α-hydroxylase and 1720-lyase deficiencies

Read more here: » Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency: Encyclopedia II - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Genetics of the various forms of P450c17 deficiency

Management of salt-wasting crises and mineralocorticoid treatment are as for other forms of salt-wasting congenital adrenal hyperplasia: saline and fludrocortisone. Glucocorticoids can be provided at minimal replacement doses because there is no need for suppression of excessive adrenal androgens or mineralocorticoids. As with other forms of adrenal insufficiency, extra glucocorticoid is needed for stress coverage. XX females with lipoid CAH may need estrogen replacement at or after puberty. To date, ovulation and pregnancy has not been reported even with early diagnosis and carefu ...

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Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - What is CAH?, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Pathophysiology and genetics of lipoid CAH, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Clinical manifestations of lipoid CAH, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Mineralocorticoid deficiency, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Glucocorticoid deficiency, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Sex steroid deficiency and gonadal damage, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Management of lipoid CAH

Read more here: » Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia: Encyclopedia II - Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Management of lipoid CAH

A very small number of people have reportedly had an abnormal gene that resulted primarily in a reduction of 17,20-lyase activity, rather than both the hydroxylase and lyase activities as described above. In these people the defect had the effect of an isolated impairment of sex steroid synthesis, with no significant effects on mineralocorticoid or glucocorticoid production, and no adrenal hyperplasia, mineralocorticoid overproduction, or hypertension. The sex steroid deficiency produces effects similar to 17α-hydroxylase deficiency. ...

See also:

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - What is CAH?, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Genetics of the various forms of P450c17 deficiency, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Pathophysiology and genetics of the various forms of P450c17 deficiency, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - 17α-hydroxylase deficient CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Mineralocorticoid effects of 17α-hydroxylase deficient CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Glucocorticoid effects of 17α-hydroxylase deficient CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Effects of impaired sex steroid synthesis in 17α-hydroxylase deficient CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - 1720-lyase deficiency, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Management of 17α-hydroxylase and 1720-lyase deficiencies

Read more here: » Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency: Encyclopedia II - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - 1720-lyase deficiency

Composed mainly of hormone-producing chromaffin cells, the adrenal medulla is the principal site of the conversion of the amino acid tyrosine into the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine (also called adrenaline and noradrenaline, respectively). Medullary cells are derived from the embryonic neural crest and, as such, are simply modified neurons. In particular, they are modified postganglionic cells of the sympathetic nervous system that have lost their axons and dendrites, receiving innervation from corresponding preganglionic fibe ...

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Adrenal gland, Adrenal gland - Overview, Adrenal gland - Adrenal medulla, Adrenal gland - Adrenal cortex, Adrenal gland - Zona glomerulosa, Adrenal gland - Zona fasciculata, Adrenal gland - Zona reticularis, Adrenal gland - Pathology, Adrenal gland - Blood supply, Adrenal gland - Related topics

Read more here: » Adrenal gland: Encyclopedia II - Adrenal gland - Adrenal medulla

The enzyme itself is attached to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the steroid-producing cells of the adrenal cortex and gonads. P450c17 functions as both a 17α-hydroxylase and a 17,20-lyase. The dual activities mediate three key transformations in cortisol and sex steroid synthesis: As 17α-hydroxylase it mediates Pregnenolone → 17-hydroxypregnenolone and Progesterone → 17-hydroxyprogesterone. As 17,20-lyase it mediates 17-hydroxypregnenolone → DHEA. An e ...

See also:

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - What is CAH?, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Genetics of the various forms of P450c17 deficiency, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Pathophysiology and genetics of the various forms of P450c17 deficiency, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - 17α-hydroxylase deficient CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Mineralocorticoid effects of 17α-hydroxylase deficient CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Glucocorticoid effects of 17α-hydroxylase deficient CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Effects of impaired sex steroid synthesis in 17α-hydroxylase deficient CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - 1720-lyase deficiency, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Management of 17α-hydroxylase and 1720-lyase deficiencies

Read more here: » Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency: Encyclopedia II - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency - Pathophysiology and genetics of the various forms of P450c17 deficiency

Patients whose heart rate is largely mediated by the sympathetic nervous system (e.g. patients with congestive heart failure or myocardial infarct) should avoid nadolol as it inhibits sympathetic function. Nadolol is also contraindicated in patients with bradycardia (slow heart rate) because of its vasodilatory effects and tendency to cause bradycardia. Because of its beta-2 activity, nadolol causes pulmonary vasoconstriction and should be avoided in asthma patients in prefe ...

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Nadolol, Nadolol - Chemistry and pharmacokinetics, Nadolol - Mechanism of action, Nadolol - Indications, Nadolol - Contraindications, Nadolol - Side effects

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Angiotensinogen is the precursor molecule, and it is produced constitutively and released into the circulation mainly by the liver although other sites have been thought to contribute to local effects of the molecule. Biochemically it is a member of the protein family of serpins (although it is not, like other serpins, known to inhibit other enzymes). Production of the peptide is increased by corticosteroids, estrogens, thyroid hormones, and notably, angiotensin II. In humans, the peptide sequen ...

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Angiotensin, Angiotensin - Angiotensinogen, Angiotensin - Angiotensin I, Angiotensin - Angiotensin II, Angiotensin - Effects of Angiotensin II, Angiotensin - Vascular, Angiotensin - Brain, Angiotensin - Adrenals, Angiotensin - Renal, Angiotensin - Other, Angiotensin - Angiotensin III & IV

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Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu Angiotensin I has little biological effect. Its main role is to become angiotensin II, by removal of two of the terminal residues. to Angiotensin II via an intermediate (des-Asp) Angiotensin I. ...

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Angiotensin, Angiotensin - Angiotensinogen, Angiotensin - Angiotensin I, Angiotensin - Angiotensin II, Angiotensin - Effects of Angiotensin II, Angiotensin - Vascular, Angiotensin - Brain, Angiotensin - Adrenals, Angiotensin - Renal, Angiotensin - Other, Angiotensin - Angiotensin III & IV

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Composed of a glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, the renal corpuscle (or Malphigian corpuscle) is the beginning of the nephron. It is the nephron's initial filtering component. Nephron - Glomerulus. Main articles: Glomerulus (kidney), and [[{{{2}}}]], and See also:

Nephron, Nephron - Renal corpuscle, Nephron - Glomerulus, Nephron - Bowman's capsule, Nephron - Renal tubule, Nephron - Proximal tubule, Nephron - Loop of Henle, Nephron - Distal convoluted tubule, Nephron - Collecting duct, Nephron - Juxtaglomerular apparatus, Nephron - Clinical relevance

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Tubular secretion is the transfer of materials from peritubular capillaries to renal tubule lumen. This is one of the second steps in the formation of urine. Tubular secretion is caused mainly by active transport. Usually only a few substances are secreted. These substances are present in great excess, or are natural poisons. Secretion of bicarbonate into the blood plasma is achieved by tubular excretion of hydronium. ...

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Renal physiology, Renal physiology - Functions of the kidney, Renal physiology - Filtering wastes from the bloodstream, Renal physiology - Secretion of hormones, Renal physiology - Maintaining body sodium and water balance, Renal physiology - Acid-base homeostasis, Renal physiology - Glomerular filtration, Renal physiology - Tubular reabsorption, Renal physiology - Tubular secretion, Renal physiology - Measurement of renal function

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Although variations of the blood supply to the adrenal glands (and indeed the kidneys themselves) are common, there are usually three arteries that supply each adrenal gland: the superior, middle and inferior suprarenal (or adrenal) arteries. Each (left and right) superior suprarenal artery is a branch of the phrenic artery on that side of the body. The left and right phrenic arteries supply the diaphragm, and come off the aorta. The middle suprarenal artery is a branch directly off the aorta, while the inferior suprarenal arter ...

See also:

Adrenal gland, Adrenal gland - Overview, Adrenal gland - Adrenal medulla, Adrenal gland - Adrenal cortex, Adrenal gland - Zona glomerulosa, Adrenal gland - Zona fasciculata, Adrenal gland - Zona reticularis, Adrenal gland - Pathology, Adrenal gland - Blood supply, Adrenal gland - Related topics

Read more here: » Adrenal gland: Encyclopedia II - Adrenal gland - Blood supply

Kidney - Excretion of waste products. The kidneys excrete a variety of waste products produced by metabolism, for example, urea (from protein catabolism) and uric acid (from nucleic acid metabolism). Kidney - Homeostasis. The kidneys regulate the pH, mineral ion concentration, and water composition of the blood. By exchanging hydronium ions and hydroxyl ions, the blood plasma is maintained by the ...

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Kidney, Kidney - Location, Kidney - Structure, Kidney - Organization, Kidney - Nephron, Kidney - Collecting duct system, Kidney - Functions, Kidney - Excretion of waste products, Kidney - Homeostasis, Kidney - Hormone secretion, Kidney - Terms, Kidney - Diseases and disorders, Kidney - Congenital, Kidney - Acquired, Kidney - Dialysis and kidney transplants, Kidney - Medical terminology

Read more here: » Kidney: Encyclopedia II - Kidney - Functions

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) refers to any of several autosomal recessive diseases resulting from defects in steps of the synthesis of cortisol from cholesterol by the adrenal glands. All of the forms of CAH involve excessive or defective production of sex steroids and can pervert or impair development of primary or secondary sex characteristics in affected infants, children, and adults. Many also involve e ...

See also:

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency - What is CAH?, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency - 11β-Hydroxylase deficient CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency - Pathophysiology of 11β-OH CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency - Mineralocorticoid aspects of 11β-OH CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency - Sex steroid effects of 11β-OH CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency - Management of 11β-hydroxylase deficient CAH

Read more here: » Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency: Encyclopedia II - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency - What is CAH?

In humans, the kidneys are located in the posterior part of the abdomen. There is one on each side of the spine; the right kidney sits just below the liver, the left below the spleen. Above each kidney is an adrenal gland (also called the suprarenal gland). The kidneys are retroperitoneal, which means they lie behind the peritoneum, the lining of the abdominal cavity. They are approximately at the vertebral level T12 to L3, and the right kidney usually lies slightly lower than the left ...

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Kidney, Kidney - Location, Kidney - Structure, Kidney - Organization, Kidney - Nephron, Kidney - Collecting duct system, Kidney - Functions, Kidney - Excretion of waste products, Kidney - Homeostasis, Kidney - Hormone secretion, Kidney - Terms, Kidney - Diseases and disorders, Kidney - Congenital, Kidney - Acquired, Kidney - Dialysis and kidney transplants, Kidney - Medical terminology

Read more here: » Kidney: Encyclopedia II - Kidney - Location