aldosterone - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Corticosteroid: Encyclopedia Ii - Corticosteroid - Uses
Synthetic drugs with corticosteroid-like effect are used in a variety of conditions, ranging from brain tumors to skin diseases. Dexameth...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Conn's Syndrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Conn's Syndrome - Signs Symptoms And Findings
Apart from high blood pressure, the symptoms may include muscle cramps and headaches (due to the low potassium), metabolic alkalosis (due...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Calcitonin: Encyclopedia - Calcitonin
Calcitonin is a a 32 amino acid polypeptide hormone that is produced in humans primarily by the C cells of the thyroid, and in many other...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antidiuretic Hormone: Encyclopedia - Antidiuretic Hormone
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as arginine vasopressin (AVP), is a hormone that is mainly released when the body is low on water;...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hormone: Encyclopedia - Hormone
A hormone (from Greek horman - "to set in motion") is a chemical messenger from one cell (or group of cells) to another. All multicellula...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antiandrogen: Encyclopedia - Antiandrogen
An antiandrogen, or androgen antagonist, is any of a group of hormone antagonist compounds that are capable of preventing or inhibiting t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Encyclopedia - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) refers to any of several autosomal recessive diseases resulting from defects in steps of the synthes...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Corticotropin-releasing Hormone: Encyclopedia - Corticotropin-releasing Hormone
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), also called corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or corticoliberin, is a polypeptide hormone invol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Conn's Syndrome: Encyclopedia - Conn's Syndrome
Conn's syndrome is overproduction of the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone by the adrenal glands. Aldosterone causes sodium and water...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Angiotensin: Encyclopedia - Angiotensin
Angiotensinogen, angiotensin I (CAS# 9041-90-1) and angiotensin II (CAS# 11128-99-7) are peptides involved in maintenance of blood volume...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Adrenal Gland: Encyclopedia - Adrenal Gland
In mammals, the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands or colloquially as kidney hats) are the triangle-shaped endocrine glands ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Endocrine System: Encyclopedia - Endocrine System
The endocrine system is a control system of ductless endocrine glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones that circulate wit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone: Encyclopedia - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or corticotropin) is a polypeptide hormone synthesised (from POMC, pre-opiomelanocortin) and secreted f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cushing's Syndrome: Encyclopedia - Cushing's Syndrome
Cushing's syndrome or hypercortisolism is an endocrine disorder caused by excessive levels of the endogenous corticosteroid hormone corti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Addison's Disease: Encyclopedia - Addison's Disease
Addison's disease (also known as chronic adrenal insufficiency, or hypocortisolism) is a rare endocrine disorder, first described by Brit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kidney: Encyclopedia - Kidney
The kidneys are bean-shaped excretory organs in vertebrates. Part of the urinary system, the kidneys filter wastes (especially urea) from...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cholesterol: Encyclopedia - Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a steroid, a lipid, and an alcohol, found in the cell membranes of all body tissues, and transported in the blood plasma o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cortisol: Encyclopedia - Cortisol
Cortisol (hydrocortisone) Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone that is involved in the response to stress; it increases blood pressure ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Corticosteroid: Encyclopedia - Corticosteroid
In physiology, corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids are involved in a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ascites: Encyclopedia - Ascites
In medicine (gastroenterology), ascites is a accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. Although unpleasant, it is not intrinsically...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electrolyte: Encyclopedia - Electrolyte
An electrolyte is a substance which dissociates into free ions when dissolved (or molten), to produce an electrically conductive medium. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nephron: Encyclopedia Ii - Nephron - Renal Tubule
Nephron - Proximal tubule. The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs fluid in bulk from the filtrate, including two-thirds of the filter...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Osmoregulation: Encyclopedia Ii - Osmoregulation - Forms Of Osmoregulation
Two major types of osmoregulation are osmoconformers and osmoregulators. Osmoconformers match their body osmolarity to their environment ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Progesterone: Encyclopedia Ii - Progesterone - Effects
Progesterone exerts its action via the intracellular progesterone receptor. It has a number of physiological effects, usually to countera...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nephron: Encyclopedia Ii - Nephron - Anatomy And Function
Nephron - Renal corpuscle. Composed of a glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, the renal corpuscle (or Malphigian corpuscle) is the beginnin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nephron: Encyclopedia Ii - Nephron - Renal Corpuscle
Composed of a glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, the renal corpuscle (or Malphigian corpuscle) is the beginning of the nephron. It is the n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Parathyroid Hormone: Encyclopedia Ii - Parathyroid Hormone - Functions
PTH acts to increase the concentration of calcium in the blood in three ways. It enhances the release of calcium from the large reservoir...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Luteinizing Hormone: Encyclopedia Ii - Luteinizing Hormone - Activity
In both males and females, LH stimulates the production of sex steroids from the gonads. Leydig cells in male testes respond to LH by pro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gastrin: Encyclopedia Ii - Gastrin - Physiology
Gastrin - Genetics. The GAS gene is located on the long arm of the seventh chromosome (17q21). Gastrin - Synthesis and release. Gastr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Follicle-stimulating Hormone: Encyclopedia Ii - Follicle-stimulating Hormone - Activity
In both males and females, FSH stimulates the maturation of germ cells. In females, a FSH initiates follicular growth, and with the conco...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Estradiol: Encyclopedia Ii - Estradiol - Synthesis
Estradiol, like other sex steroids, is derived from cholesterol. After side chain cleavage and either utilizing the delta-5 pathway or th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Glucagon: Encyclopedia Ii - Glucagon - Regulation
Glucagon - Stimulus for increased secretion of glucagon. decreased plasma glucose increased catecholamines increased plasma amino acid...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hormone: Encyclopedia Ii - Hormone - History
The concept of internal secretion developed in the 19th century; Claude Bernard described it in 1855, but did not specifically address th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nadolol: Encyclopedia Ii - Nadolol - Mechanism Of Action
Nadolol non-selectively blocks beta-1 adrenergic receptors mainly in the heart, inhibiting the effects of the catecholamines epinephrine ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indomethacin: Encyclopedia Ii - Indomethacin - Adverse Effects
Since indomethacin inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2, it inhibits the production of prostaglandins in the stomach and intestines which mainta...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lisinopril: Encyclopedia Ii - Lisinopril - Pregnancy
When lisinopril therapy in women of child-bearing age is started pregnancy must be excluded and effective contraceptive methods used. Li...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lipoid Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Encyclopedia Ii - Lipoid Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia - Clinical Manifestations Of Lipoid Cah
Problems caused to persons with lipoid CAH can be divided into (1) mineralocorticoid deficiency, (2) glucocorticoid deficiency, (3) sex s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Distal Convoluted Tubule: Encyclopedia Ii - Distal Convoluted Tubule - Physiology
The DCT regulates pH by absorbing bicarbonate and secreting protons (H+) into the filtrate. Sodium and potassium levels are controlled by...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Angiotensin Receptor: Encyclopedia Ii - Angiotensin Receptor - Members
Angiotensin receptor - AT1. The AT1 receptor is the best elucidated angiotensin receptor. It is coupled to phospholipase C and angioten...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Candesartan: Encyclopedia Ii - Candesartan - Side-effects
By decreasing aldosterone levels, candesartan and related drugs may cause hyperkalemia (high potassium levels in the blood). Supplements ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Renal Physiology: Encyclopedia Ii - Renal Physiology - Functions Of The Kidney
Renal physiology - Filtering wastes from the bloodstream. Wastes are filtered out from the blood in the glomeruli which is enclosed by ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Steroid Hormone: Encyclopedia Ii - Steroid Hormone - Overview
The natural steroid hormones are generally synthesized from cholesterol in the gonads and adrenal glands. Steroid hormones are generally ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Somatostatin: Encyclopedia Ii - Somatostatin - Actions
All actions of the hormone are inhibitory. Somatostatin's main actions are: inhibits the release of growth hormone (GH) inhibits the rel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Spironolactone: Encyclopedia Ii - Spironolactone - Side Effects
Spironolactone can cause gastrointestinal problems fairly often. Since it also affects steroid receptors elsewhere in the body, it can ca...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Body Water: Encyclopedia Ii - Body Water - Calculation Of Body Water
In individuals of normal weight, water is abundant in most parts of the body, except in adipose tissue (fat). These calculations are for ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due To 11 Beta-hydroxylase Deficiency: Encyclopedia Ii - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due To 11 Beta-hydroxylase Deficiency - 11β-hydroxylase Deficient Cah
11β-OH CAH resembles 21-hydroxylase deficient CAH in its androgenic manifestations: partial virilization and ambiguous genitalia of gene...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hyperkalemia: Encyclopedia Ii - Hyperkalemia - Signs And Symptoms
Symptoms are fairly nonspecific, and generally include malaise and muscle weakness; mild breathlessness may indicate metabolic acidosis, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pyloric Stenosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Pyloric Stenosis - Diagnosis
Diagnosis is via a careful history and physical examination. Palpation of the abdomen during a test feed may reveal a mass in the epigast...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Luteinizing Hormone: Encyclopedia Ii - Luteinizing Hormone - Activity
In both males and females, LH stimulates the production of sex steroids from the gonads. Leydig cells in male testes respond to LH by pro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone: Encyclopedia Ii - Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone - Structure
The identity of GNRH1 was clarified by the 1977 Nobel Laureates Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally: pyroGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Ar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Endocrine System: Encyclopedia Ii - Endocrine System - Table Of Endocrine Glands And The Hormones Secreted
Endocrine system - In both sexes:. (starting from the head and going downwards) Hypothalamus Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Gona...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due To 17 Alpha-hydroxylase Deficiency: Encyclopedia Ii - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due To 17 Alpha-hydroxylase Deficiency - 17α-hydroxylase Deficient Cah
The most common abnormal alleles of this condition impair both the 17α-hydroxylase activity and the 17,20-lyase activity. Like other for...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due To 21-hydroxylase Deficiency: Encyclopedia Ii - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due To 21-hydroxylase Deficiency - Severe Early Onset 21-hydroxylase Deficient Cah
The two most serious neonatal consequences of 21-hydroxylase deficiency occur when there is minimal measurable hydroxylase activity from ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pyloric Stenosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Pyloric Stenosis - Diagnosis
The diagnosis of pyloric stenosis is made when an infant has a history of progressive forceful vomiting. The pyloric valve (opening at th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Obstetrics: Encyclopedia Ii - Obstetrics - Maternal Physiology
During pregnancy, the woman undergoes many physiological changes, which are entirely normal, including cardiovascular, renal, hematologic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cholesterol: Encyclopedia Ii - Cholesterol - Physiology
Cholesterol - Synthesis and intake. Cholesterol is primarily synthesized from acetyl CoA through the HMG-CoA reductase pathway in many ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Encyclopedia Ii - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia - Overview Of The Multiple Types Of Cah
Cortisol is an adrenal steroid hormone necessary for life; production begins in the second month of fetal life. Inefficient cortisol prod...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cortisol: Encyclopedia Ii - Cortisol - Physiology
The amount of cortisol present in the serum undergoes diurnal variation, with the highest levels present in the early morning, and lower ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Addison's Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Addison's Disease - Signs And Symptoms
Addison's disease - Early signs. Addison's disease progresses slowly, and symptoms may not present or be noticed until some stressful i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Calcitonin: Encyclopedia Ii - Calcitonin - Physiology
The hormone participates in calcium and phosphorus metabolism and it was found in fish, reptiles, birds and mammals. Most evidence points...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Angiotensin: Encyclopedia Ii - Angiotensin - Effects Of Angiotensin Ii
Angiotensin - Vascular. It is a potent direct vasoconstrictor, causing arteries and veins to constrict and so leading to an increase in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antidiuretic Hormone: Encyclopedia Ii - Antidiuretic Hormone - Physiology
Antidiuretic hormone - Control. ADH is activated by "water receptors" in both the extracellular fluid volume and the intracellular flui...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Adrenal Gland: Encyclopedia Ii - Adrenal Gland - Adrenal Cortex
Situated along the perimeter of the adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of mineralocort...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ascites: Encyclopedia Ii - Ascites - Pathophysiology
Ascitic fluid can accumulate as a transudate or an exudate. Amounts of up to 25 litres are fully possible. Roughly, transudates are a res...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cushing's Syndrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Cushing's Syndrome - Signs And Symptoms
Symptoms include rapid weight gain, particularly of the trunk and face with sparing of the limbs (central obesity), "moon face", excess s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Endocrine System: Encyclopedia Ii - Endocrine System - Table Of Endocrine Glands And The Hormones Secreted
Endocrine system - In both sexes:. (starting from the head and going downwards) hypothalamus thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) gona...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kidney: Encyclopedia Ii - Kidney - Structure
Kidney - Organization. In a normal human adult, each kidney is about 11 cm long and about 5 cm thick, weighing 150 grams. The kidneys a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electrolyte: Encyclopedia Ii - Electrolyte - Physiology
In physiology, the primary ions of electrolytes are sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphate, and bicarbonate. All high...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Conn's Syndrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Conn's Syndrome - Signs, Symptoms And Findings
Apart from high blood pressure, the symptoms may include muscle cramps and headaches (due to the low potassium), metabolic alkalosis (due...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due To 17 Alpha-hydroxylase Deficiency: Encyclopedia Ii - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due To 17 Alpha-hydroxylase Deficiency - What Is Cah?
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) refers to any of several autosomal recessive diseases resulting from defects in steps of the synthes...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due To 17 Alpha-hydroxylase Deficiency: Encyclopedia Ii - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due To 17 Alpha-hydroxylase Deficiency - Management Of 17α-hydroxylase And 1720-lyase Deficiencies
Hypertension and mineralocorticoid excess is treated with glucocorticoid replacement, as in other forms of CAH. Most genetic females with...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due To 17 Alpha-hydroxylase Deficiency: Encyclopedia Ii - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due To 17 Alpha-hydroxylase Deficiency - Genetics Of The Various Forms Of P450c17 Deficiency
The gene for the cytochrome P450c17 enzyme resides on chromosome 10q24.3. Mutations of this gene result in altered activities of the enzy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lipoid Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Encyclopedia Ii - Lipoid Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia - Management Of Lipoid Cah
Management of salt-wasting crises and mineralocorticoid treatment are as for other forms of salt-wasting congenital adrenal hyperplasia: ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due To 17 Alpha-hydroxylase Deficiency: Encyclopedia Ii - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due To 17 Alpha-hydroxylase Deficiency - 1720-lyase Deficiency
A very small number of people have reportedly had an abnormal gene that resulted primarily in a reduction of 17,20-lyase activity, rather...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Adrenal Gland: Encyclopedia Ii - Adrenal Gland - Adrenal Medulla
Composed mainly of hormone-producing chromaffin cells, the adrenal medulla is the principal site of the conversion of the amino acid tyro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due To 17 Alpha-hydroxylase Deficiency: Encyclopedia Ii - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due To 17 Alpha-hydroxylase Deficiency - Pathophysiology And Genetics Of The Various Forms Of P450c17 Deficiency
The enzyme itself is attached to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the steroid-producing cells of the adrenal cortex and gonads. P450c1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nadolol: Encyclopedia Ii - Nadolol - Contraindications
Patients whose heart rate is largely mediated by the sympathetic nervous system (e.g. patients with congestive heart failure or myocardia...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Angiotensin: Encyclopedia Ii - Angiotensin - Angiotensinogen
Angiotensinogen is the precursor molecule, and it is produced constitutively and released into the circulation mainly by the liver althou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Angiotensin: Encyclopedia Ii - Angiotensin - Angiotensin I
Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu Angiotensin I has little biological effect. Its main role is to become angiotensin II, by remov...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nephron: Encyclopedia Ii - Nephron - Renal Corpuscle
Composed of a glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, the renal corpuscle (or Malphigian corpuscle) is the beginning of the nephron. It is the n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Renal Physiology: Encyclopedia Ii - Renal Physiology - Tubular Secretion
Tubular secretion is the transfer of materials from peritubular capillaries to renal tubule lumen. This is one of the second steps in the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Adrenal Gland: Encyclopedia Ii - Adrenal Gland - Blood Supply
Although variations of the blood supply to the adrenal glands (and indeed the kidneys themselves) are common, there are usually three art...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kidney: Encyclopedia Ii - Kidney - Functions
Kidney - Excretion of waste products. The kidneys excrete a variety of waste products produced by metabolism, for example, urea (from p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due To 11 Beta-hydroxylase Deficiency: Encyclopedia Ii - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due To 11 Beta-hydroxylase Deficiency - What Is Cah?
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) refers to any of several autosomal recessive diseases resulting from defects in steps of the synthes...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kidney: Encyclopedia Ii - Kidney - Location
In humans, the kidneys are located in the posterior part of the abdomen. There is one on each side of the spine; the right kidney sits ju...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Adrenal Gland: Encyclopedia Ii - Adrenal Gland - Pathology
Adrenal cortex: Hypoadrenalism (e.g. due to Addison's disease) Cushing's syndrome Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Conn's syndrome Adrena...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due To 21-hydroxylase Deficiency: Encyclopedia Ii - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due To 21-hydroxylase Deficiency - Genetics Inheritance And Incidence Of 21-hydroxylase Deficient Cah
The CYP21 gene for the P450c21 enzyme (also known as 21-hydroxylase) is at 6p21.3, amid genes HLA B and HLA DR coding for the major human...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kidney: Encyclopedia Ii - Kidney - Functions
Kidney - Excretion of waste products. The kidneys excrete a variety of waste products produced by metabolism, for example, urea (from p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hyperkalemia: Encyclopedia Ii - Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis
Causes include: Hyperkalemia - Ineffective elimination from the body. Renal failure Medication. Medication that can cause hyperkalemia...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hyperkalemia: Encyclopedia Ii - Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis
In order to gather enough information for diagnosis, the measurement of potassium needs to be repeated, as the elevation can be due to he...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lipoid Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Encyclopedia Ii - Lipoid Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia - Pathophysiology And Genetics Of Lipoid Cah
Our understanding of the molecular basis for this disease has been advanced in the last decade by better understanding of adrenal steroid...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hormone: Encyclopedia Ii - Hormone - Pharmacology
Many hormones are used as medication. The most commonly prescribed hormones are estrogens and progestagens (in the contraceptive pill and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hyperkalemia: Encyclopedia Ii - Hyperkalemia - Pathophysiology
Potassium is the most important intracellular cation and participates in many cellular processes, including transmission of action potent...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kidney: Encyclopedia Ii - Kidney - Dialysis And Kidney Transplants
Generally, humans can live normally with just one kidney. Only when the amount of functioning kidney tissue is greatly diminished will re...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lipoid Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Encyclopedia Ii - Lipoid Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia - Lipoid Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia results from defects in the steps from cholesterol to pregnenolone. The adrenals are large and fill...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kidney: Encyclopedia Ii - Kidney - Diseases And Disorders
Kidney - Congenital. Polycystic kidney disease Congenital hydronephrosis Renal dysplasia Congenital obstruction of urinary tract Horse...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pyloric Stenosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Pyloric Stenosis - Treatment
Infantile pyloric stenosis is not a surgical emergency, but if not fixed via surgery, the infant will die of malnutrition and dehydration...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pyloric Stenosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Pyloric Stenosis - Pathophysiology
The gastric outlet obstruction due to the hypertrophic pylorus impairs emptying of gastric contents into the duodenum. As a consequence a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hormone: Encyclopedia Ii - Hormone - Physiology Of Hormones
Most cells are capable of producing one or more, sometimes many, molecules which signal other cells to alter their growth, function, or m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone: Encyclopedia Ii - Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone - Activity
GNRH1 activity is very low during childhood, and is activated at puberty. During the reproductive years, pulse activity is critical for s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Addison's Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Addison's Disease - Pathophysiology
Eighty to ninety percent of cases of Addison's disease are said to be due to autoantibodies directed against adrenal cells containing 21-...   » Read the article