Agesilaus

Xenophon (In Greek Ξενοφών, c. 427-355 BC) was a soldier, mercenary and Athenian student of Socrates and is known for his writings on the history of his own times, the sayings of Socrates, and the life of Greece. While a young man, Xenophon participated in the expedition led by Cyrus the Younger against his older brother, the emperor Artaxerxes II of Persia, in 401 BC. In this effort, Cyrus used many Greek mercenaries left unemployed by the cessation of the Peloponnesian War. Cyrus fought Artaxerxes at Cunaxa: the Greeks ...

Including:

• Xenophon - List of Works
• Xenophon - Project Gutenberg e-texts

Read more here: » Xenophon: Encyclopedia - Xenophon

Artaxerxes II Memnon (c. 436 - 358 BC) was king of Persia from 404 BC until his death. He defended his position against his brother Cyrus the Younger, who was defeated and killed at the Battle of Cunaxa in 401 BC, and against a revolt of the provincial governors, the satraps (366 - 358). He also became involved in a war with Persia's erstwhile allies, the Spartans, who, under Agesilaus, invaded Asia Minor. To keep the Spartans busy, Artaxerxes subsidized their enemies in Greece - the Athenians, Thebans, and Corinthians, especially - t ...

Including:

• Artaxerxes II of Persia - Building Projects

Read more here: » Artaxerxes II of Persia: Encyclopedia - Artaxerxes II of Persia

Epaminondas - First Invasion of the Peloponnese. For about a year after the victory at Leuctra, Epaminondas occupied himself with consolidating the Boeotian confederacy, compelling the previously Spartan-aligned polis of Orchomenus to join the league. In late 370 BC, however, as the Spartans under Agesilaus attempted to discipline their newly restive ally Mantinea, Epaminondas decided to capitalize on his victory by invading the Peloponnese and shattering Sparta's power once and for all. Forcing his way past the ...

See also:

Epaminondas, Epaminondas - Historical record, Epaminondas - Youth education and personal life, Epaminondas - Early career, Epaminondas - Theban coup, Epaminondas - After the coup, Epaminondas - 371 BC, Epaminondas - Peace Conference of 371, Epaminondas - Leuctra, Epaminondas - The 360s BC, Epaminondas - First Invasion of the Peloponnese, Epaminondas - Trial, Epaminondas - Later campaigns, Epaminondas - Battle of Mantinea, Epaminondas - Legacy, Epaminondas - Footnotes

Read more here: » Epaminondas: Encyclopedia II - Epaminondas - The 360s BC

The state benefitted from these relationships, according to the statements of ancient writers. The friendship functioned as a restraint on the youth, since if he committed a crime it was not he but his lover who was punished. In the military the lovers fought side by side, with each vying to shine before the other. Thus it was said that an army of lovers would be invincible, as was the case until the battle of Chaeronea with the Theban Sacred Band, a batallion of one ...

See also:

Pederasty in ancient Greece, Pederasty in ancient Greece - History, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Philosophical discourses, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Social Aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Educational and military aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Military function, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Sexual aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Religious aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Political aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Crete, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Thebes, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Sparta, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Athens, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Influence on literature and the arts, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Alcaeus Anacreon Ibycus, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Theognis of Megara, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Ceremonies and proverbs, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Modern scholarship, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Footnotes

Read more here: » Pederasty in ancient Greece: Encyclopedia II - Pederasty in ancient Greece - Political aspects

In 394 BC, Agesilaus of Sparta and his army were recalled from Ionia to the Greek mainland to help fight the Corinthian War. The Spartan fleet, under Peisander, also began to return to Greece, sailing out from its harbor at Cnidus. Meanwhile, the Persian fleet, under the joint command of Conon and the Persian satrap Pharnabazus sailed out from the Chersonese to oppose the Spartans. The fleets met near Cnidus. ...

See also:

Battle of Cnidus, Battle of Cnidus - Prelude, Battle of Cnidus - The Battle, Battle of Cnidus - Aftermath

Read more here: » Battle of Cnidus: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Cnidus - Prelude

(from [1]) A tip for readers: The listings of Loeb volumes at online bookstores vary considerably. If you want to buy a volume, it is probably quickest to look it up on HUP's Web site, get the ISBN, and then search for that. Likewise, the volumes are not always listed consistently in library catalogues, so you may find them more easily if you search by ISBN or the translator's name. Loeb Classical Library - Greek. L145) Volume I. Suppliant Maidens. Persians. Prometheus. Seven Against Thebes L146) Volume ...

See also:

Loeb Classical Library, Loeb Classical Library - Origin, Loeb Classical Library - Reception, Loeb Classical Library - Volumes published, Loeb Classical Library - Greek, Loeb Classical Library - Latin, Loeb Classical Library - External Link:

Read more here: » Loeb Classical Library: Encyclopedia II - Loeb Classical Library - Volumes published

Plutarch structured his Lives by alternating lives of famous Greeks ("Grecians") with those of famous Romans. After such a set of two (sometimes four) lives he generally writes out a comparison of the preceding biographies. In the table below, besides links to the wikipedia articles on the historic figures, there are also links to several on-line versions of Plutarch's Lives[1]; see also "Oth ...

See also:

Parallel Lives, Parallel Lives - Biographies, Parallel Lives - Other links

Read more here: » Parallel Lives: Encyclopedia II - Parallel Lives - Biographies

(from [1]) A tip for readers: The listings of Loeb volumes at online bookstores vary considerably. If you want to buy a volume, it is probably quickest to look it up on HUP's Web site, get the ISBN, and then search for that. Likewise, the volumes are not always listed consistently in library catalogues, so you may find them more easily if you search by ISBN or the translator's name. Loeb Classical Library - Greek. L145) Volume I. Suppliant Maidens. Persians. Prometheus. Seven Against Thebes L146) Volume ...

See also:

Loeb Classical Library, Loeb Classical Library - Origin, Loeb Classical Library - Reception, Loeb Classical Library - Volumes published, Loeb Classical Library - Greek, Loeb Classical Library - Latin, Loeb Classical Library - External link

Read more here: » Loeb Classical Library: Encyclopedia II - Loeb Classical Library - Volumes published

Foie gras - Ancient times. As far back as 2500 BC, it is possible that the Egyptians sought the fattened livers of migratory birds as a delicacy. They soon learned that many birds could be fattened through overfeeding and began the practice of overfeeding captive geese. In the necropolis of Saqqara, the tomb of Mereruka, an important royal official, contains a bas relief of a scene in which slaves grasp geese around the necks in order to push pellets down their throats. By their sides stand tables piled with more pellets, probably made from roast grain, and a flask for moistening th ...

See also:

Foie gras, Foie gras - History, Foie gras - Ancient times, Foie gras - Postclassical Europe, Foie gras - Main producers, Foie gras - Production methods, Foie gras - Presentation, Foie gras - Consumption, Foie gras - Controversy

Read more here: » Foie gras: Encyclopedia II - Foie gras - History

Xenophon's writings, especially the Anabasis, are often read by beginning students of the Greek language. His Hellenica is one chief source for events in Greece from 411 to 362 BC, and his Socratic writings, preserved entirely, are the only surviving representatives of the genre of Sokratikoi logoi other than the dialogues of Plato. Historical and Biographical works Anabasis Cyropaedia Hellenica AgesilausSee also:

Xenophon, Xenophon - List of Works, Xenophon - Project Gutenberg e-texts

Read more here: » Xenophon: Encyclopedia II - Xenophon - List of Works

Even though Epaminondas was a historically significant figure of his time there is comparatively little information about his life available to modern scholars, and no one ancient historian gives a complete picture. Some of the notable biographies include works by Nepos, Pausanias, Plutarch, Diodorus Siculus and Xenophon; not all of them have survived to the present day. Cornelius Nepos's biography of Epaminondas was short, and a few more scraps of information can be found in Pausanias's Description of Greece. Plutarch wrote a ...

See also:

Epaminondas, Epaminondas - Historical record, Epaminondas - Youth education and personal life, Epaminondas - Early career, Epaminondas - Theban coup, Epaminondas - After the coup, Epaminondas - 371 BC, Epaminondas - Peace Conference of 371, Epaminondas - Leuctra, Epaminondas - The 360s BC, Epaminondas - First Invasion of the Peloponnese, Epaminondas - Trial, Epaminondas - Later campaigns, Epaminondas - Battle of Mantinea, Epaminondas - Legacy, Epaminondas - Footnotes

Read more here: » Epaminondas: Encyclopedia II - Epaminondas - Historical record

Epaminondas' father Polymnis was an impoverished scion of an old Theban noble family. Nonetheless, in Epaminondas' youth he was provided with an excellent education; his musical teachers were among the best in their disciplines, as was his dance instructor. Most notably, his philosophy instructor Lysis of Tarentum (who had come to live with Polymnis in his exile) was one of the last major Pythagorean philosophers. Epaminondas was devoted to ...

See also:

Epaminondas, Epaminondas - Historical record, Epaminondas - Youth education and personal life, Epaminondas - Early career, Epaminondas - Theban coup, Epaminondas - After the coup, Epaminondas - 371 BC, Epaminondas - Peace Conference of 371, Epaminondas - Leuctra, Epaminondas - The 360s BC, Epaminondas - First Invasion of the Peloponnese, Epaminondas - Trial, Epaminondas - Later campaigns, Epaminondas - Battle of Mantinea, Epaminondas - Legacy, Epaminondas - Footnotes

Read more here: » Epaminondas: Encyclopedia II - Epaminondas - Youth education and personal life

Epaminondas lived at a particularly turbulent point in Greek and Theban history. Following the end of the Peloponnesian War in 404 BC, Sparta had embarked upon an aggressively unilateralist policy towards the rest of Greece and quickly alienated many of its former allies. Thebes, meanwhile, had greatly increased its own power during the war and sought to gain control of the other cities of Boeotia (the central territory of ancient Greece). This policy, along with other disputes, brought Thebes into conflict with Sparta. By 395 BC Thebes, alo ...

See also:

Epaminondas, Epaminondas - Historical record, Epaminondas - Youth education and personal life, Epaminondas - Early career, Epaminondas - Theban coup, Epaminondas - After the coup, Epaminondas - 371 BC, Epaminondas - Peace Conference of 371, Epaminondas - Leuctra, Epaminondas - The 360s BC, Epaminondas - First Invasion of the Peloponnese, Epaminondas - Trial, Epaminondas - Later campaigns, Epaminondas - Battle of Mantinea, Epaminondas - Legacy, Epaminondas - Footnotes

Read more here: » Epaminondas: Encyclopedia II - Epaminondas - Early career

France is now the "home" of foie gras. 80% of the world production (16370 tonnes in 2003, 96% in duck and the rest in goose), and 98% of the transformation, occur in France [1]. 30,000 people are involved in the industry with 90% residing in the Périgord (Dordogne) and Midi-Pyrénées régions in the southwest, as well as in the east (Alsace). The European Union recognizes the foie gras produced according to traditional farming methods (label rouge) in southwestern France with a geographical indication of provenance. Québec also has a thriving foie gras industry. Many Canadian chefs use Québec foi ...

See also:

Foie gras, Foie gras - History, Foie gras - Ancient times, Foie gras - Postclassical Europe, Foie gras - Main producers, Foie gras - Production methods, Foie gras - Presentation, Foie gras - Consumption, Foie gras - Controversy

Read more here: » Foie gras: Encyclopedia II - Foie gras - Main producers

Although some serious classicists spurn the Loebs (which have only a minimal apparatus criticus) as amateurish, and many non-classicists, conversely, are unimpressed by the relatively pedestrian prose of the English translations (necessary because of the desire to remain as literal as possible), the Loeb editions are nonetheless ubiquitous, still the "handy books of a size that would fit in a gentleman's pocket" that they were in ...

See also:

Loeb Classical Library, Loeb Classical Library - Origin, Loeb Classical Library - Reception, Loeb Classical Library - Volumes published, Loeb Classical Library - Greek, Loeb Classical Library - Latin, Loeb Classical Library - External link

Read more here: » Loeb Classical Library: Encyclopedia II - Loeb Classical Library - Reception

Epaminondas - Peace Conference of 371. No source states exactly when Epaminondas was first elected a Boeotarch, but by 371 BC he was in office and, the following year, leading the Boeotian delegation to a peace conference held at Sparta. A feeble attempt at a Common Peace had been made in 375, but desultory fighting between Athens and Sparta had resumed by 373 (at the latest). Thebes, meanwhile, was strengthening its confederation. By 371 Athens and Sparta were again war-weary, so a conference was called. There, ...

See also:

Epaminondas, Epaminondas - Historical record, Epaminondas - Youth education and personal life, Epaminondas - Early career, Epaminondas - Theban coup, Epaminondas - After the coup, Epaminondas - 371 BC, Epaminondas - Peace Conference of 371, Epaminondas - Leuctra, Epaminondas - The 360s BC, Epaminondas - First Invasion of the Peloponnese, Epaminondas - Trial, Epaminondas - Later campaigns, Epaminondas - Battle of Mantinea, Epaminondas - Legacy, Epaminondas - Footnotes

Read more here: » Epaminondas: Encyclopedia II - Epaminondas - 371 BC

Extant biographies of Epaminondas universally describe him as one of the most talented men produced by the Greek city-states in their final 150 years of independence. In military affairs he stands above every other tactician in Greek history, with the possible exception of Philip of Macedon, although modern historians have questioned his larger strategic vision[23]. His innovative strategy at Leuctra allowed him to defeat the vaunted Spartan phalanx with a ...

See also:

Epaminondas, Epaminondas - Historical record, Epaminondas - Youth education and personal life, Epaminondas - Early career, Epaminondas - Theban coup, Epaminondas - After the coup, Epaminondas - 371 BC, Epaminondas - Peace Conference of 371, Epaminondas - Leuctra, Epaminondas - The 360s BC, Epaminondas - First Invasion of the Peloponnese, Epaminondas - Trial, Epaminondas - Later campaigns, Epaminondas - Battle of Mantinea, Epaminondas - Legacy, Epaminondas - Footnotes

Read more here: » Epaminondas: Encyclopedia II - Epaminondas - Legacy

Myths provide more than fifty examples of young men who were the lovers of gods (Sergent). Poets and traditions ascribe Zeus, Poseidon, Apollo, Orpheus, Hercules, Dionysus, Hermes, and Pan to such love. All the main gods of the pantheon except Ares had these relationships. Mythographic material suggests that the initiate experienced ecstatic states of spirit journey leading to mystic death and transfiguration, analogous to practices still reported today in shamanic work. If so, by the fifth century the Greeks had forgotten the ...

See also:

Pederasty in ancient Greece, Pederasty in ancient Greece - History, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Philosophical discourses, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Social Aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Educational and military aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Military function, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Sexual aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Religious aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Political aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Crete, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Thebes, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Sparta, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Athens, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Influence on literature and the arts, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Alcaeus Anacreon Ibycus, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Theognis of Megara, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Ceremonies and proverbs, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Modern scholarship, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Footnotes

Read more here: » Pederasty in ancient Greece: Encyclopedia II - Pederasty in ancient Greece - Religious aspects

Although some serious classicists spurn the Loebs (which have only a minimal apparatus criticus) as amateurish, and many non-classicists, conversely, are unimpressed by the relatively pedestrian prose of the English translations (necessary because of the desire to remain as literal as possible), the Loeb editions are nonetheless ubiquitous, still the "handy books of a size that would fit in a gentleman's pocket" that they were in ...

See also:

Loeb Classical Library, Loeb Classical Library - Origin, Loeb Classical Library - Reception, Loeb Classical Library - Volumes published, Loeb Classical Library - Greek, Loeb Classical Library - Latin, Loeb Classical Library - External Link:

Read more here: » Loeb Classical Library: Encyclopedia II - Loeb Classical Library - Reception

Foie gras is a luxury dish. Many in France only consume foie gras on special occasions, such as Christmas or New Year's Day eve réveillon dinners, though the recent increased availability of foie gras has made it a less exceptional dish. In some areas of France foie gras is a year round pleasure. Duck foie gras is the cheaper and, since a change of production methods in the 1950s, by far the most common kind. The taste of duck foie gras is often referred to as musky with a subtle bitterness. Goose foie gras is ...

See also:

Foie gras, Foie gras - History, Foie gras - Ancient times, Foie gras - Postclassical Europe, Foie gras - Main producers, Foie gras - Production methods, Foie gras - Presentation, Foie gras - Consumption, Foie gras - Controversy

Read more here: » Foie gras: Encyclopedia II - Foie gras - Consumption