Encyclopedia - African American Vernacular English: Encyclopedia - African American Vernacular English
African American Vernacular English (AAVE), also called Black English, Black Vernacular, or Black English Vernacular (BEV), is a type of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - African American Vernacular English: Encyclopedia Ii - African American Vernacular English - History And Social Context
AAVE's development has its deepest roots in the trans-Atlantic African slave trade, but also has features of English spoken in the Britis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - African American Vernacular English: Encyclopedia Ii - African American Vernacular English - History And Social Context
AAVE's development has its deepest roots in the trans-Atlantic African slave trade, but it also has features of English spoken in Great B...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - African American Culture: Encyclopedia - African American Culture
African American culture is both part of, and distinct from American culture. From their earliest presence in North America, Africans and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - African American: Encyclopedia - African American
An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or black), is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - African American Culture: Encyclopedia Ii - African American Culture - Religion
Enslaved Africans brought their own religious beliefs and practices with them when they were forced on ships from Africa to the New World...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - African American: Encyclopedia Ii - African American - The Term African American
African American - Political overtones. The term African American carries important political overtones. Previous terms used to identif...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - African American: Encyclopedia Ii - African American - The Term African American
African American - Political overtones. The term African American carries important political overtones. Previous terms used to identif...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Double Negative: Encyclopedia Ii - Double Negative - English
In today's standard English, double negatives are not used; for example the standard English equivalent of "I don't want nothing!" is "I ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rapping: Encyclopedia - Rapping
Rapping, the rhythmic delivery of rhymes, is one of the four central elements of hip-hop culture. Rap can be delivered over a beat or ove...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phonological History Of English Consonants: Encyclopedia - Phonological History Of English Consonants
Phonological history of English consonants - H-cluster reductions. Glide cluster reductions The wine-whine merger is a merger by whic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Creole Language: Encyclopedia - Creole Language
While the uses of the words "creole" and "pidgin" usually mix when referring to trade languages, linguists consider them two separate cat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American English: Encyclopedia - American English
American English (AmE) is the dialect of the English language used mostly in the United States of America. It is estimated that approxima...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bitch: Encyclopedia - Bitch
A bitch is a female dog or other member of the canidae family. In colloquial use, the word bitch is often employed in a metaphorical sens...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Be: Encyclopedia - Be
BE (B.E. or Be or be) may stand for: The verb to be, see Indo-European copula. Bachelor of Engineering (B.E.) BE (album), an album by Sw...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American And British English Differences: Encyclopedia - American And British English Differences
This article outlines the differences between American English, the form of the English language spoken in the United States, and Commonw...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - English Language: Encyclopedia - English Language
English is a West Germanic language that is spoken in Australia, Canada, India, Ireland, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa, Sri Lanka, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dis: Encyclopedia - Dis
Dis is usually a proper name and may mean: Dis (Altered Beast) (see Altered Beast), a fictional city in the Altered Beast video game Dis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Linguistics: Encyclopedia - Linguistics
Linguistics is the scientific study of human language, and someone who engages in this study is called a linguist or linguistician. Lingu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - African American: Encyclopedia Ii - African American - Contemporary Issues
Main article: African American contemporary issues Many African Americans have significantly improved their social and economic standing ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - African American: Encyclopedia Ii - African American - Black American Population
The following gives the black population in the U.S. over time, based on U.S. Census figures. (Numbers from years 1920 to 2000 are based ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - African American: Encyclopedia Ii - African American - Culture
Main article: African American culture African American culture is an amalgam of influences, including African, Caribbean, European, and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - African American: Encyclopedia Ii - African American - Black American Population
The following gives the black population in the U.S. over time, based on U.S. Census figures. (Numbers from years 1920 to 2000 are based ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - African American: Encyclopedia Ii - African American - Nomenclature
The term "African American" has been in common usage in the United States since the late 1980s, when greater numbers of African Americans...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - African American: Encyclopedia Ii - African American - Nomenclature
The term "African American" has been in common usage in the United States since the late 1980s, when greater numbers of African Americans...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - African American Culture: Encyclopedia Ii - African American Culture - Holidays
In 1926 African American scholar Carter Godwin Woodson organized the first Negro History Week, to focus attention on previously neglected...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - African American Culture: Encyclopedia Ii - African American Culture - Agriculture And Food
The cultivation and use of many agricultural products in the U.S., such as yams, peanuts, rice, okra, sorghum, grits, watermelon, indigo ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - African American: Encyclopedia Ii - African American - African American History
Main article: African American history Blacks in America, like their White counterparts, are composed of many diverse ethnic groups. Over...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - African American: Encyclopedia Ii - African American - African American History
Main article: African American history Africans in America, like their European counterparts, are composed of many diverse ethnic groups....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - African American: Encyclopedia Ii - African American - Culture
Main article: African American culture African American culture is an amalgam of influences, including African, Caribbean, European, and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - African American: Encyclopedia Ii - African American - Contemporary Issues
Main article: African American contemporary issues Many African Americans significantly have improved their social and economic standing ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pittsburgh English: Encyclopedia Ii - Pittsburgh English - Dialectal Terms
Pittsburgh English - Older idioms not used much among younger generations. Jiminey Christmas! interjection of amazement or surprise. K...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phonological History Of English Consonants: Encyclopedia Ii - Phonological History Of English Consonants - Elimination Of Velar Fricatives In English
Phonological history of English consonants - Taut-taught merger. The taut-taught merger is a process that occurs in most dialects of En...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dialect Continuum: Encyclopedia Ii - Dialect Continuum - German Languages
The many dialects making up German, Dutch, Afrikaans, Low German are another example. They form a single dialect continuum, with three re...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Creole Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Creole Language - History Of The Concept
Creole language - Colonial origins. The term creole comes from Portuguese crioulo, via Spanish criollo and French créole. Crioulo is r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - English-language Vowel Changes Before Historic R: Encyclopedia Ii - English-language Vowel Changes Before Historic R - Mergers Before Historic Coda R
English-language vowel changes before historic r - Near-square merger. The near-square merger is the merger of the Early Modern English...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phonological History Of The High Front Vowels: Encyclopedia Ii - Phonological History Of The High Front Vowels - Pin-pen Merger
The pin-pen merger is a conditional merger of /ɪ/ and /ɛ/ before the nasal consonants [m], [n], and [ŋ] [4], [5], (Kurath and McDavid ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Southern American English: Encyclopedia Ii - Southern American English - Overview Of The Southern Dialect
The overall Southern dialect generally includes the Confederate states that seceded from the United States during the American Civil War,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Show Boat: Encyclopedia Ii - Show Boat - Racism And Controversy
Show Boat - Integration. Show Boat boldly portrayed racial difficulties, and for a 1927 show it was quite progressive in doing so. It w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rinkeby Swedish: Encyclopedia Ii - Rinkeby Swedish - Use
Professor Ulla-Britt Kotsinas, a scholar frequently cited on Rinkeby Swedish, argues that these varieties primarily are spoken by teenage...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rhotic And Non-rhotic Accents: Encyclopedia Ii - Rhotic And Non-rhotic Accents - Development Of Non-rhotic Accents
The earliest traces of a loss of /r/ in English are found in the environment before /s/ in spellings from the mid-15th century: the Oxfor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Southern American English: Encyclopedia Ii - Southern American English - Overview Of The Southern Dialect
The overall Southern dialect generally follows the borders of the Confederate states that seceded from the United States during the Ameri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hip Hop Music: Encyclopedia Ii - Hip Hop Music - History
Hip-hop music can be divided into three eras: Old school hip-hop: (Around 1970 - 1986): This era spanned from the beginning of hip-hop u...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Code-switching: Encyclopedia Ii - Code-switching - Example
Kroskrity (2000:340-341) gives the following example of code-switching by three older male Arizona Tewa speakers, who are trilingual in T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - English Language: Encyclopedia Ii - English Language - Geographic Distribution
English is the second or third most widely spoken language in the world today. A total of 600–700 million people use the various dialec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Linguistics: Encyclopedia Ii - Linguistics - Dichotomies And Language
The study of linguistics can be thought of along three major axes, the endpoints of which are described below: Synchronic vs Diachronic:...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hip Hop Music: Encyclopedia Ii - Hip Hop Music - Dj'ing And Production
The instrumentation of hip-hop is descended from disco, funk, dub, and R&B. Disco and club DJs' use of mixing originated from the nee...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rick Rubin: Encyclopedia Ii - Rick Rubin - History
Rick Rubin - The Birth of Def. In 1979, Rubin found himself immersed in hip-hop culture. Hip-Hop was becoming embraced by New York City...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yuppie: Encyclopedia Ii - Yuppie - The Yuppie Stereotype
The term "yuppies" has come to refer to more than just a demographic profile: it is also a psychographic and geographic profile. It descr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American English Regional Differences: Encyclopedia Ii - American English Regional Differences - South
Main article: Southern American English monophthongization of [aɪ] as [aː], for example, most dialects' "I" → "Ah" in the South. Coa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American And British English Differences: Encyclopedia Ii - American And British English Differences - Lexis
Most of the differences are in connection with concepts originating from the nineteenth century to the mid twentieth century, where new w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Linguistic Society Of America: Encyclopedia Ii - Linguistic Society Of America - The Journal Language
The official journal of the LSA is Language, which publishes articles reporting research in all the major subdisciplines of linguistics, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - English Consonant Cluster Reductions: Encyclopedia Ii - English Consonant Cluster Reductions - Y-cluster Reductions
English consonant cluster reductions - Yod-dropping. Yod-dropping is the elision of the sound [j]. The term comes from the Hebrew lette...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Music History Of The United States In The Late 19th Century: Encyclopedia Ii - Music History Of The United States In The Late 19th Century - Minstrelsy
Main article: Minstrel show Solo performers in blackface were well-known by the middle of the 19th century. Similar parodies of Africans ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American English: Encyclopedia Ii - American English - Phonology
In many ways, compared to British English, American English is conservative in its phonology. The conservatism of American English is lar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Creole Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Creole Language - English Creoles
Creole language - Bislama. Bislama (older Bêche-la-mar) is an English-based creole, and is the national language of Vanuatu. Creole l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Education In The United States: Encyclopedia Ii - Education In The United States - Primary And Secondary Education
See also: Primary education in the United States, Secondary education in the United States Schooling is compulsory for all children in th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - New York-new Jersey English: Encyclopedia Ii - New York-new Jersey English - Linguistic Features
New York-New Jersey English - Pronunciation. See the article International Phonetic Alphabet for explanations of the phonetic symbols u...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rapping: Encyclopedia Ii - Rapping - History
Rap has developed largely along the lines of African-American culture and music. It has always been greatly influenced by other trends in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bitch: Encyclopedia Ii - Bitch - Women Reclaiming Bitch
Under the impulse of second-wave feminism, some women began to reclaim the word bitch, subverting its original, derisive meaning by inste...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Double Negative: Encyclopedia Ii - Double Negative - English
In today's standard English, double negatives are not used; for example the standard English equivalent of "I don't want nothing!" is "I ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hip Hop Music: Encyclopedia Ii - Hip Hop Music - History
Hip-hop music can be divided into three eras. The Old school hip-hop era, from 1970 to 1986, spanned from the beginning of hip-hop until ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - General American: Encyclopedia Ii - General American - Phonology
General American - Consonants. A table containing the consonant phonemes is given below The phoneme /ʍ/ is present only in varieties t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - E-prime: Encyclopedia Ii - E-prime - Criticism
Note that E-Prime forces a writer to choose verbs and meanings carefully: the elimination of "to be" implicitly eliminates the passive vo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hip Hop Music: Encyclopedia Ii - Hip Hop Music - History
Hip-hop music can be divided into three eras. The Old school hip-hop era, from 1970 to 1986, spanned from the beginning of hip-hop until ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - E-prime: Encyclopedia Ii - E-prime - Examples Of Literal Translation Vs. Translation In The Spirit Of E-prime
In the original verse (Roses are red/Violets are blue/Honey is sweet/And so are you) the speaker expresses a belief in absolutes: "just ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American And British English Differences: Encyclopedia Ii - American And British English Differences - Writing
American and British English differences - Spelling. Main article: American and British English spelling differences Some words share...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Creole Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Creole Language - General Features Of Creoles
Study of Creole languages around the world (in particular by Derek Bickerton) has suggested that they display remarkable similarities in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Creole Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Creole Language - Development Of A Creole Language
For more information on this topic, please see the article on Pidgins. All creoles start as pidgins, rudimentary second languages improvi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Creole Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Creole Language - General Features
Study of creole languages around the world (in particular by Derek Bickerton) has suggested that they display remarkable similarities in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Creole Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Creole Language - Classification Of Creoles
Creole language - Whose creole?. By definition, a creole is the result of a nontrivial mixture of two or more languages, usually with r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American English Regional Differences: Encyclopedia Ii - American English Regional Differences - The Midland
West of the Appalachian Mountains begins the broad zone of what is generally called "Midland" speech. This is divided into two discrete s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Double Negative: Encyclopedia Ii - Double Negative - Romance Languages
Romance languages generally express negation by adding a word (ne in French, no in Spanish, non in Italian, não in Portuguese, nu in Rom...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American English Regional Differences: Encyclopedia Ii - American English Regional Differences - Inland North
A distinctive speech pattern was also generated by the separation of Canada from the United States, centered on the Great Lakes region. T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American English Regional Differences: Encyclopedia Ii - American English Regional Differences - Midwest
American English regional differences - North Central American English. (Minnesota (esp. rural), Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Wisconsin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - English Consonant Cluster Reductions: Encyclopedia Ii - English Consonant Cluster Reductions - H-cluster Reductions
The h-cluster reductions are various consonant reductions that have occurred in the history of English involving consonant clusters begin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - English Consonant Cluster Reductions: Encyclopedia Ii - English Consonant Cluster Reductions - Other Initial Cluster Reductions
English consonant cluster reductions - Rap-wrap merger. The rap-wrap merger is a reduction occurring in most dialects of English that c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - English Consonant Cluster Reductions: Encyclopedia Ii - English Consonant Cluster Reductions - Final Cluster Reductions
English consonant cluster reductions - Nonstandard final consonant cluster reduction. Final consonant cluster reduction is the nonstand...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rinkeby Swedish: Encyclopedia Ii - Rinkeby Swedish - Distinctive Traits
Variants of Rinkeby Swedish are reported from suburbs of Stockholm, Malmö, and Gothenburg with a large immigrant dominance. These varian...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rhotic And Non-rhotic Accents: Encyclopedia Ii - Rhotic And Non-rhotic Accents - Distribution Of Rhotic And Non-rhotic Accents
Most speakers of American English have a rhotic accent. Outside of the United States, rhotic accents can be found in Barbados, most of Ca...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American English Regional Differences: Encyclopedia Ii - American English Regional Differences - Mid-atlantic Region
American English regional differences - Northeastern Pennsylvania. The dialect of the Wyoming Valley (including Scranton and Wilkes-Bar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pittsburgh English: Encyclopedia Ii - Pittsburgh English - Pronunciation
Further information can be found in chapter 19 of Labov et al. (2006). For information on IPA symbols used, see International Phonetic Al...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phonological History Of The High Front Vowels: Encyclopedia Ii - Phonological History Of The High Front Vowels - Meet-meat Merger
The meet-meat merger is the merger of the Early Modern English vowel /eː/ (usually spelt ea, as in meat, peace, sea, receive) with the v...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phonological History Of The High Front Vowels: Encyclopedia Ii - Phonological History Of The High Front Vowels - Weak Vowel Merger
The weak vowel merger (or Lennon-Lenin merger) is a phonemic merger of /ə/ (schwa) with unstressed /ɪ/ (sometimes written as /ɨ/) in c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phonological History Of The High Front Vowels: Encyclopedia Ii - Phonological History Of The High Front Vowels - Kit-bit Split
The kit-bit split is a split of EME /ɪ/ found in South African English, where kit [kɪt] and bit [bət] do not rhyme.[2]^  It is no...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Show Boat: Encyclopedia Ii - Show Boat - Plot Synopsis
The story spans about 40 years, beginning aboard the showboat Cotton Blossom in the 1880s, on the Mississippi River near Natchez, Mississ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Show Boat: Encyclopedia Ii - Show Boat - Songs
A definitive list of songs, per se, is somewhat pointless since the original production ran nearly four hours and thus is almost never pe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Education In The United States: Encyclopedia Ii - Education In The United States - School Grades
The U.S. uses a grade notation and year naming system that is not well understood in other countries. Unlike other nations, Americans pre...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Education In The United States: Encyclopedia Ii - Education In The United States - Contemporary Education Issues
See also: Education reform Major educational issues in the United States center on curriculum, funding, and control. Of critical importan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - English Language: Encyclopedia Ii - English Language - Grammar
English grammar displays minimal inflection compared with some other Indo-European languages. For example, Modern English, unlike Modern ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Southern American English: Encyclopedia Ii - Southern American English - Different Southern American English Dialects
In a sense, there is no one dialect called "Southern". Instead, there are a number of regional dialect found across the Southern United S...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Show Boat: Encyclopedia Ii - Show Boat - Production History
Before the Broadway premiere of Show Boat, Ziegfeld produced tryouts in Washington, D.C., the Nixon Theatre in Pittsburgh, Cleveland and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - New York-new Jersey English: Encyclopedia Ii - New York-new Jersey English - The Jersey Shore And Cape May Accent
The present accent of the Jersey Shore is heavily influenced by that of North Jersey, from which it was principally settled. However, pri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - New York-new Jersey English: Encyclopedia Ii - New York-new Jersey English - The New Jersey Accent
Generally, the so-called Jersey accent or North Jersey accent spoken in northern New Jersey is somewhat closer to General American than t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hip Hop Music: Encyclopedia Ii - Hip Hop Music - Characteristics
Hip hop is a cultural movement, of which music is a part (as are graffiti and breakdancing). The music is itself composed of two parts, r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hip Hop Music: Encyclopedia Ii - Hip Hop Music - Social Impact
Hip hop music is a part of hip hop, a cultural movement that includes the activities of breakdancing and graffiti art, as well as associa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - English-language Vowel Changes Before Historic R: Encyclopedia Ii - English-language Vowel Changes Before Historic R - Mergers Before Intervocalic R
English-language vowel changes before historic r - Mary-marry-merry merger. One of the best-known pre-rhotic mergers is known as the ma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - English Language: Encyclopedia Ii - English Language - Grammar
English grammar displays minimal inflection compared with some other Indo-European languages. For example, Modern English, unlike Modern ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Double Negative: Encyclopedia Ii - Double Negative - Ancient Greek
Double negatives are perfectly correct in Ancient Greek, sometimes expressing an affirmation, sometimes strengthening the negation. With ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - English Language: Encyclopedia Ii - English Language - Classification And Related Languages
The English language belongs to the western subbranch of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Apart from English...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hip Hop Music: Encyclopedia Ii - Hip Hop Music - Characteristics
Hip hop is a cultural movement, of which music is a part (as are graffiti, statutory rape and breakdancing). The music is itself composed...   » Read the article