Encyclopedia - Age Of Discovery: Encyclopedia - Age Of Discovery
The so-called Age of Discovery was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century, during which European...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Age Of Discovery: Encyclopedia Ii - Age Of Discovery - Discovery Of The Americas
Portugal's rival Castile had been somewhat slower than their neighbour to begin exploring the Atlantic, and it was not until late in the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Age Of Discovery: Encyclopedia Ii - Age Of Discovery - Exploration Begins In Portugal
It was not until the carrack and then the caravel were developed in Iberia that European thoughts returned to the fabled East. These expl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The World: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The World - Age Of Discovery
In the fourteenth century the Renaissance began in Europe. Some modern scholars have questioned whether this flowering of art and humanis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Age Of Discovery: Encyclopedia Ii - Age Of Discovery - Exploration By Land
The prelude to the Age of Exploration was a series of European expeditions crossing Eurasia by land in the late Middle Ages. While the Mo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Age Of The Earth: Encyclopedia - Age Of The Earth
The age of the Earth is estimated to be 4.55 billion (4.55 × 109) years, based on detailed scientific evidence. This estimate represents...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Solar System: Encyclopedia - Solar System
The solar system comprises our Sun and the retinue of celestial objects gravitationally bound to it. Traditionally, this is said to consi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radio: Encyclopedia - Radio
Radio is the wireless transmission of signals, by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of light. Radio - Radi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Validity Of Astrology: Encyclopedia - Validity Of Astrology
The validity of astrology is a controversial subject. The case for and the case against astrology's objective validity are presented here...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Age Of The Earth: Encyclopedia Ii - Age Of The Earth - Discovery Of Radioactivity
By the turn of the 20th century, Thomson had been made Lord Kelvin in appreciation of his many scientific accomplishments. He had reason ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fra Mauro Map: Encyclopedia Ii - Fra Mauro Map - Africa
The description of Africa is surprisingly accurate, especially in light of the fact that Portuguese explorers had not yet been beyond 12 ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Selenography: Encyclopedia Ii - Selenography - The Age Of Discovery
The end of the 15th century was apparently when serious study of the Moon began. Around 1603, William Gilbert compiled the first lunar dr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Discovery Observation: Encyclopedia Ii - Discovery Observation - Historical Discoveries
The discovery that the Earth was not flat Discovery observation - Age of Exploration. The term has also been used for the beginning of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Age Of The Earth: Encyclopedia Ii - Age Of The Earth - Prescientific Notions
In the centuries preceding the scientific revolution, the age of the Earth was determined from the accounts of creation by religious auth...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Age Of The Earth: Encyclopedia Ii - Age Of The Earth - Invention Of Radiometric Dating
To feel completely vindicated, they needed to come up with new and more rigorous estimates of the age of the Earth. Radioactivity, which ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Age Of The Earth: Encyclopedia Ii - Age Of The Earth - Early Scientific Calculations: Physicists Versus Geologists And Evolutionists
In 1862, the physicist William Thomson of Glasgow published calculations that fixed the age of the Earth at between 20 million and 400 mi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Age Of The Earth: Encyclopedia Ii - Age Of The Earth - First Concepts
By the 18th century, a few naturalists were trying to place the age of the Earth on a more scientific basis. The naturalist Mikhail Lomon...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Age Of The Earth: Encyclopedia Ii - Age Of The Earth - Arthur Holmes And The Vindication Of Radiometric Dating
Although Boltwood published his paper in a prominent geological journal, the geological community had little interest in radioactivity. B...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mungo Man: Encyclopedia Ii - Mungo Man - Discovery
The Mungo Man was discovered on February 26, 1974 when shifting sand dunes exposed his remains. He was found near Lake Mungo, one of seve...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mungo Man: Encyclopedia Ii - Mungo Man - Age
The first estimate of Mungo Man's age was made in 1976, when the team of paleoanthropologists from the Australian National University (AN...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Michael Stackpole: Encyclopedia Ii - Michael Stackpole - Novels
Michael Stackpole - Age of Discovery. Published by Bantam Books. 2005 A Secret Atlas 2006 Cartomancy (Feb. 28) Michael Stackpole - D...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mari Syria: Encyclopedia Ii - Mari Syria - Discovery And Excavation
Mari was discovered in 1933 on the eastern flank of Syria, near the Iraqi border. A Bedouin tribe was digging through a mound for a grave...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Historical Revisionism: Encyclopedia Ii - Historical Revisionism - Historical Revisionism
All writings of history are in some way revisionist. If there was a universally accepted view of history, there would be no need to resea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Colonial Brazil: Encyclopedia Ii - Colonial Brazil - The Age Of Exploration
The discovery of Brazil was preceded by a series of treaties between the kings of Spain and Portugal, the last of them is the Treaty of T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Historical Revisionism: Encyclopedia Ii - Historical Revisionism - Examples
These are examples of historical revisionist ideas that have resulted in a fundamental change in perspective on historical concepts. His...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Miami Circle: Encyclopedia Ii - Miami Circle - Archaeology
Miami Circle - Age. In order to date the site, pieces of burnt wood were sent in March 1999 for radiocarbon dating by John Ricisak, a s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Selenography: Encyclopedia Ii - Selenography - Ancient History
At the beginning of recorded history, it was known that the passage of time could be determined by observing the positions and phases of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Selenography: Encyclopedia Ii - Selenography - Ushering In The Space Age
The 20th century brought more advances to study of the Moon. In 1946, scientists turned a radar dish to the Moon and for the first time r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Selenography: Encyclopedia Ii - Selenography - Lunar Anomalies
Certain aspects of the Moon continue to baffle astronomers. It has been found that the full Moon, instead of having twice the illuminatio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dromornithidae: Encyclopedia Ii - Dromornithidae - Discovery
The most recent species, Genyornis newtoni, was certainly known to Aborigines during the Late Pleistocene. Cave paintings thought to depi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dromornithidae: Encyclopedia Ii - Dromornithidae - Fossils
The best represented bones of dromornithids are vertebrae, long bones of the hindlimb and toe bones. Ribs and wing bones are uncommonly p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dromornithidae: Encyclopedia Ii - Dromornithidae - Diet
It has been generally thought that the dromornithids were plant eaters. This belief is based on: the lack of a hook at the end of the bi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Colonial Brazil: Encyclopedia Ii - Colonial Brazil - Discovery
It is widely and politically accepted that Brazil was discovered by Europeans on April 22, 1500, by Pedro Álvares Cabral, but there are ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Colonial Brazil: Encyclopedia Ii - Colonial Brazil - French And Dutch Incursions
French colonists tried to settle in present-day Rio de Janeiro, from 1555 to 1567 (the "France Antarctique" episode), and in present-day ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Colonial Brazil: Encyclopedia Ii - Colonial Brazil - Origin Of The Name
There is still some confusion about the origin of the name. The official story, which used to be given in school textbooks, is that the l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Miami Circle: Encyclopedia Ii - Miami Circle - Sceptic Cranks And Septic Tanks
Not everybody was immediately convinced that the Florida government had spent their $27 million wisely. University of Florida archaeologi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Miami Circle: Encyclopedia Ii - Miami Circle - Discovery
The site of 401 Brickell Avenue, named for the William Brickell, co-founder of Miami in the 1870s, had held an apartment complex until 19...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Silverpit Crater: Encyclopedia Ii - Silverpit Crater - Part Of A Multiple Impact?
The estimated age of Silverpit leads to inevitable speculation about whether it is related to the much larger Chicxulub crater and the ex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Colonial Brazil: Encyclopedia Ii - Colonial Brazil - Portuguese Settlement
The only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, Brazil was claimed for Portugal in 1500 by Pedro Álvares Cabral. It was ruled from ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Miami Circle: Encyclopedia Ii - Miami Circle - Controversy And Resolution
The developer Baumann, keen to continue construction of his condominium, offered to pay to relocate the circle to another site for preser...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fra Mauro Map: Encyclopedia Ii - Fra Mauro Map - Origins
An even earlier map, the De Virga world map (1411-1415) also depicts the old world in a way broadly similar to the Fra Mauro map, and may...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fra Mauro Map: Encyclopedia Ii - Fra Mauro Map - Other Areas
Part of China Spain, Portugal and Northern Africa Europe The Middle-East ... See also:Fra Mauro map, Fra Mauro map - World map, Fra Mau...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Silverpit Crater: Encyclopedia Ii - Silverpit Crater - Age
The position of the crater within the layers of rock and sediment on the sea floor can be used to constrain its age: sediments laid down ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The World: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The World - Agriculture
A major change, described by the great prehistorian Vere Gordon Childe as a "revolution," occurred around the 9th millennium BCE with the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fra Mauro Map: Encyclopedia Ii - Fra Mauro Map - World Map
The Fra Mauro map is unusual in that its orientation is with the south at the top, one of the usual conventions of Muslim maps, in contra...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The World: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The World - Twentieth Century
The twentieth century saw the domination of the world by Europe wane, at least partly from the internal destruction of World War II, and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Silverpit Crater: Encyclopedia Ii - Silverpit Crater - Structure
Silverpit is about 2.4 km wide. Unusually for a terrestrial crater, it is surrounded by a set of concentric rings, which extend to a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Silverpit Crater: Encyclopedia Ii - Silverpit Crater - The Impact
From the size of the crater and certain assumptions about the speed of an impacting object, the size of the impactor can be estimated. Im...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Silverpit Crater: Encyclopedia Ii - Silverpit Crater - Origin
Scientists generally agree that a bolide impact best explains the origin of Silverpit. However, other mechanisms can lead to the formatio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The World: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The World - Rise Of Europe
The second half of the second millennium was dominated by the expansion of European power around the world. Why Europe, which had been a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Silverpit Crater: Encyclopedia Ii - Silverpit Crater - Discovery
The crater was discovered during analysis of seismic data collected by petroleum geoscientists Simon Stewart of BP and Philip Allen of Pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phaistos Disc: Encyclopedia Ii - Phaistos Disc - Attempted Decipherment
A great deal of speculation developed around the disc during the 20th century. The Phaistos Disc captured the imagination of amateur arch...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The World: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The World - Hunter-gatherers
The earliest available evidence places the origin of modern Homo sapiens in Africa about 200,000 years ago during the Palaeolithic period...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The World: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The World - State
Agriculture led to several major changes. It allowed far larger population densities, which organized themselves into states. There are s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The World: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The World - City And Trade
Agriculture also created, and allowed for the storage of, food surpluses that could support people not directly involved in food producti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The World: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The World - Bronze And Iron Ages
Agricultural settlements had until this time been almost completely dependent on stone tools. In Eurasia, copper and bronze tools, decora...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The World: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The World - The Classical Empires
By the last centuries BCE the Mediterranean, the Ganges and the Yellow River became the seats of empires which future rulers would strive...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The World: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The World - Age Of Kingdoms
Throughout the temperate zones of Eurasia, America, and North Africa, large empires continued to rise and fall. The gradual breakup of th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Solar System: Encyclopedia Ii - Solar System - Attributes Of The Largest Minor Planets
The largest minor planets are smoothly rounded, like planets, because their gravity overcomes material strength that keeps smaller bodies...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Solar System: Encyclopedia Ii - Solar System - Planetary System Formation
For many years, our solar system had the only planetary system known, and so theories of planetary formation only had to explain one syst...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Solar System: Encyclopedia Ii - Solar System - Galactic Orbit Of The Solar System
The solar system is part of the Milky Way galaxy, a spiral galaxy with a diameter of about 100,000 light years containing approximately 2...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Solar System: Encyclopedia Ii - Solar System - Discovery Of The Solar System
The planets out to Saturn were known to ancient astronomers, who observed the wandering of these objects against the apparently fixed pat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Solar System: Encyclopedia Ii - Solar System - Attributes Of Major Planets
All attributes below are measured relative to the Earth: Of the other objects, Ganymede has the largest mass (0.02). Note: Although 2003...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Solar System: Encyclopedia Ii - Solar System - Exploration Of The Solar System
Since the start of the space age, a great deal of exploration has been performed by unmanned space missions that have been organized and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indigenous Peoples In Brazil: Encyclopedia Ii - Indigenous Peoples In Brazil - The Indians After The European Colonization
Indigenous peoples in Brazil - First contacts. When the Portuguese discoverers arrived for the first time in Brazil, in April 1500 they...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indigenous Peoples In Brazil: Encyclopedia Ii - Indigenous Peoples In Brazil - The Indians After The European Colonization
Indigenous peoples in Brazil - First contacts. When the Portuguese discoverers arrived for the first time in Brazil, in April 1500 they...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indigenous Peoples In Brazil: Encyclopedia Ii - Indigenous Peoples In Brazil - Origins
The origins of these indigenous peoples are still a matter of dispute among archaeologists. The traditional view, which traces them to Si...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indigenous Peoples In Brazil: Encyclopedia Ii - Indigenous Peoples In Brazil - Origins
The origins of these indigenous peoples are still a matter of dispute among archaeologists. The traditional view, which traces them to Si...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Solar System: Encyclopedia Ii - Solar System - Other Facts
The total surface area of the solar system's objects that have solid surfaces and a diameter greater than 1 km is ~1.7×109 km2 —about ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Solar System: Encyclopedia Ii - Solar System - Structure And Layout Of The Solar System
The Sun (astronomical symbol ☉) is a main sequence G2 star that contains 99.86% of the system's known mass. Its two largest orbiting bo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Solar System: Encyclopedia Ii - Solar System - Origin And Age Of The Solar System
The current hypothesis of solar system formation is the nebular hypothesis, first proposed in 1755 by Immanuel Kant. It states the solar ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Solar System: Encyclopedia Ii - Solar System - Origin And Age Of The Solar System
The current hypothesis of solar system formation is the nebular hypothesis, first proposed in 1755 by Immanuel Kant and independently for...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Solar System: Encyclopedia Ii - Solar System - Galactic Orbit Of The Solar System
The solar system is located in the Local Fluff of the Milky Way galaxy, a spiral galaxy with a diameter of about 100,000 light years cont...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Solar System: Encyclopedia Ii - Solar System - Structure And Layout Of The Solar System
The Sun (astronomical symbol ☉) is a main sequence G2 star that contains 99.86% of the system's known mass. Its two largest orbiting bo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radio: Encyclopedia Ii - Radio - History And Invention
Radio - Origin of the word. Originally, radio technology was called 'wireless telegraphy', which was shortened to 'wireless'. The prefi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radio: Encyclopedia Ii - Radio - Uses Of Radio
Many of radio's early uses were maritime, for sending telegraphic messages using Morse code between ships and land. One of the earliest u...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radio: Encyclopedia Ii - Radio - History And Invention
Radio - Origin of the word. Originally, radio technology was called 'wireless telegraphy', which was shortened to 'wireless'. The prefi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radio: Encyclopedia Ii - Radio - Radio Waves
Radio waves are a form of electromagnetic radiation, created whenever a charged object (e.g. an electron) accelerates with a frequency th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radio: Encyclopedia Ii - Radio - History And Invention
Radio - Origin of the word. Originally, radio technology was called 'wireless telegraphy', which was shortened to 'wireless'. The prefi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radio: Encyclopedia Ii - Radio - Uses Of Radio
Many of radio's early uses were maritime, for sending telegraphic messages using Morse code between ships and land. One of the earliest u...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Validity Of Astrology: Encyclopedia Ii - Validity Of Astrology - How Astrologers View Astrology
To those who practice astrology professionally see it as a science that seeks to investigate the influence of celestial bodies relative t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Validity Of Astrology: Encyclopedia Ii - Validity Of Astrology - How Skeptics View Astrology
Skeptics believe that astrology is a form of pseudoscience, which attempts to lay claim to the prestige of science without submitting its...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Validity Of Astrology: Encyclopedia Ii - Validity Of Astrology - Arguments For Astrology
Some astrologers maintain that gravitational or tidal forces are the mechanism behind astrology, but the idea that tidal forces from the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Validity Of Astrology: Encyclopedia Ii - Validity Of Astrology - Arguments Against Astrology
There is no viable conventional scientific case for astrology, and there are currently no credible scientists who support the idea. Here ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indigenous Peoples In Brazil: Encyclopedia Ii - Indigenous Peoples In Brazil - Archaeological Remains
Virtually all the surviving archaeological evidence about the pre-history of Brazil dates from the period after the Asian migratory waves...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indigenous Peoples In Brazil: Encyclopedia Ii - Indigenous Peoples In Brazil - Brazilian Indians At The Time Of Discovery
Indigenous peoples in Brazil - Tools. The earliest Brazilian peoples used bone and chipped stone tools and weapons, similar to those fo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Treaty Of Tordesillas: Encyclopedia Ii - Treaty Of Tordesillas - Exploration And Colonization
It was intended to resolve the dispute that had been created following the return of Christopher Columbus. In 1481 the papal Bull Aeterni...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Treaty Of Tordesillas: Encyclopedia Ii - Treaty Of Tordesillas - Anti-meridian
Although both countries agreed that the line should be considered to be running around the globe, dividing the world into two equal halve...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Discovery Bay: Encyclopedia Ii - Discovery Bay - Transportation Network
DB is accessible from the rest of Hong Kong via sea, land and air: By sea via ferry services or privately-owned yachts; by road via the D...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mari Syria: Encyclopedia Ii - Mari Syria - Ancient History
Mari had been inhabited since the 5th millennium BCE, but the real significance of the city was during the third and second millennia BCE...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iron Age: Encyclopedia Ii - Iron Age - The Iron Age In Asia
Iron Age - Near East. The Iron Age in Asia is believed to have begun with the discovery of iron smelting and smithing techniques in Ana...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hubble's Law: Encyclopedia Ii - Hubble's Law - Discovery
In the decade before Hubble made his observations, a number of physicists and mathematicians had established a consistent theory of the r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hubble's Law: Encyclopedia Ii - Hubble's Law - Interpretation
The discovery of the linear relationship between recessional velocity and distance yields a straightforward mathematical expression for H...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hubble's Law: Encyclopedia Ii - Hubble's Law - Measuring The Hubble Constant
For most of the second half of the 20th century the value of H0 was estimated to be between 50 and 90 (km/s)/Mpc. The value of the Hubble...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ferdinand Magellan: Encyclopedia Ii - Ferdinand Magellan - Birth And Early Years
Magellan was born in Sabrosa (near Vila Real, in the province of Trás-os-Montes of north Portugal) or in Porto. The son of Pedro Rui de ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ferdinand Magellan: Encyclopedia Ii - Ferdinand Magellan - Plans For The Circumnavigation
Magellan reached Seville, the main port of Spain, on 20 October 1517, and from there went to Valladolid to see the teenaged king, Charles...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Age Of Discovery: Encyclopedia Ii - Age Of Discovery - Effect On Europe
The effect of the Age of Exploration was unprecedented. For millennia it had been the Mediterranean economy that had been the continent's...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Age Of Discovery: Encyclopedia Ii - Age Of Discovery - Conquest Of Siberia
In 1552 Russian tsar Ivan IV the Terrible conquered the Kazan khanate, which opened new opportunities in conquests in the East. In 1580 Y...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Age Of Discovery: Encyclopedia Ii - Age Of Discovery - Decline Of The Portuguese Monopoly
Portuguese exploration and colonization continued despite the new rivalry with Spain. The Portuguese became the first westerners to reach...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Age Of Discovery: Encyclopedia Ii - Age Of Discovery - Northern European Involvement
The nations outside of Iberia refused to acknowledge the Treaty of Tordesillas. France, the Netherlands, and Britain each had a long mari...   » Read the article