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AES | A Wisdom Archive on AES | | AES A selection of articles related to AES | |
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aes
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ARTICLES RELATED TO AES | |
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| | |  AES: Encyclopedia - CryptographyCryptography is the field concerned with linguistic and mathematical techniques for securing information, particularly in communications. Historically, cryptography was concerned solely with encryption; that is, means of converting information from its normal, comprehensible form into an incomprehensible format, rendering it unreadable without secret knowledge. Encryption was used primarily to ensure secrecy in important communications, such as those of spies, military leaders, and diplomats. In recent decades, however, the fie ...
Including:
Read more here: » Cryptography: Encyclopedia - Cryptography |
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| | | | AES: Encyclopedia II - Symmetric-key algorithm - Reversibility Cryptographic functions must, by definition, be reversible, since you need to be able to both encrypt and (provided you have the right key) decrypt messages.
Various methods have been used historically to manage this. There have been book ciphers, in which the shared key is related to some content in a book, auto-key ciphers in which the key is partially derived from the plaintext, grill ciphers (supposedly first invented by the Italian mathematician Gerolamo Cardano), etc. In modern times, after computers became available, most symme ...
See also:Symmetric-key algorithm, Symmetric-key algorithm - Types of symmetric-key algorithms, Symmetric-key algorithm - Speed, Symmetric-key algorithm - Reversibility, Symmetric-key algorithm - Attacks on symmetric cyphers, Symmetric-key algorithm - Notes Read more here: » Symmetric-key algorithm: Encyclopedia II - Symmetric-key algorithm - Reversibility |
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| | | | AES: Encyclopedia II - Password cracking - Principal attack methods
Password cracking - Weak encryption.
If a system uses a cryptographically weak function to hash or encrypt passwords, exploiting that weakness can recover even 'well-chosen' passwords. Decryption need not be a quick operation, and can be conducted while not connected to the target system. Any 'cracking' technique of this kind is considered successful if it can decrypt the password in fewer operations than would be required by a brute force attack (see below). The fewer operations required, the "weaker" the encryp ...
See also:Password cracking, Password cracking - Background, Password cracking - Principal attack methods, Password cracking - Weak encryption, Password cracking - Guessing, Password cracking - Dictionary attack, Password cracking - Brute force attack, Password cracking - Precomputation, Password cracking - Prevention, Password cracking - Password cracking programs Read more here: » Password cracking: Encyclopedia II - Password cracking - Principal attack methods |
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| | | | AES: Encyclopedia II - Rijndael key schedule - Common operations Rijndael's key schedule utilizes a number of operations, which will be described before describing the key schedule.
Rijndael key schedule - Rotate.
The rotate operation takes a 32-bit word like this:
1d2c3a4f
And rotates it eight bits to the left:
2c3a4f1d
Rijndael key schedule - Rcon.
Rcon is what the Rijndael documentation calls the exponentiation of 2 to a user-specified value. Note that this operation is not perfo ...
See also:Rijndael key schedule, Rijndael key schedule - Common operations, Rijndael key schedule - Rotate, Rijndael key schedule - Rcon, Rijndael key schedule - S-box, Rijndael key schedule - Key schedule core, Rijndael key schedule - The key schedule, Rijndael key schedule - Constants, Rijndael key schedule - Key schedule description, Rijndael key schedule - Test vectors Read more here: » Rijndael key schedule: Encyclopedia II - Rijndael key schedule - Common operations |
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| | | | AES: Encyclopedia II - Skype - Features The basic computer-to-computer service allows users to speak, to send instant messages or to send files to one another from their computers via the Internet at no cost. Conferences of up to five users are supported.
Skype - SkypeOut.
SkypeOut is a paid feature of the Skype Internet telephony service, which allows Skype users to call virtually any non-computer-based landline ...
See also:Skype, Skype - Features, Skype - SkypeOut, Skype - SkypeIn, Skype - Skype Voicemail, Skype - Skype Chat, Skype - Skype Video Calling, Skype - Releases, Skype - Technology, Skype - GIPS iLBC CODEC, Skype - Security, Skype - General, Skype - Confidentiality of Data, Skype - Integrity/Authenticity of Data, Skype - Authenticity of user identity, Skype - Prank program, Skype - History, Skype - Skype business ecology, Skype - Distribution partners, Skype - Third Party Software products, Skype - Usage, Skype - Criticisms, Skype - Prohibitions and warnings, Skype - China 2005, Skype - France 2005, Skype - Skype vs traditional phone companies, Skype - Compatible products Read more here: » Skype: Encyclopedia II - Skype - Features |
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| | | | AES: Encyclopedia II - NSA encryption systems - Five generations of NSA encryption The large number of encryption systems that NSA has developed in its half century of operation can be grouped into five generations (decades given are very approximate):
NSA encryption systems - First generation-electromechanical.
First generation NSA systems were introduced in the 1950s and were built on the legacy of NSA's World War II predecessors and used rotor machines derived from the SIGABA design for most high level encryption; for example, the KL-7. Key distribution involved distribution of paper ...
See also:NSA encryption systems, NSA encryption systems - Security factors, NSA encryption systems - Five generations of NSA encryption, NSA encryption systems - First generation-electromechanical, NSA encryption systems - Second generation-vacuum tubes, NSA encryption systems - Third generation-integrated circuits, NSA encryption systems - Fourth generation-electronic key distribution, NSA encryption systems - Fifth generation-network centric systems, NSA encryption systems - NSA encryption by type of application, NSA encryption systems - Record traffic encryption, NSA encryption systems - Fleet broadcast, NSA encryption systems - Strategic forces, NSA encryption systems - Trunk encryption, NSA encryption systems - Voice encryption, NSA encryption systems - Internet, NSA encryption systems - Field authentication, NSA encryption systems - Public systems Read more here: » NSA encryption systems: Encyclopedia II - NSA encryption systems - Five generations of NSA encryption |
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| | | | AES: Encyclopedia II - One-time pad - Controversy about one-time pads in practice Some argue that one-time pads are not practical for use in real-world systems:
It is argued that one time pads solve few current practical problems in cryptography, that the security of modern high quality ciphers is not considered a major worry at present and that such ciphers are essentially always easier to employ than one time pads (in particular, the amount of key material which must be properly generated and securely distributed is far smaller). Bruce Schneier's blog entry, linked below, is an excellent summary of such arg ...
See also:One-time pad, One-time pad - Principle, One-time pad - History, One-time pad - Technical development, One-time pad - Application, One-time pad - Example, One-time pad - Security, One-time pad - Universal unbreakability, One-time pad - Controversy about one-time pads in practice, One-time pad - Historical uses, One-time pad - True randomness requirements, One-time pad - Methods that offer empirical security but not Shannon security, One-time pad - Methods that offer neither empirical security nor Shannon security, One-time pad - Achieving Shannon security, One-time pad - Making one time pads by hand Read more here: » One-time pad: Encyclopedia II - One-time pad - Controversy about one-time pads in practice |
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| | | | AES: Encyclopedia II - VIA C3 - Design methodology While being slower than x86 CPUs being sold by AMD and Intel, both in absolute terms and on a clock for clock basis, VIA's chips are much smaller, cheaper to manufacture, and lower power. This makes them highly attractive in the embedded market space, and increasingly in the mobile sector as well.
This has also enabled VIA to continue to scale the frequencies of their chips, with each manufacturing process die shrink, while competitive products from Intel such as the P4 Prescott, have ...
See also:VIA C3, VIA C3 - Core development, VIA C3 - Processor table, VIA C3 - Roadmap changes, VIA C3 - Comparative die size, VIA C3 - Design methodology, VIA C3 - Contracts Read more here: » VIA C3: Encyclopedia II - VIA C3 - Design methodology |
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| | | | AES: Encyclopedia II - NewDES - The algorithm NewDES, unlike DES, has no bit-level permutations, making it easy to implement in software. All operations are performed on whole bytes. It is a product cipher, consisting of 17 rounds performed on a 64-bit data block and makes use of a 120-bit key. In each round, subkey material is XORed with the 1-byte sub-blocks of data, then fed through a round function, the result of which is then XORed with another sub-block of data. In total, 8 XORs are performed in each round. The round function is derived from the United States Declaration of Independence (to sho ...
See also:NewDES, NewDES - The algorithm, NewDES - Cryptanalysis of NewDES Read more here: » NewDES: Encyclopedia II - NewDES - The algorithm |
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| | | | AES: Encyclopedia II - GNU Privacy Guard - Uses of GnuPG GPG is stable, production-quality software. It is frequently included in free operating systems, such as FreeBSD, OpenBSD, and NetBSD and nearly all distributions of GNU/Linux.
Although the basic GPG program has a command line interface, there exist various front-ends that provide it with a graphical user interface; for example, it has been integrated into KMail and Evolution, the graphical email clients found in the most popular Linux desktops KDE and GNOME. For GNOME, there is a graphical GPG front-end called Seahorse. A plugin know ...
See also:GNU Privacy Guard, GNU Privacy Guard - History, GNU Privacy Guard - Uses of GnuPG, GNU Privacy Guard - How GPG works, GNU Privacy Guard - Problems Read more here: » GNU Privacy Guard: Encyclopedia II - GNU Privacy Guard - Uses of GnuPG |
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| | | | AES: Encyclopedia II - Trusted computing - Synopsis The basic system concepts in trusted computing are:
Unique machine/CPU is identified using certificates;
Encryption is performed in the hardware;
Data can be signed with the machine's identification;
Data can be encrypted with the machine's secret key.
Trusted computing - The nature of trust.
Trust means something different to security experts than the meaning laypersons often assign. For example, the United States Department of Defense's definition of a trust ...
See also:Trusted computing, Trusted computing - Synopsis, Trusted computing - The nature of trust, Trusted computing - Background, Trusted computing - Secure I/O, Trusted computing - Memory curtaining, Trusted computing - Sealed storage, Trusted computing - Remote attestation, Trusted computing - Criticism, Trusted computing - Users can't change software, Trusted computing - Users don't control information they receive, Trusted computing - Users don't control their data, Trusted computing - Loss of Internet Anonymity, Trusted computing - Proposed owner override for TC, Trusted computing - The question of practicality Read more here: » Trusted computing: Encyclopedia II - Trusted computing - Synopsis |
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