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Afghanistan: Encyclopedia - Afghanistan
Afghanistan (Pashtu/Dari-Persian: افغانستان, Afğānistān) is a country at the crossroads of Asia. Usually placed in Central A...
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History Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Afghanistan - History Of Afghanistan
Afghanistan's history, internal political development, foreign relations, and very existence as an independent state have largely been de...
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Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Afghanistan - Geography
Main article: Geography of Afghanistan
Afghanistan is a land-locked mountainous country, with plains in the north and southwest. The high...
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Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Afghanistan - History
Main article: History of Afghanistan
Afghanistan exists at a unique nexus-point where numerous Eurasian civilizations have interacted and...
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Dari Afghanistan: Encyclopedia - Dari Afghanistan
Dari is the local written name for the Persian language in Afghanistan used mainly in official papers. While the Afghans in their daily u...
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Culture Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia - Culture Of Afghanistan
The culture of Afghanistan has been around for millenia. Afghanistan's culture is largely influenced by Islam but has also been influence...
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U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia - U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan
The United States invasion of Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom1) occurred in October 2001, in the wake of the September 11, 2001 a...
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Transportation In Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Transportation In Afghanistan - Railways
There are 24.6 kilometers of broad gauge railways.
Transportation in Afghanistan - Railway links from adjacent countries.
Iran - no
n...
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Transportation In Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Transportation In Afghanistan - Pipelines
There are petroleum pipelines from Bagram, Afghanistan into Uzbekistan and Shindand, Afghanistan into Turkmenistan. These pipelines have ...
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Transportation In Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Transportation In Afghanistan - Highways
(1998 est.)
There are 2,793 kilometers of paved roads and 18,207 kilometers of unpaved roads, for a total road system of 21,000 kilometer...
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Military Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Military Of Afghanistan - History
Afghanistan has a long tradition of guerrilla and paramilitary warfare and has many individual factions. Afghanistan did not have a tradi...
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Transportation In Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Transportation In Afghanistan - Airports
There are 47 airports. 10 of these have paved runways. Of those, 3 have runways over 3000 meters, 4 have runways between 2500 and 3000 me...
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Constitution Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Constitution Of Afghanistan - Kuchis
Article 14 obliges the government to implement effective programs for "improving the economic, social and living conditions" of nomads (K...
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Culture Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Culture Of Afghanistan - Holidays
Holidays in Afghanistan are celebrated according to the lunar calendar while other holidays secular holidays are celebrated based on the ...
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Culture Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Culture Of Afghanistan - Education
Education in Afghanistan has recently been reviatlized after the fall of the Taliban. Primary education lasts six years. If the student d...
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Constitution Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Constitution Of Afghanistan - Religion
The Constitution describes Islam as its sacred and state religion. A system of civil law is described, but no law may contradict the beli...
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List Of Leaders Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Leaders Of Afghanistan - The Kingdom Of Afghanistan
List of leaders of Afghanistan - Barakzai Dynasty.
King Habibullah Khan (October 3, 1901 - February 20, 1919) (assassinated)
King Aman...
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Economy Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Economy Of Afghanistan - Agriculture
The Afghan economy continues to be overwhelmingly agricultural, despite the fact that only 12% of its total land area is arable and less ...
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List Of Leaders Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Leaders Of Afghanistan - Islamic Republic Of Afghanistan
List of leaders of Afghanistan - President.
Hamid Karzai - (December 7, 2004-) the duly-elected president
...
See also:List of lead...
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List Of Leaders Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Leaders Of Afghanistan - The Emirate Of Afghanistan
List of leaders of Afghanistan - Durrani Dynasty.
Emir Ahmad Shah Durrani ('Baba') (October 1747-October 16 (23?) 1772) (died)
Emir Ti...
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Islam In Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Islam In Afghanistan - Ismailis
The Ismaili Shi'a are also known as Seveners because in the eighth century their leaders rejected the heir designated by the sixth Imam, ...
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Bonn Agreement Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Bonn Agreement Afghanistan - Constitution Of Afghanistan
Under the Bonn Agreement the Afghan Constitution Commission was established to draft a new constitution in consultation with the public. ...
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History Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Afghanistan - European Influence In Afghanistan 1826-1919
Main article: European influence in Afghanistan
Dost Mohammed Khan gained control in Kabul. Collision between the expanding British and R...
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Islam In Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Islam In Afghanistan - Sufis
Sufism has considerable influence in Afghanistan, in both rural and urban settings, especially among the middle classes of larger village...
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Geography Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Geography Of Afghanistan - Climate
The variety of climate is immense, as might be expected. Taking the highlands of the country as a whole, there is no great difference bet...
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History Of Afghanistan Since 1992: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Afghanistan Since 1992 - The Islamic State Of Afghanistan
After the Soviets withdrew completely from Afghanistan in February 1989, fighting between the communist backed government and mujahideen ...
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Geography Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Geography Of Afghanistan - Vegetation
The characteristic distribution of vegetation on the mountains of Afghanistan is worthy of attention. The great mass of it is confined to...
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Islam In Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Islam In Afghanistan - Taliban
In the fall of 1994 a Muslim "student militia" came forth vowing to cleanse the nation of the excesses sullying the jihad. Their avowed i...
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History Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Afghanistan - History Of Afghanistan 1992 To Present
Main article: History of Afghanistan since 1992
When the victorious mujahidin entered Kabul to assume control over the city and the centr...
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Flag Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Flag Of Afghanistan - Historical Flags
Afghanistan has used other flags in the past. Below are the flags from approximately 1880 to present.
...
See also:Flag of Afghanistan...
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History Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Afghanistan - Soviet Intervention In Afghanistan 1978-1992
Main article: Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
The PDPA, as a pro-communist socialist party, implemented a socialist agenda which inclu...
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U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan - Timelines Of U.s. Attacks On Afghanistan
U.S. invasion of Afghanistan - 2001.
October
November
December
U.S. invasion of Afghanistan - 2002.
January
See also: Afghanista...
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History Of Afghanistan Since 1992: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Afghanistan Since 1992 - U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan
See U.S. invasion of Afghanistan
From the mid-1990s the Taliban provided sanctuary to Osama bin Laden, a Saudi national who had fought wi...
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U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan - Timelines Of U.s. Attacks On Afghanistan
U.S. invasion of Afghanistan - 2001.
October
November
December
U.S. invasion of Afghanistan - 2002.
January
See also: Afghanista...
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Constitution Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Constitution Of Afghanistan - Executive Branch
The constitution involves a strong presidential system. The President of Afghanistan is elected directly by the Afghan people to a five-y...
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History Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Afghanistan - Daoud's Republic Of Afghanistan 1973-1978
Main article: Daoud's Republic of Afghanistan
Amid charges of corruption and malfeasance against the royal family and poor economic condi...
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History Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Afghanistan - Islamic Conquest Of Afghanistan 642-1747
Main article: Islamic conquest of Afghanistan
In 642 CE, Arabs invaded the entire region and introduced Islam. Afghanistan, like all othe...
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History Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Afghanistan - Pre-islamic Period Of Afghanistan Before 651
Main article: Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan
Afghanistan's known pre-Islamic past began with Aryan invasions around 2000 BCE and conti...
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Culture Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Culture Of Afghanistan - Art
Afghan Art has spanned many centuries. One of the most famous types is the Gandhara Art between the 1st and 7th centuries which was had G...
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Economy Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Economy Of Afghanistan - Trade And Industry
Trade accounts for a small portion of documented Afghan economy, and there are no reliable statistics relating to trade flows. In 1996, e...
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Music Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Music Of Afghanistan - Folk Music
Main article: Afghan folk music Afghan folk instruments include the ghichak (fiddle), dutar, rubab, zirbaghali, badakshani (flute) and cy...
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Politics Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Politics Of Afghanistan - Executive Branch
See also:
Afghan Cabinet of Ministers
...
See also:Politics of Afghanistan, Politics of Afghanistan - Historical background, Politic...
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List Of Leaders Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Leaders Of Afghanistan - The Taliban State Islamic Emirate Of Afghanistan
Head of State (Amir-UL-Momineen)Leader of The Faitfuls
Mullah Mohammad Omar Mujahid (September 27, 1996 - November 13, 2001), Spiritual ...
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Music Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Music Of Afghanistan - Classical Music
Main article: Klasik
The classical musical form of Afghanistan is called klasik, which includes both instrumental (ragas, naghmehs) and v...
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Music Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Music Of Afghanistan - Popular Music
Main article: Afghan popular music
In 1925, radio broadcasting in Afghanistan began, but the radio station was destroyed in 1929. Broadca...
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Politics Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Politics Of Afghanistan - Historical Background
Politics of Afghanistan - The Former Taliban Regime.
On September 27, 1996, the ruling members of the Afghan Government were displaced ...
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Economy Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Economy Of Afghanistan - Economic History
Historically, there has been a dearth of information and reliable statistics about Afghanistan's economy. The Soviet invasion and ensuing...
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U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan - Background
Since approximately 1996, Osama bin Laden had been resident in Afghanistan along with other members of al-Qaeda, operating terrorist trai...
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Music Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Music Of Afghanistan - Religious Music
Main article: Muslim music
The Afghan concept of music is closely associated with musical instruments, and thus the unaccompanied religio...
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Geography Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Geography Of Afghanistan - Mountain Systems
The dominant mountain system of Afghanistan is the Hindu Kush, and that extension westwards of its water-divide which reindicated by the ...
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U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan - Background
Since approximately 1996, Osama bin Laden had been resident in Afghanistan along with other members of al-Qaeda, operating terrorist trai...
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Economy Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Economy Of Afghanistan - National Accounts
The majority of the following information is taken from, or adapted from the CIA World Factbook 2003
GDP: purchasing power parity - $20 b...
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Islam In Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Islam In Afghanistan - Meaning And Practice
Islam represents a potentially unifying symbolic system which offsets the divisiveness that frequently rises from the existence of a deep...
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Politics Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Politics Of Afghanistan - Legislative Branch
The 2005 Parliamentary Election for the Wolesi Jirga or House of the People were conducted on 18 September 2005. This was the first parli...
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Foreign Relations Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Foreign Relations Of Afghanistan - Russia
In the 19th century, Afghanistan served as a strategic buffer state between czarist Russia and the British Empire in the subcontinent. Af...
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Foreign Relations Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Foreign Relations Of Afghanistan - Pakistan
Two areas--Pashtunistan and Baluchistan--have long complicated Afghanistan's relations with Pakistan. Controversies involving these areas...
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Islam In Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Islam In Afghanistan - Politicized Islam
Although Shariah courts existed in urban centers after Ahmad Shah Durrani established an Afghan state in 1747, the primary judicial basis...
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Foreign Relations Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Foreign Relations Of Afghanistan - Overview
Before the Soviet invasion, Afghanistan pursued a policy of neutrality and nonalignment in its foreign relations. In international forums...
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Foreign Relations Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Foreign Relations Of Afghanistan - Tajikistan
Afghanistan's relations with newly independent Tajikistan have been complicated by political upheaval and civil war in Tajikistan, which ...
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Foreign Relations Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Foreign Relations Of Afghanistan - Germany
The German - Afghani relationship is long and has been mostly cordial. Many Afghani academics studied in Germany, many more sought refuge...
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Foreign Relations Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Foreign Relations Of Afghanistan - Iran
Afghanistan's relations with Iran have fluctuated over the years, with periodic disputes over the water rights of the Helmand River as th...
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Soviet War In Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Soviet War In Afghanistan - Aftermath
The war in Afghanistan had a strong impact on domestic politics in the Soviet Union. It was one of the key factors in the discontent of C...
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Soviet War In Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Soviet War In Afghanistan - Background
Afghanistan, the crossroads of Central Asia, has a long history of armed conflict. In the 4th century BCE, Alexander the Great entered th...
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Economy Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Economy Of Afghanistan - Economic Development And Recovery
Afghanistan embarked on a modest economic development program in the 1930s. The government founded banks; introduced paper money; establi...
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Politics Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Politics Of Afghanistan - Political Parties And Elections
Politics of Afghanistan - 2005 Parliamentary election.
Afghanistan held parliamentary elections on 18 September 2005. On 9 October. Sin...
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Constitution Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Constitution Of Afghanistan - Judicial Branch And Court System
The republic's top court is the Stera Mahkama (Supreme Court). Its members are appointed by the president for 10-year terms. There are al...
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Soviet War In Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Soviet War In Afghanistan - Aftermath
The war in Afghanistan had a strong impact on domestic politics in the Soviet Union. It was one of the key factors in the discontent of C...
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Constitution Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Constitution Of Afghanistan - Civil & Human Rights
Citizens are guaranteed the right to life and liberty, to privacy, of peaceful assembly, from torture and of expression and speech. If ac...
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Constitution Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Constitution Of Afghanistan - Bicameral Parliament Legislative Branch
The National Assembly of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan consists of two houses: the Wolesi Jirga (House of the People) and the Meshr...
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History Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Afghanistan - The Durrani Empire 1747-1826
Main article: Durrani Empire
In 1747, Ahmad Shah Durrani, the founder of what is known today as Afghanistan, established his rule. A Pash...
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Afghanistan At The 2004 Summer Olympics: Encyclopedia Ii - Afghanistan At The 2004 Summer Olympics - Results And Competitors By Event
Afghanistan at the 2004 Summer Olympics - Athletics.
Men's 100 metres:
Masound Azizi — Round 1: 11.66 s (79th place)
Women's 100 me...
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Islam In Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Islam In Afghanistan - Ithna Ashariya Twelver Or Imami Shi'a
About 19% of Afghans are Shi'as. The most numerous Shi'a sect in Afghanistan is the Imami Hazara living in the Hazarajat of central Afgha...
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History Of Afghanistan Since 1992: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Afghanistan Since 1992 - Rise Of The Taliban
In reaction to the anarchy and warlordism prevalent in the country, and the lack of Pashtun representation in the Kabul government, a mov...
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U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan - Casualties Of The Invasion
Main articles: Coalition Casualties in Afghanistan and List of casualties of the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan
According to Jonathan Steel...
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U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan - Humanitarian Efforts
It is estimated that in Afghanistan there are 1.5 million suffering from immediate starvation, as well as 7.5 million suffering as a resu...
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U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan - Allegations Of Human Rights Abuses
The Dasht-i-Leili massacre allegedly occurred in December, 2001, when a number (disputed to be between 250 and 3,000) of Taliban prisoner...
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Politics Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Politics Of Afghanistan - Political Pressure Groups And Leaders
NA; note - ministries formed under the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (TISA) include former influential Afghans, diaspora memb...
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U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan - Protests Demonstrations And Rallies
Several small protests occurred in various cities and college campuses across the United States and in other countries in the first days ...
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U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan - Protests, Demonstrations And Rallies
Main article: Protests against the invasion of Afghanistan
Several small protests occurred in various cities and college campuses across ...
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U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan - Military Operations
U.S. invasion of Afghanistan - Initial attack.
Prior to October 7, U.S. and British Special Forces clandestinely infiltrated Afghanista...
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Foreign Relations Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Foreign Relations Of Afghanistan - United States
The first extensive American contact with Afghanistan was made by Josiah Harlan, an adventurer from Pennsylvania who was an adviser in Af...
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U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan - Allegations Of Human Rights Abuses
The Dasht-i-Leili massacre allegedly occurred in December, 2001, when a number (disputed to be between 250 and 3,000) of Taliban prisoner...
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Encyclopedia
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U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan - Military Operations
U.S. invasion of Afghanistan - Initial attack.
Prior to October 7, U.S. and British Special Forces clandestinely infiltrated Afghanista...
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U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan - Casualties Of The Invasion
According to Jonathan Steele of The Guardian between 20,000 and 49,600 people may have died of the consequences of the invasion. Accordin...
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U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan - Protests Demonstrations And Rallies
Main article: Protests against the invasion of Afghanistan
Several small protests occurred in various cities and college campuses across ...
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Encyclopedia
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U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan - Humanitarian Efforts
It is estimated that in Afghanistan there are 1.5 million suffering from immediate starvation, as well as 7.5 million suffering as a resu...
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Encyclopedia
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U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan - Nature Of The Coalition
The first wave of attacks was carried out solely by American and British forces. On the second day, only American forces participated. In...
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U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan - Nature Of The Coalition
The first wave of attacks was carried out solely by American and British forces. On the second day, only American forces participated. In...
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U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - U.s. Invasion Of Afghanistan - Casualties Of The Invasion
According to Jonathan Steele of The Guardian between 20,000 and 49,600 people may have died of the consequences of the invasion. Accordin...
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Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Afghanistan - Constitution
Main article: Constitution of Afghanistan
According to the 2004 constitution, Afghanistan is run by a president, who is elected by direct...
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Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Afghanistan - Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Afghanistan
The population of Afghanistan is divided into a wide variety of ethnic groups largely composed ...
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Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Afghanistan - Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Afghanistan
The population of Afghanistan is divided into a wide variety of ethnic groups largely composed ...
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Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Afghanistan - Education
Main article: Education in Afghanistan
In the spring of 2003, it was estimated that 30% of Afghanistan's 7,000 schools had been seriously...
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Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Afghanistan - Economy
Main article: Economy of Afghanistan
Although Afghanistan has significant amounts of natural resources, it is a poor country, highly depe...
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Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Afghanistan - Economy
Main article: Economy of Afghanistan
Although Afghanistan has significant amounts of natural resources, it is a poor country, highly depe...
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Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Afghanistan - Culture
Main article: Culture of Afghanistan
Afghans display pride in their country, ancestry, military prowess, and above all, their independenc...
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Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Afghanistan - Politics
Main article: Politics of Afghanistan
Afghanistan is currently led by president Hamid Karzai, who was elected in October of 2004. Before ...
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Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Afghanistan - Subdivisions
Afghanistan is divided into 34 provinces (velayat) which are further divided into districts.
Main article: Provinces of Afghanistan Main ...
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Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Afghanistan - Origin And History Of The Name
The current name of Afghanistan derives from the alternative name for the Pashtuns: Afghan, being the founders of modern Afghanistan. The...
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Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Afghanistan - Origin And History Of The Name
The name of Afghanistan derives from word Afghan. The Pushtuns appear to have begun using the term Afghan as a name for themselves from t...
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