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African-Americans

A Wisdom Archive on African-Americans

African-Americans

A selection of articles related to African-Americans

african-americans, African American, African American - African American history, African American - Black American population, African American - Contemporary issues, African American - Culture, African American - Current Demographics, African American - Footnotes, African American - Nomenclature, African American - The term <i>African American</i>, African American - Ethnicity, African American - Other groups, African American - Political overtones, African American - Terms no longer in common use, African American - Who is African American?, Black (people), Category:African Americans, African American National Biography Project, List of African Americans, List of African-American-related topics, List of U.S. cities with large African-American populations, Race, Hyphenated American, Terminology: Blacks, Colored, Creole, Negro, Racial segregation, Black nationalism, African American literature, African American Vernacular English, Affirmative action, Black Indians, African American culture, African American music, Americo-Liberian

ARTICLES RELATED TO African-Americans

African-Americans: Encyclopedia - Cocaine

Cocaine 3-benzoyloxy-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo [3.2.1]octane-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester CAS number 50-36-2 ATC code N01BC01 used rarely as a topical anesthetic Recreational uses: euphoria stimulant Other uses: local anesthetic cardiovascular disease Severe: (with chronic use) ? Cardiovasc ...

Including:

Read more here: » Cocaine: Encyclopedia - Cocaine

African-Americans: Encyclopedia - New York City

New York City, officially the City of New York, is the most populous city in the United States, and the most densely populated major city in North America. The city is at the center of international finance, politics, entertainment, and culture, and is one of the world's major global cities (along with London, Tokyo and Paris) with a virtually unrivaled collection of museums, galleries, performance venues, media outlets, international corporations, and stock exchanges. The city is also home to the United Nations, along with a ...

Including:

Read more here: » New York City: Encyclopedia - New York City

African-Americans: Encyclopedia - Yellow peril

Yellow peril is also a humourous British term for a traffic warden. Yellow Peril (sometimes Yellow Terror) was a phrase that originated in the late 19th century with greater immigration of Chinese and Japanese laborers to various Western countries, notably the United States. The term, a color metaphor for race refers to the skin color of east Asians, and the fear that the mass immigration of Asians threatened white wages, standards of living and indeed, civilization itself. The phrase "yellow peril" was common ...

Including:

Read more here: » Yellow peril: Encyclopedia - Yellow peril

African-Americans: Encyclopedia - Black History Month

Black History Month is celebrated annually in the United States in the month of February. Black History Month originated as "Negro History Week", the second week in February. This celebration of black history in America was started by Dr. Carter G. Woodson, who wanted to bring national attention to the large contribution of African-Americans to the history of their country, in 1926. Woodson chose February as black history month because it was the birthdays of Abraham Lincoln, Frederick Douglass, and Langston Hughes. Some have speculat ...

Including:

Read more here: » Black History Month: Encyclopedia - Black History Month

African-Americans: Encyclopedia - Dreadlocks

Dreadlocks, sometimes called simply dreads or locks, are matted ropes of hair which will form by themselves if the hair is allowed to grow naturally without the use of brushes, combs, razors or scissors for a long period of time. Dreadlocks are a universal phenomenon and through the ages, people of various cultures have worn dreadlocks. It can be said that what are known today as "dreadlocks" are one of the oldest and most universal hairstyles known. Dreadlocks - History. The first know ...

Including:

Read more here: » Dreadlocks: Encyclopedia - Dreadlocks

African-Americans: Encyclopedia - 2005 New York City transit strike

The 2005 New York City transit strike was a strike in New York City called by the Transport Workers Union Local 100 (TWU) after negotiations for a new contract with the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) broke down over disagreements about retirement, pensions, and wage increases. The strike began at 3:00 am EST on December 20, 2005 and officially ended at 2:35 pm EST on December 22, 2005. The strike, which was observed by the majority o ...

Including:

Read more here: » 2005 New York City transit strike: Encyclopedia - 2005 New York City transit strike

African-Americans: Encyclopedia II - William Lynch Speech - Legacy

Believers in the authenticity of the William Lynch Speech see in it a critique of what they call "mental slavery" -- defined as a psychological state of submissiveness rather than a physical bondage. Lynch's alleged method used to cause hatred between the slaves was a deep division in regard to the skin tones of the slaves. "Light-skinned" blacks are believed to have fared better under the conditions of slavery given this doctrine; being allowed tasks requiring authority over other slaves, and were generally assinged to task within th ...

See also:

William Lynch Speech, William Lynch Speech - Text, William Lynch Speech - William Lynch, William Lynch Speech - Legacy

Read more here: » William Lynch Speech: Encyclopedia II - William Lynch Speech - Legacy

African-Americans: Encyclopedia II - W.E.B. DuBois - Early life and education

DuBois was born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts to Alfred and Mary DuBois. As a youth, his intellectual development was spurred through an interest in the condition of his race while in high school. He showed promise academically and wanted to attend Harvard University. He instead attended Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee where the tuition was much less costly. At Fisk, DuBois was first exposed tto the social system of segregation and the Jim Crow laws. During his summers in Tennessee, DuBois taught in a county school in rural Alexandria, ...

See also:

W.E.B. DuBois, W.E.B. DuBois - Early life and education, W.E.B. DuBois - Civil rights activism, W.E.B. DuBois - Communism, W.E.B. DuBois - Imperial Japan, W.E.B. DuBois - Renunciation of U.S. citizenship, W.E.B. DuBois - Quotes, W.E.B. DuBois - Bibliography, W.E.B. DuBois - Bibliography

Read more here: » W.E.B. DuBois: Encyclopedia II - W.E.B. DuBois - Early life and education

African-Americans: Encyclopedia II - H. L. Mencken - Style

Perhaps Mencken's most important contribution to American letters is his satirical style. Mencken, influenced heavily by Mark Twain and Jonathan Swift, believed the lampoon was more powerful than the lament; his hilariously overwrought indictments of nearly every subject (and more than a couple that were unmentionable at the time) are certainly worth reading as examples of fine craftsmanship. The Mencken style influenced many writers; American author Richard Wright described the power of Mencken's technique (his exposure to Mencken wo ...

See also:

H. L. Mencken, H. L. Mencken - Life, H. L. Mencken - Race issues, H. L. Mencken - Style, H. L. Mencken - Works

Read more here: » H. L. Mencken: Encyclopedia II - H. L. Mencken - Style

African-Americans: Encyclopedia II - Great Mississippi Flood - Political effects

Several reports on the poor situation in the refugee camps, including one by the Colored Advisory Commission by Robert Russa Moton, were kept out of the media at the request of Herbert Hoover, with the promise of further reforms for blacks after the presidential election. When he failed to keep the promise, Moton and other influential African-Americans helped to shift the allegiance of black Americans from the Rep ...

See also:

Great Mississippi Flood, Great Mississippi Flood - Events, Great Mississippi Flood - Affected areas, Great Mississippi Flood - Attempts at relief, Great Mississippi Flood - Abatement, Great Mississippi Flood - Political effects

Read more here: » Great Mississippi Flood: Encyclopedia II - Great Mississippi Flood - Political effects

African-Americans: Encyclopedia II - Frederick Douglass - Career

Douglass continued reading. He joined various organizations in New Bedford, including a black church. He regularly attended Abolitionist meetings. He subscribed to William Lloyd Garrison's weekly journal, the Liberator, and in 1841, he heard Garrison speak at the Bristol Anti-Slavery Society's annual meeting. Douglass was inspired by Garrison, later stating, "no face and form ever impressed me with such sentiments (the hatred of slavery) as did those of William Lloyd Garrison." Garrison was likewise impressed with Douglas ...

See also:

Frederick Douglass, Frederick Douglass - Life as a slave, Frederick Douglass - Early education, Frederick Douglass - The fight with Edward Covey, Frederick Douglass - Escape to freedom, Frederick Douglass - Career, Frederick Douglass - Autobiography, Frederick Douglass - Travels to Europe, Frederick Douglass - The North Star Press, Frederick Douglass - The Civil War, Frederick Douglass - The Reconstruction era, Frederick Douglass - Later life, Frederick Douglass - Death, Frederick Douglass - Books by Douglass, Frederick Douglass - Books on Douglass

Read more here: » Frederick Douglass: Encyclopedia II - Frederick Douglass - Career

African-Americans: Encyclopedia II - Democratic Party United States - History

Democratic Party United States - Beginnings. The Democratic Party's origins lie in the original Republican Party founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1792. This party is sometimes called "Democratic-Republican Party" in older history books, but was referred to as the "Republican party" by Americans in the 1790-1820 era. After the disintegration of the rival Federalist Party around 1816, the Republican party lost its organizational structure. Most important the caucus system of choosing presidential candidates ended aft ...

See also:

Democratic Party United States, Democratic Party United States - History, Democratic Party United States - Beginnings, Democratic Party United States - Civil War and Reconstruction, Democratic Party United States - Bryan Progressivism and Republican dominance: 1896-1932, Democratic Party United States - The New Deal, Democratic Party United States - Truman to Kennedy 1945-1963, Democratic Party United States - Civil rights movement, Democratic Party United States - 1970s, Democratic Party United States - 1980s, Democratic Party United States - 1990s, Democratic Party United States - 21st century, Democratic Party United States - Factions, Democratic Party United States - Centrists, Democratic Party United States - Progressives, Democratic Party United States - Labor, Democratic Party United States - Liberals, Democratic Party United States - Conservatives, Democratic Party United States - Notable groups, Democratic Party United States - Issues, Democratic Party United States - Symbols, Democratic Party United States - Current structure and composition, Democratic Party United States - Presidential tickets, Democratic Party United States - Democratic organizations, Democratic Party United States - Other, Democratic Party United States - Notes

Read more here: » Democratic Party United States: Encyclopedia II - Democratic Party United States - History

African-Americans: Encyclopedia II - H.P. Lovecraft - Biography

Lovecraft was born on 20 August 1890 in his family home at 194 (now 454) Angell Street in Providence, Rhode Island. He was the only child of Winfield Scott Lovecraft, a traveling salesman of jewelry and precious metals, and Sarah Susan Phillips Lovecraft, who could trace her ancestry in America back to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630. Unusually for the time, both his parents were in their thirties when they married, and it was the first marriage for both. When Lovecraft was three his father became acutely psychotic at a hotel in Chicago ...

See also:

H.P. Lovecraft, H.P. Lovecraft - Biography, H.P. Lovecraft - Background of Lovecraft's work, H.P. Lovecraft - Survey of the work, H.P. Lovecraft - Writing phases, H.P. Lovecraft - Letters, H.P. Lovecraft - Copyrights, H.P. Lovecraft - Locations featured in Lovecraft stories, H.P. Lovecraft - Historical locations, H.P. Lovecraft - Fictional locations, H.P. Lovecraft - Bibliography, H.P. Lovecraft - Books, H.P. Lovecraft - Adaptations, H.P. Lovecraft - Movies, H.P. Lovecraft - Radio production, H.P. Lovecraft - Lovecraft's influence in popular culture, H.P. Lovecraft - Race Class and Sex

Read more here: » H.P. Lovecraft: Encyclopedia II - H.P. Lovecraft - Biography

African-Americans: Encyclopedia II - Immigration to the United States - Contemporary immigration

Contemporary immigrants settle very predominantly in seven states: California, New York, Florida, Texas, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Illinois. The combined total immigrant population of these seven states formed 70% of the total foreign-born population as of 2000. There are a number of discernable categories of immigrants to the United States, each with unique and shared issues. Im ...

See also:

Immigration to the United States, Immigration to the United States - Historical immigration, Immigration to the United States - Colonial-era immigration to North America, Immigration to the United States - Immigration 1790 to 1849, Immigration to the United States - Immigration 1850 to 1930, Immigration to the United States - Laws concerning immigration and naturalization, Immigration to the United States - Contemporary immigration, Immigration to the United States - An Introduction to Legal Immigration, Immigration to the United States - Nonimmigrant visas mostly work visas, Immigration to the United States - Adjustment of Status, Immigration to the United States - Political asylum, Immigration to the United States - Miscellaneous legal immigration, Immigration to the United States - Illegal immigration, Immigration to the United States - Political issues surrounding immigration, Immigration to the United States - Debates over immigration numbers, Immigration to the United States - Immigration in popular culture, Immigration to the United States - Media

Read more here: » Immigration to the United States: Encyclopedia II - Immigration to the United States - Contemporary immigration

African-Americans: Encyclopedia II - Howard Stern - Radio Show

His early broadcasting years included working at WTBU, Boston University's campus radio station. Following graduation in 1976, Stern moved to WRNW. During his time at WRNW, he lived in a monastery. Following WRNW was WCCC in Hartford, then WWWW ("W4") in Detroit. With each station, he improved in ratings and skill, finally moving on to WWDC-FM. In one archetypical example of his radio show, documented in his autobiographical movie Private Parts, he persuaded a female caller to have phone sex with him on the air. He made deep bu ...

See also:

Howard Stern, Howard Stern - Biography, Howard Stern - Radio Show, Howard Stern - 1990s, Howard Stern - 2000s, Howard Stern - The Move to Satellite Radio, Howard Stern - Goodbye to terrestrial radio, Howard Stern - Television shows, Howard Stern - Cast and crew of the Howard Stern show, Howard Stern - Regulars on the Howard Stern show, Howard Stern - Former cast and crew, Howard Stern - Former Regulars and Celebrity Guests, Howard Stern - Celebrity Guests, Howard Stern - Musical Artists Performances, Howard Stern - Frequent Show Games and Bits, Howard Stern - Common Show Sayings and Soundbites, Howard Stern - See Also

Read more here: » Howard Stern: Encyclopedia II - Howard Stern - Radio Show

African-Americans: Encyclopedia II - History of the United States 1988-present - The George H. W. Bush Administration

Republican President Ronald Reagan's vice-president George H. W. Bush ascended to the presidency, handily defeating Democratic Massachusetts governor Michael Dukakis in the 1988 election. History of the United States 1988-present - The End of the Cold War. During the Cold War, the division of the world into two rival blocs had served to legitimize a broad and diffuse alliance not only with the Western European nations of NATO but many countries in the developing world. Starting in the late 1980s, however, ...

See also:

History of the United States 1988-present, History of the United States 1988-present - The George H. W. Bush Administration, History of the United States 1988-present - The End of the Cold War, History of the United States 1988-present - The Persian Gulf War, History of the United States 1988-present - The Clinton Administration, History of the United States 1988-present - The Republican Congress, History of the United States 1988-present - Globalization and the new economy, History of the United States 1988-present - The George W. Bush administration, History of the United States 1988-present - War in Iraq, History of the United States 1988-present - The 2005 Gulf Coast hurricanes, History of the United States 1988-present - Notes

Read more here: » History of the United States 1988-present: Encyclopedia II - History of the United States 1988-present - The George H. W. Bush Administration

African-Americans: Encyclopedia II - White people - Historic use of the term in the United States

Pre-modern usage of white may not correspond to recent concepts; for example, the first Europeans who traveled to Northeast Asia in the 17th century applied white to the people they encountered (see suggested readings below) —the term having then no other connotations—and indeed, even today the name of the Bai people of Yunnan, China translates as "white". As European colonization of the Americas and eventually other parts of the world brought Europeans into close contact with other peoples, the term white and ...

See also:

White people, White people - The Epistemological Challenge, White people - Synonyms, White people - Historic use of the term in the United States, White people - Early immigrants: Germans Irish, White people - Late nineteenth-century immigrants: Italians Slavs European Jews Asians, White people - Early twentieth-century immigrants: Arabs Berbers, White people - Late twentieth-century immigrants: Hispanics West Indians, White people - African Americans, White people - Use of the term outside the United States, White people - The Americas: Euro-predominant and mixed-race people, White people - North Africa Southwest Asia and South Asia, White people - Whiteness and White nationalism, White people - Social vs. physical perceptions of white, White people - Criticisms of the term, White people - White as opposed to Light Skinned, White people - Areas of habitation, White people - Footnotes

Read more here: » White people: Encyclopedia II - White people - Historic use of the term in the United States

African-Americans: Encyclopedia II - Franklin D. Roosevelt - Early life

Franklin Roosevelt was born on January 30, 1882, at Hyde Park, in the Hudson River valley in upstate New York. His father, James Roosevelt (1828–1900), was a wealthy landowner and vice-president of the Delaware and Hudson Railway. The Roosevelt family (see Roosevelt family tree) had lived in New York for more than 200 years: Claes van Rosenvelt, originally from Haarlem in the Netherlands, arrived in New York (then called Nieuw Amsterdam) in about 1650. In 1788, Isaac Roosevelt was a member of the state convention in Poughkeepsie which voted to ratify the United States Constitution - a matter ...

See also:

Franklin D. Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt - Early life, Franklin D. Roosevelt - Marriage and children, Franklin D. Roosevelt - Political career, Franklin D. Roosevelt - Private crises, Franklin D. Roosevelt - Governor of New York: 1928-1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt - Election as President, Franklin D. Roosevelt - The First New Deal, Franklin D. Roosevelt - Second New Deal 1935-36, Franklin D. Roosevelt - The second term, Franklin D. Roosevelt - Foreign policy 1933-41, Franklin D. Roosevelt - The path to war, Franklin D. Roosevelt - Pearl Harbor, Franklin D. Roosevelt - Japanese-American internment, Franklin D. Roosevelt - Civil rights and refugees, Franklin D. Roosevelt - Strategy and diplomacy, Franklin D. Roosevelt - Death and posthumous reputation, Franklin D. Roosevelt - Legacy, Franklin D. Roosevelt - Cabinet members, Franklin D. Roosevelt - Supreme Court appointments, Franklin D. Roosevelt - Media, Franklin D. Roosevelt - Online Resources, Franklin D. Roosevelt - Primary Sources, Franklin D. Roosevelt - Scholarly Secondary Sources, Franklin D. Roosevelt - Foreign Policy and World War II

Read more here: » Franklin D. Roosevelt: Encyclopedia II - Franklin D. Roosevelt - Early life

African-Americans: Encyclopedia II - History of New York City 1978-present - Koch and Dinkins

Compared to the 1970s, the 1980s were a time of restrained optimism in New York. The boom on Wall Street was fueling the speculative real estate market, and unemployment numbers dropped noticeably, however, the city's reputation for crime and disorder was still very much a part of New Yorkers' daily lives. The 1980s was a time of much racial tension in the city, including the highly-publicized murders of three African-Americans in "white" neighborhoods in separate incidents: Willie Turks in the Gravesend section of Brooklyn in 1982; M ...

See also:

History of New York City 1978-present, History of New York City 1978-present - Koch and Dinkins, History of New York City 1978-present - Giuliani and Bloomberg

Read more here: » History of New York City 1978-present: Encyclopedia II - History of New York City 1978-present - Koch and Dinkins

African-Americans: Encyclopedia II - Tax resistance - Methods

There are many methods of tax resistance. In war tax resistance circles in the United States it is sometimes remarked that there are as many ways to practice tax resistance as there are resisters. Tax resistance - Redirection. Some tax resisters refuse to pay all or a portion of the taxes due, but make an equivalent donation to charity. In this way, they demonstrate that the intent of their resistance is not selfish and that they want to use a portion of their ...

See also:

Tax resistance, Tax resistance - History of tax resistance, Tax resistance - Motives, Tax resistance - Methods, Tax resistance - Redirection, Tax resistance - Refusing specific taxes, Tax resistance - Refusing to pay, Tax resistance - Paying under protest, Tax resistance - Tax avoidance, Tax resistance - Tax evasion, Tax resistance - Quotations, Tax resistance - Arguments against tax resistance

Read more here: » Tax resistance: Encyclopedia II - Tax resistance - Methods

African-Americans: Encyclopedia II - Teenage suicide - Population differences

Male adolescents commit suicide at a rate four times greater than that of females, although suicide attempts by females are twice as frequent as those by males. A possible reason for this is because the method of suicide for males is typically that of a firearm, with a 78-90% chance of fatality. Females are more likely to try a different method, such as ingesting poison. [2] Suicide rates vary for different ethnicicites due to cultural differences. In 1998, white Americans accounted for 84% of all youth suicides, 61% male, 23% female. ...

See also:

Teenage suicide, Teenage suicide - Overview, Teenage suicide - Population differences, Teenage suicide - High-risk groups, Teenage suicide - Suicide prevention, Teenage suicide - What to do, Teenage suicide - Media coverage

Read more here: » Teenage suicide: Encyclopedia II - Teenage suicide - Population differences

African-Americans: Encyclopedia II - South American Wars of Independence - Spanish Colonies

Because Spain was virtually cut off from its colonies during the Peninsular War of 1808-1814, Latin America was in these years ruled by independent juntas. These provisional governments claimed allegiance to the Bourbon king in exile, Ferdinand VII, but in practice operated independently. One of the most influential leaders in the Wars of Independence was Simón Bolívar, known as "the Liberator". Born in Caracas, Venezuela, Bolívar was able to promote his personal vision of South America powerfully enough to gather and direct the ef ...

See also:

South American Wars of Independence, South American Wars of Independence - Spanish Colonies, South American Wars of Independence - Brazil, South American Wars of Independence - After the wars

Read more here: » South American Wars of Independence: Encyclopedia II - South American Wars of Independence - Spanish Colonies

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