Aeschines

Aeschines (389 - 314 BC), Greek statesman and one of the ten Attic orators, was born at Athens. The statements as to his parentage and early life are conflicting; but it seems probable that his parents, though poor, were respectable. After assisting his father in his school, he tried his hand at acting with indifferent success, served with distinction in the army, and held several clerkships, amongst them the office of clerk to the Boule. The fall of Olynthus (348 BC) brought Aeschines into the political arena, and he was sent on an embassy to rou ...

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• Aeschines - Ancient Authorities
• Aeschines - Editions

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Xenocrates of Chalcedon (396 - 314 BC) was a Greek philosopher and scholarch or rector of the Academy from 339 to 314 BC. Removing to Athens in early youth, he became the pupil of the Socratic Aeschines, but presently joined himself to Plato, whom he attended to Sicily in 361. Upon his master's death, in company with Aristotle he paid a visit to Hermias at Atarneus. In 339, Aristotle being then in Macedonia, Xenocrates succeeded Speusippus in the presidency of the school, defeating his competitors Menedemus and Heraclides Ponticus by a few votes. On three occasions he was member of an Athen ...

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The most comprehensive statement we possess as to the various kinds of clubs which might exist in a single Greek state appears in a law of Solon quoted incidentally in the Digest of Justinian I (47.22), which guaranteed the administrative independence of these associations provided they kept within the bounds of the law. Those mentioned (apart from demes and phratries, which were not clubs as here understood) include associations for religious purposes, for burial, for trade, for privateering, and for the enjoyment of co ...

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The ten Attic orators were considered the greatest orators and logographers of the classical era (5th century BC–4th century BC). They are included in the Alexandrian Canon compiled by Aristophanes of Byzantium and Aristarchus of Samothrace. Antiphon Andocides Lysias Isocrates Isaeus Aeschines Lycurgus Demosthenes Hypereides Dinarchus Their work ...

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• Attic orators - External link

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The island of Rhodes is shaped like a spearhead, 79.7 km long and 38 km wide with a total area of approximately 1,398 km² and a coastline of approximately 220 km. The city of Rhodes is located at the far northern end of the island, including the site of the ancient and modern commercial harbor. The main air gateway (Diagoras International Airport, IATA code: RHO) is located 14 km to the southwest of the city in Paradisi. The road network radiates from the ...

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Rhodes, Rhodes - Geography, Rhodes - History

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The state benefitted from these relationships, according to the statements of ancient writers. The friendship functioned as a restraint on the youth, since if he committed a crime it was not he but his lover who was punished. In the military the lovers fought side by side, with each vying to shine before the other. Thus it was said that an army of lovers would be invincible, as was the case until the battle of Chaeronea with the Theban Sacred Band, a batallion of one ...

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Pederasty in ancient Greece, Pederasty in ancient Greece - History, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Philosophical discourses, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Social Aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Educational and military aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Military function, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Sexual aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Religious aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Political aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Crete, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Thebes, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Sparta, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Athens, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Influence on literature and the arts, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Alcaeus Anacreon Ibycus, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Theognis of Megara, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Ceremonies and proverbs, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Modern scholarship, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Footnotes

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The Iliad narrates several weeks of action during the tenth and final year of the Trojan War, concentrating on the wrath of Achilles. It begins with the dispute between Achilles and Agamemnon, and ends with the funeral rites of Hector. Neither the background and early years of the war (Paris' abduction of Helen from King Menelaus), nor its end (the death of Achilles), are directly narrated in the Iliad. The Iliad and the Odyssey are part of a larger cycle of epic poems of varying lengths and autho ...

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Iliad, Iliad - Major characters, Iliad - The story of the Iliad, Iliad - Background to the Iliad: The Trojan War, Iliad - The Iliad's story, Iliad - After the Iliad: Conclusion of the war and after, Iliad - Technical features and translations, Iliad - The Iliad as oral tradition, Iliad - The relationship of Achilles and Patroclus, Iliad - The Iliad in subsequent arts and literature, Iliad - English translations

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Poets write of pederasty from the earliest eras to the end of the Hellenistic era. Five philosophical dialogues debate its ethical implications. Notable scholars and writers such as Plato, Xenophon, Plutarch, and pseudo-Lucian would discuss the topic. Tragedies on the theme became very popular. Aristophanes made comical theater about sexual relationships between men and youths. The famous poets Alcaeus, Ibycus, Anacreon, Theognis, Pindar and of course Sappho all wrot ...

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Pederasty in ancient Greece, Pederasty in ancient Greece - History, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Philosophical discourses, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Social Aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Educational and military aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Military function, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Sexual aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Religious aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Political aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Crete, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Thebes, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Sparta, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Athens, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Influence on literature and the arts, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Alcaeus Anacreon Ibycus, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Theognis of Megara, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Ceremonies and proverbs, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Modern scholarship, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Footnotes

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The ethical views held in those societies (such as Athens, Thebes, Crete, Sparta, Elis, and others) on the practice of pederasty have been explored by scholars only since the end of the nineteenth century. One of the first to do so was John Addington Symonds, who wrote his seminal work A Problem in Greek Ethics in 1873, but had to wait twenty eight years to be able to publish it (in revised form) in 1901 [5]. Edward Carpenter expanded the scope of the study, with his 1914 work, Intermediate Types among Primitive Folk. The text examines homoerotic practices of all types, not only pede ...

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Pederasty in ancient Greece, Pederasty in ancient Greece - History, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Philosophical discourses, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Social Aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Educational and military aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Military function, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Sexual aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Religious aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Political aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Crete, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Thebes, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Sparta, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Athens, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Influence on literature and the arts, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Alcaeus Anacreon Ibycus, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Theognis of Megara, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Ceremonies and proverbs, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Modern scholarship, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Footnotes

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Myths provide more than fifty examples of young men who were the lovers of gods (Sergent). Poets and traditions ascribe Zeus, Poseidon, Apollo, Orpheus, Hercules, Dionysus, Hermes, and Pan to such love. All the main gods of the pantheon except Ares had these relationships. Mythographic material suggests that the initiate experienced ecstatic states of spirit journey leading to mystic death and transfiguration, analogous to practices still reported today in shamanic work. If so, by the fifth century the Greeks had forgotten the ...

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Pederasty in ancient Greece, Pederasty in ancient Greece - History, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Philosophical discourses, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Social Aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Educational and military aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Military function, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Sexual aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Religious aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Political aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Crete, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Thebes, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Sparta, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Athens, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Influence on literature and the arts, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Alcaeus Anacreon Ibycus, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Theognis of Megara, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Ceremonies and proverbs, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Modern scholarship, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Footnotes

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It is important to note, before reading the rest of this section, that the Ancient Mediterranean world had vastly different attitudes toward gender and sexuality than those found in twenty-first century America or Europe. To wit, there was no term or concept of homosexuality. In addition, much of what is known about ancient Greek sexual practices and beliefs is based on writers and artists who lived about 200 years after Homer's epics were created; it is unknown how much these practices and attitudes changed from the time Homer's epics were ...

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Iliad, Iliad - Major characters, Iliad - The story of the Iliad, Iliad - Background to the Iliad: The Trojan War, Iliad - The Iliad's story, Iliad - After the Iliad: Conclusion of the war and after, Iliad - Technical features and translations, Iliad - The Iliad as oral tradition, Iliad - The relationship of Achilles and Patroclus, Iliad - The Iliad in subsequent arts and literature, Iliad - English translations

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Ancient writers, as well as modern historians such as Bruce Thronton, hold that the goal of paiderastia was pedagogical, the channeling of Eros into the creation of noble and good citizens. The various mythographical materials available suggest religious training (see story of Tantalus, Poseidon, and Pelops) as well as military training (Hercules and Hylas). The theme of learning to drive a war chariot occurs repeatedly (Poseidon and Pelops, Laius and Chrysippus). Apollo is said to have taught Orpheus, one of his beloveds, to play the ...

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Pederasty in ancient Greece, Pederasty in ancient Greece - History, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Philosophical discourses, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Social Aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Educational and military aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Military function, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Sexual aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Religious aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Political aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Crete, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Thebes, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Sparta, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Athens, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Influence on literature and the arts, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Alcaeus Anacreon Ibycus, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Theognis of Megara, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Ceremonies and proverbs, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Modern scholarship, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Footnotes

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The Iliad and the Odyssey were considered by Greeks of the classical age and after as the most important works in Ancient Greek literature, and were the basis of Greek pedagogy in antiquity. As the center of the rhapsode's repertoire, their recitation was a central part of Greek religious festivals. The book would be spoken or sung all night (modern readings last around 20 hours), with aud ...

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Iliad, Iliad - Major characters, Iliad - The story of the Iliad, Iliad - Background to the Iliad: The Trojan War, Iliad - The Iliad's story, Iliad - After the Iliad: Conclusion of the war and after, Iliad - Technical features and translations, Iliad - The Iliad as oral tradition, Iliad - The relationship of Achilles and Patroclus, Iliad - The Iliad in subsequent arts and literature, Iliad - English translations

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The poem is written in dactylic hexameter. The Iliad comprises roughly 16,000 lines of verse. Later Greeks divided it into twenty-four books, and this convention has lasted to the present day with little change. The Iliad has been translated into English for centuries. George Chapman did a translation in the 16th century which John Keats praised in his sonnet, On First Looking into Chapman's Homer ...

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Iliad, Iliad - Major characters, Iliad - The story of the Iliad, Iliad - Background to the Iliad: The Trojan War, Iliad - The Iliad's story, Iliad - After the Iliad: Conclusion of the war and after, Iliad - Technical features and translations, Iliad - The Iliad as oral tradition, Iliad - The relationship of Achilles and Patroclus, Iliad - The Iliad in subsequent arts and literature, Iliad - English translations

Read more here: » Iliad: Encyclopedia II - Iliad - Technical features and translations

As an epic, the Iliad contains a sometimes confusingly great number of characters. The latter half of the Iliad's second book (often called the Catalogue of Ships) is devoted entirely to listing the various commanders. Many of the battle scenes in the Iliad feature bit characters who are quickly slain. See Trojan War for a detailed list of participating armies and warriors. The Achaeans (Αχαιοί) - the word "Hellenes", which would today be translated as "Greeks", is not used by Homer Achilles, ...

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Iliad, Iliad - Major characters, Iliad - The story of the Iliad, Iliad - Background to the Iliad: The Trojan War, Iliad - The Iliad's story, Iliad - After the Iliad: Conclusion of the war and after, Iliad - Technical features and translations, Iliad - The Iliad as oral tradition, Iliad - The relationship of Achilles and Patroclus, Iliad - The Iliad in subsequent arts and literature, Iliad - English translations

Read more here: » Iliad: Encyclopedia II - Iliad - Major characters

It is important to note, before reading the rest of this section, that the Ancient Mediterranean world had vastly different attitudes toward gender and sexuality than those found in twenty-first century America or Europe. To wit, there was no term or concept of homosexuality. In addition, much of what is known about Ancient Greek sexual practices and beliefs is based on later writers and artists; it is unknown how much these practices and attitudes changed from the time Homer's epics were originally sung and the time that these later writers ...

See also:

Iliad, Iliad - Major characters, Iliad - The story of the Iliad, Iliad - Background to the Iliad: The Trojan War, Iliad - The Iliad's story, Iliad - After the Iliad: Conclusion of the war and after, Iliad - Technical features and translations, Iliad - The Iliad as oral tradition, Iliad - The relationship of Achilles and Patroclus, Iliad - The Iliad in subsequent arts and literature, Iliad - English translations

Read more here: » Iliad: Encyclopedia II - Iliad - The relationship of Achilles and Patroclus

Subjects from the Trojan War were a favourite among ancient Greek dramatists. Aeschylus' trilogy Agamemnon, The Libation Bearers, and The Eumenides follow the story of Agamemnon following his return from the war. A loose film adaptation of the Iliad, Troy, was released in 2004, starring Brad Pitt as Achilles, Eric Bana as Hector, Sean Bean as Odysseus and Brian Cox as Agamemnon. It was directed by German-born Wolfgang Petersen. Despite its popularity — largely a result of a huge marketing campaign ...

See also:

Iliad, Iliad - Major characters, Iliad - The story of the Iliad, Iliad - Background to the Iliad: The Trojan War, Iliad - The Iliad's story, Iliad - After the Iliad: Conclusion of the war and after, Iliad - Technical features and translations, Iliad - The Iliad as oral tradition, Iliad - The relationship of Achilles and Patroclus, Iliad - The Iliad in subsequent arts and literature, Iliad - English translations

Read more here: » Iliad: Encyclopedia II - Iliad - The Iliad in subsequent arts and literature

Pederastic relationships were dyadic mentorships. These mentorships were sanctioned by the state, as evidenced by laws mandating and controlling such relationships. Likewise, they were consecrated by the religious establishment, as can be seen from the many myths describing such relationships between gods and heroes (Apollo and Hyacinth, Zeus and Ganymede, Heracles and Hylas, Pan and Daphnis) and between one hero and another (Achilles and Patroclus, Orestes and Pylades). (It is interesting to note that the Greeks tried to project a semblance ...

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Pederasty in ancient Greece, Pederasty in ancient Greece - History, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Philosophical discourses, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Social Aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Educational and military aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Military function, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Sexual aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Religious aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Political aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Crete, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Thebes, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Sparta, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Athens, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Influence on literature and the arts, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Alcaeus Anacreon Ibycus, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Theognis of Megara, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Ceremonies and proverbs, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Modern scholarship, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Footnotes

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Socrates, Plato, and Xenophon described the inspirational powers of love between men though decrying its physical expression. Upon the death of Plato the presidency of the Academy passed from lover to lover. Of the Stoics, Chrysippus, Cleanthes, and Zeno fell in love with young men. The topic of pederasty was the subject of extensive analysis. Some of the principal dilemmas discussed were: Which form shou ...

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Pederasty in ancient Greece, Pederasty in ancient Greece - History, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Philosophical discourses, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Social Aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Educational and military aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Military function, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Sexual aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Religious aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Political aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Crete, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Thebes, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Sparta, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Athens, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Influence on literature and the arts, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Alcaeus Anacreon Ibycus, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Theognis of Megara, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Ceremonies and proverbs, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Modern scholarship, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Footnotes

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The ancient Greeks of the pederastic city-states were the first to describe, study, systematize, and establish pederasty as an institution. The origin of that tradition has been variously explained. One school of thought, articulated by Sergent, holds that the Greek pederastic model evolved from far older Indo-European rites of passage, which were grounded in a shamanic tradition with roots in the neolithic. The earliest Greek texts, specifically the works attributed to Homer, do not document formal pederastic practices. A number of t ...

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Pederasty in ancient Greece, Pederasty in ancient Greece - History, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Philosophical discourses, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Social Aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Educational and military aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Military function, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Sexual aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Religious aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Political aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Crete, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Thebes, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Sparta, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Athens, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Influence on literature and the arts, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Alcaeus Anacreon Ibycus, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Theognis of Megara, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Ceremonies and proverbs, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Modern scholarship, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Footnotes

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