An electrolyte is a substance which dissociates into free ions when dissolved (or molten), to produce an electrically conductive medium. Because they generally consist of ions in solution, electrolytes are also known as ionic solutions. They are sometimes referred to in abbreviated jargon as lytes. Electrolytes generally exist as acids, bases or salts. An electrolyte may be described as concentrated if it has a high concentration of ions; or dilute, a low concentration of ions. If a high pr ...

Including:

• Electrolyte - Physiology
• Electrolyte - Nutrition
• Electrolyte - Uses in electrochemistry

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Nephron - Proximal tubule. The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs fluid in bulk from the filtrate, including two-thirds of the filtered salt and water and all filtered organic solutes (primarily glucose and amino acids). This is driven by sodium transport from the lumen into the blood by the Na+/K+ ATPase in the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cells. Much of the mass movement of water and solutes occurs in between the cells through the tight junction ...

See also:

Nephron, Nephron - Renal corpuscle, Nephron - Glomerulus, Nephron - Bowman's capsule, Nephron - Renal tubule, Nephron - Proximal tubule, Nephron - Loop of Henle, Nephron - Distal convoluted tubule, Nephron - Collecting duct, Nephron - Juxtaglomerular apparatus, Nephron - Clinical relevance

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Two major types of osmoregulation are osmoconformers and osmoregulators. Osmoconformers match their body osmolarity to their environment . It can either be active or passive. An example are marine fish. By drinking in sea water, and actively excreting salt out from the gills, the fish will gain salt as it produces an isotonic urine. Osmoregulators tightly regulate their body osmolarity which always stays constant and are more common in the animal kingdom. Osmoregulators actively control salt concentrations despite the sa ...

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Osmoregulation, Osmoregulation - Examples of osmotic pressure, Osmoregulation - Forms of osmoregulation, Osmoregulation - Osmoregulation in plants, Osmoregulation - Osmoregulation in protoctists and animals, Osmoregulation - Vertebrate excretory systems, Osmoregulation - Waste products of nitrogen metabolism, Osmoregulation - How osmoregulation is achieved in vertebrates

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Progesterone exerts its action via the intracellular progesterone receptor. It has a number of physiological effects, usually to counteract effects caused by estrogen. Estrogen is required to induce a progesterone receptor. Progesterone - Reproduction. Progesterone's reproductive function serves to convert the endometrium to its secretory stage to prepare the uterus for implantation. If pregnancy does not occur, progesterone levels will decrease leading to menstruation in the human. Normal menstrual bleedin ...

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Progesterone, Progesterone - Chemistry, Progesterone - Synthesis, Progesterone - Sources, Progesterone - Levels, Progesterone - Effects, Progesterone - Reproduction, Progesterone - Neurosteroid, Progesterone - Other systems, Progesterone - Medical Applications, Progesterone - External link

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Nephron - Renal corpuscle. Composed of a glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, the renal corpuscle (or Malphigian corpuscle) is the beginning of the nephron. It is the nephron's initial filtering component. Main article: Glomerulus (kidney) The glomerulus is a capillary tuft that receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole of the renal circulation. The hydrostatic pressure of the blood provides the driving force for fluid and solutes to be filtered out of the bl ...

See also:

Nephron, Nephron - Anatomy and function, Nephron - Renal corpuscle, Nephron - Renal tubule, Nephron - Proximal tubule, Nephron - Collecting duct, Nephron - Juxtaglomerular apparatus, Nephron - Clinical relevance

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Composed of a glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, the renal corpuscle (or Malphigian corpuscle) is the beginning of the nephron. It is the nephron's initial filtering component. Nephron - Glomerulus. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft that receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole of the renal circulation. The hydrostatic pressure of the blood provides the driving force for fluid and solutes to be filtered out of the blood and into the space made by Bowman's capsule. < ...

See also:

Nephron, Nephron - Renal corpuscle, Nephron - Glomerulus, Nephron - Bowman's capsule, Nephron - Renal tubule, Nephron - Proximal tubule, Nephron - Loop of Henle, Nephron - Distal convoluted tubule, Nephron - Collecting duct, Nephron - Juxtaglomerular apparatus, Nephron - Clinical relevance

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PTH acts to increase the concentration of calcium in the blood in three ways. It enhances the release of calcium from the large reservoir contained in the bones, enhances reabsorption of calcium from renal tubules; and enhances the absorption of calcium in the intestine by increasing the production of vitamin D. PTH also acts to decrease the concentration of phosphate in the blood, primarily by reducing re ...

See also:

Parathyroid hormone, Parathyroid hormone - Functions, Parathyroid hormone - Bone resorption, Parathyroid hormone - Syndromes, Parathyroid hormone - Measurements

Read more here: » Parathyroid hormone: Encyclopedia II - Parathyroid hormone - Functions

In both males and females, LH stimulates the production of sex steroids from the gonads. Leydig cells in male testes respond to LH by producing testosterone, while theca cells in the female ovary respond to LH by producing androgens and estrogens. In females, a LH surge about halfway through the menstrual cycle triggers the onset of ovulation. LH also induces the ovulated follicle to become a corpus luteum, which then secretes progesterone. LH levels are normally low durin ...

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Luteinizing hormone, Luteinizing hormone - Structure, Luteinizing hormone - Genes, Luteinizing hormone - Activity, Luteinizing hormone - Deficient LH activity, Luteinizing hormone - Excess LH activity, Luteinizing hormone - Availability

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Gastrin - Genetics. The GAS gene is located on the long arm of the seventh chromosome (17q21). Gastrin - Synthesis and release. Gastrin is a linear peptide hormone produced by G cells that are located mainly in the antrum of the stomach and the D cells of the pancreatic islets. It is secreted into the bloodstream. Gastrin is found primarily in three forms: gastrin-34 ("big gastrin"), gastrin-17 ("little gastrin"), and gastrin-14 ("minigastrin"). The ...

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Gastrin, Gastrin - Physiology, Gastrin - Genetics, Gastrin - Synthesis and release, Gastrin - Function, Gastrin - Factors influencing secretion, Gastrin - Role in disease, Gastrin - External link

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In both males and females, FSH stimulates the maturation of germ cells. In females, a FSH initiates follicular growth, and with the concomitant rise in inhibin B, FSH levels decline. This seems to be critical to select only the most advanced follicle to proceed to ovulation. FSH levels are normally low during childhood and, in women, high after menopause. ...

See also:

Follicle-stimulating hormone, Follicle-stimulating hormone - Structure, Follicle-stimulating hormone - Genes, Follicle-stimulating hormone - Activity, Follicle-stimulating hormone - Decifient FSH activity, Follicle-stimulating hormone - Availability

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Estradiol, like other sex steroids, is derived from cholesterol. After side chain cleavage and either utilizing the delta-5 pathway or the delta-4 pathway androstenedione is the key intermediary. Androstendione is either converted to testosterone which in turn undergoes aromatization to estradiol, or, alternatively, androstendione is aromatized to estrone which is converted to estradiol. Co ...

See also:

Estradiol, Estradiol - Synthesis, Estradiol - Production, Estradiol - Mechanism of action, Estradiol - Effects, Estradiol - Role in sexual differentiation, Estradiol - Therapy, Estradiol - Hormone replacement therapy, Estradiol - Blocking estrogens

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Glucagon - Stimulus for increased secretion of glucagon. decreased plasma glucose increased catecholamines increased plasma amino acids (to protect from hypoglycemia if an all protein meal consumed) sympathetic nervous system Glucagon - Stimulus for decreased secretion of glucagon. somatostatin Insulin ...

See also:

Glucagon, Glucagon - History, Glucagon - Physiology, Glucagon - Regulation, Glucagon - Stimulus for increased secretion of glucagon, Glucagon - Stimulus for decreased secretion of glucagon, Glucagon - Function, Glucagon - Mechanism of action, Glucagon - Pathology, Glucagon - Pharmacological application of glucagon, Glucagon - Media

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The concept of internal secretion developed in the 19th century; Claude Bernard described it in 1855, but did not specifically address the possibility of secretions of one organ acting as messengers to others. Still, various endocrine conditions were recognised and even treated adequately (e.g. hypothyroidism with extract of thyroid glands). The major breakthrough was the identification of secretin, the hormone secreted by the duodenum that stimulates pancreatic secretions, by Ernest Starling and William Bayliss in 1902. Previously, t ...

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Hormone, Hormone - History, Hormone - Physiology of hormones, Hormone - Types of hormones, Hormone - Pharmacology, Hormone - Important human hormones, Hormone - Amine hormones, Hormone - Peptide hormones, Hormone - Steroid and sterol hormones, Hormone - Lipid hormones, Hormone - Reference

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Nadolol non-selectively blocks beta-1 adrenergic receptors mainly in the heart, inhibiting the effects of the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine and decreasing heart rate and blood pressure. It also blocks beta-2 adrenergic receptors located in bronchiole smooth muscle, causing vasoconstriction. By binding beta-2 receptors in the juxtaglomerular apparatus, nadolol inhibits the production of renin, thereby inhibiting angiotensin II and aldosterone production. Nadolol therefore inhibits the vasoconstriction and water retention due to angiotensin II and aldosterone, respectively. The drug impai ...

See also:

Nadolol, Nadolol - Chemistry and pharmacokinetics, Nadolol - Mechanism of action, Nadolol - Indications, Nadolol - Contraindications, Nadolol - Side effects

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Since indomethacin inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2, it inhibits the production of prostaglandins in the stomach and intestines which maintain the mucous lining of the gastrointestinal tract. Indomethacin, therefore, like other nonselective COX inhibitors, can cause ulcers. The ulcers can result in serious bleeding and/or perforation requirering hospitilization of the patient. Some even die from these complications. To reduce the possibility of peptic ulcers, indomethacin should be prescribed at the lowest dosage needed to achieve a therapeutic ...

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Indomethacin, Indomethacin - Chemical properties, Indomethacin - Indications, Indomethacin - Contraindications, Indomethacin - Mechanism of action, Indomethacin - Adverse effects, Indomethacin - Necessary Examinations during Longterm Treatment, Indomethacin - Animal Toxicity and Human Overdose, Indomethacin - Usual Dosage Forms, Indomethacin - History

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When lisinopril therapy in women of child-bearing age is started pregnancy must be excluded and effective contraceptive methods used. Lisinopril is teratogenic and can cause birth defects and even death of the developing fetus. When pregnancy is detected, Lisinopril should be discontinued as soon as possible. ...

See also:

Lisinopril, Lisinopril - Mode of action, Lisinopril - Indications, Lisinopril - Contraindications and Precautions, Lisinopril - Pregnancy, Lisinopril - Lactation, Lisinopril - Side effects, Lisinopril - Interactions, Lisinopril - Dosing, Lisinopril - History/Brand Names

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Problems caused to persons with lipoid CAH can be divided into (1) mineralocorticoid deficiency, (2) glucocorticoid deficiency, (3) sex steroid deficiency, and (4) damage to gonads caused by lipid accumulation. Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Mineralocorticoid deficiency. Most infants born with lipoid CAH have had genitalia female enough that no disease was suspected at birth. Because the adrenal zona glomerosa is undifferentiated and inactive before delivery, it is undamaged at birth ...

See also:

Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - What is CAH?, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Pathophysiology and genetics of lipoid CAH, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Clinical manifestations of lipoid CAH, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Mineralocorticoid deficiency, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Glucocorticoid deficiency, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Sex steroid deficiency and gonadal damage, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Management of lipoid CAH

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The DCT regulates pH by absorbing bicarbonate and secreting protons (H+) into the filtrate. Sodium and potassium levels are controlled by secreting K+ and absorbing Na+. Sodium absorption by the distal tubule is mediated by the hormone aldosterone. Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption. The DCT also participates in calcium regulation by absorbing Ca2+ in response to parathyroid hormone. Thiazide diuretics inhibit N ...

See also:

Distal convoluted tubule, Distal convoluted tubule - Physiology, Distal convoluted tubule - Histology

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Angiotensin receptor - AT1. The AT1 receptor is the best elucidated angiotensin receptor. It is coupled to phospholipase C and angiotensin II increases the cytosolic Ca2+ level. It also inhibits adenylate cyclase and activate various tyrosine kinases. Effects mediated by the AT1 receptor include vasoconstriction, aldosterone synthesis and secretion, increased vasopressin secretion, cardiac hypertrophy, augmentation of peripheral noradrenergic activity, vascular smooth m ...

See also:

Angiotensin receptor, Angiotensin receptor - Structure, Angiotensin receptor - Members, Angiotensin receptor - AT₁, Angiotensin receptor - AT₂, Angiotensin receptor - AT₃ and AT₄

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By decreasing aldosterone levels, candesartan and related drugs may cause hyperkalemia (high potassium levels in the blood). Supplements containing potassium, which are sometimes taken by patients with high blood pressure, are discouraged. Some people taking candesartan report dizziness, blurry vision, lightheadedness, a sore throat or a runny nose. More serious side effects can be fainting, decreased sexual ability, jaun ...

See also:

Candesartan, Candesartan - Side-effects, Candesartan - Contraindications

Read more here: » Candesartan: Encyclopedia II - Candesartan - Side-effects

Renal physiology - Filtering wastes from the bloodstream. Wastes are filtered out from the blood in the glomeruli which is enclosed by a Bowman's capsule via the process of ultrafiltration. The glomerulus and the Bowman's Corpuscle together is known as the Malpighian Corpuscle. The ultrafiltrate is passed through, in turn, the proximal convoluted tubules, the loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubules ...

See also:

Renal physiology, Renal physiology - Functions of the kidney, Renal physiology - Filtering wastes from the bloodstream, Renal physiology - Secretion of hormones, Renal physiology - Maintaining body sodium and water balance, Renal physiology - Acid-base homeostasis, Renal physiology - Glomerular filtration, Renal physiology - Tubular reabsorption, Renal physiology - Tubular secretion, Renal physiology - Measurement of renal function

Read more here: » Renal physiology: Encyclopedia II - Renal physiology - Functions of the kidney