Aerodynamics is a branch of fluid dynamics concerned with the study of gas flows, first analysed by George Cayley in the 1800s. The solution of an aerodynamic problem normally involves calculating for various properties of the flow, such as velocity, pressure, density, and temperature, as a function of space and time. Understanding the flow pattern makes it possible to calculate or approximate the forces and moments acting on bodies in the flow. This mathematical analysis and empirical approximation form the scientific basis for heavier-than-ai ...

Including:

Aerodynamics - Aerodynamic forces on aircraft Aerodynamics - Aerodynamics in other fields Aerodynamics - Continuity assumption Aerodynamics - Conservation laws Aerodynamics - Subsonic aerodynamics Aerodynamics - Transonic aerodynamics Aerodynamics - Supersonic aerodynamics

Read more here: » Aerodynamics: Encyclopedia - Aerodynamics

See also:

Aerodynamics, Aerodynamics - Aerodynamic forces on aircraft, Aerodynamics - Aerodynamics in other fields, Aerodynamics - Continuity assumption, Aerodynamics - Conservation laws, Aerodynamics - Subsonic aerodynamics, Aerodynamics - Transonic aerodynamics, Aerodynamics - Supersonic aerodynamics

Read more here: » Aerodynamics: Encyclopedia II - Aerodynamics - Transonic aerodynamics

One of the major goals of aerodynamics is to predict the aerodynamic forces on aircraft. The four basic forces that act on a powered aircraft are lift, weight (or gravity), thrust, and drag. Weight is the force due to gravity and thrust is the force generated by the engine. Lift and drag are forces due to the motion of the vehicle through the air. Lift is defined as the aerodynamic force acting perpendicular to the relative airflow and drag is defined as the aerodynamic force acting parallel to the relative airflow. Lift is posit ...

See also:

Aerodynamics, Aerodynamics - Aerodynamic forces on aircraft, Aerodynamics - Aerodynamics in other fields, Aerodynamics - Continuity assumption, Aerodynamics - Conservation laws, Aerodynamics - Subsonic aerodynamics, Aerodynamics - Transonic aerodynamics, Aerodynamics - Supersonic aerodynamics

Read more here: » Aerodynamics: Encyclopedia II - Aerodynamics - Aerodynamic forces on aircraft

In a subsonic aerodynamic problem, all of the flow speeds are less than the speed of sound. This class of problems encompasses nearly all internal aerodynamic problems, as well as external aerodynamics for most aircraft, model aircraft, and automobiles. In solving a subsonic problem, one decision to be made by the aerodynamicist is whether or not to incorporate the effects of compressibility. Compressibility is a description of the amount of change of density in the problem. When the effects of compressibility on the solution are smal ...

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Aerodynamics, Aerodynamics - Aerodynamic forces on aircraft, Aerodynamics - Aerodynamics in other fields, Aerodynamics - Continuity assumption, Aerodynamics - Conservation laws, Aerodynamics - Subsonic aerodynamics, Aerodynamics - Transonic aerodynamics, Aerodynamics - Supersonic aerodynamics

Read more here: » Aerodynamics: Encyclopedia II - Aerodynamics - Subsonic aerodynamics

Supersonic aerodynamic problems are those involving flow speeds greater than the speed of sound. Calculating the lift on the Concorde during cruise can be an example of a supersonic aerodynamic problem. Supersonic flow behaves very differently from subsonic flow. The speed of sound can be considered the fastest speed that "information" can travel in the flow. Gas travelling at subsonic speed diverts around a body before striking it, so it can be said to "know" that the body is there. Air cannot divert around a body when it is travelli ...

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Aerodynamics, Aerodynamics - Aerodynamic forces on aircraft, Aerodynamics - Aerodynamics in other fields, Aerodynamics - Continuity assumption, Aerodynamics - Conservation laws, Aerodynamics - Subsonic aerodynamics, Aerodynamics - Transonic aerodynamics, Aerodynamics - Supersonic aerodynamics

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Aerodynamic problems are solved using the conservation laws, or equations derived from the conservation laws. In aerodynamics, three conservation laws are used: Conservation of mass: Matter is not created or destroyed. If a certain mass of fluid enters a volume, it must either exit the volume or increase the mass inside the volume. Conservation of momentum: Also called Newton's second law of motion Conservation of energy: Although it can be converted from one form to another, the total ...

See also:

Aerodynamics, Aerodynamics - Aerodynamic forces on aircraft, Aerodynamics - Aerodynamics in other fields, Aerodynamics - Continuity assumption, Aerodynamics - Conservation laws, Aerodynamics - Subsonic aerodynamics, Aerodynamics - Transonic aerodynamics, Aerodynamics - Supersonic aerodynamics

Read more here: » Aerodynamics: Encyclopedia II - Aerodynamics - Conservation laws

An Aeroplane (Airplane in US usage), is defined as: a power-driven heavier than air Aircraft, deriving its lift chiefly from aerodynamic reactions on surface which remain fixed under given conditions of flight. (ICAO Doc 9110) Aircraft flight mechanics - Straight and level flight of airplane. In steady, level flight, an airplane can be considered as being acted on by four forces in equilibrium: lift, weight, thrust, and drag. Thrust is the force generated by the engine and acts along the engine's thr ...

Including:

Aircraft flight mechanics - Straight and level flight of airplane Aircraft flight mechanics - Airplane control and movement Aircraft flight mechanics - Airplane control surfaces Aircraft flight mechanics - Aerodynamics

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The Biot-Savart law is a physical law with applications in both electromagnetics and aerodynamics. As originally formulated, the law describes the magnetic field set up by a steady current density. More recently, by a simple analogy between magnetostatics and fluid dynamics, the same law has been used to calculate the velocity of air induced by vortex lines in aerodynamic systems. The Biot-Savart law is fundamental to magnetostatics just as Coulomb's law is to electrostatics. The Biot-Savart law follows from and is fully consistent with Ampère ...

Including:

Biot-Savart law - Forms
Biot-Savart law - General Biot-Savart law - Constant uniform current Biot-Savart law - Point charge at constant velocity
Biot-Savart law - Magnetic responses applications Biot-Savart law - Aerodynamics applications
Biot-Savart law - People Biot-Savart law - Electromagnetism Biot-Savart law - Aerodynamics

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In physics and fluid mechanics, the boundary layer is that layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface. In the atmosphere the boundary layer is the air layer near the ground affected by diurnal heat, moisture or momentum transfer to or from the surface. On an aircraft wing the boundary layer is the part of the flow close to the wing. The Boundary layer effect occurs at the field region in which all changes occur in the flow pattern. The boundary layer distorts surrounding nonviscous flow. It is a phenomenon o ...

Including:

Boundary layer - Aerodynamics Boundary layer - Boundary layer equations Boundary layer - Turbulent boundary layers Boundary layer - Boundary layer turbine Boundary layer - Bibliography

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Gases are composed of molecules which collide with one another and solid objects. In aerodynamics, however, gases are considered to have continuous quantities. That is, properties such as density, pressure, temperature, and velocity are taken to be well-defined at infinitely small points, and are assumed to vary continuously from one point to another. The discrete, molecular nature of a gas is ignored. The continuity assumption becomes less valid as a gas becomes more rarefied. In these cases, statistical mechanics is a more ...

See also:

Aerodynamics, Aerodynamics - Aerodynamic forces on aircraft, Aerodynamics - Aerodynamics in other fields, Aerodynamics - Continuity assumption, Aerodynamics - Conservation laws, Aerodynamics - Subsonic aerodynamics, Aerodynamics - Transonic aerodynamics, Aerodynamics - Supersonic aerodynamics

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A butterfly is a flying insect of the order Lepidoptera belonging to one of the superfamilies Hesperioidea (the skippers) and Papilionoidea (all other butterflies). Some authors would include also members of the superfamily Hedyloidea, the American butterfly moths. Many butterflies have striking colours and patterns on their wings. When touched by humans they tend to lose small numbers of scales, that look like a fine powder. If they lose too many scales the butterfly's ability to fly will be impaired. People who study or collect butt ...

Including:

Butterfly - The four stages in the lifecycle of a butterfly
Butterfly - Egg Butterfly - Larva Butterfly - Pupa Butterfly - Butterfly
Butterfly - Classification Butterfly - Etymology Butterfly - Aerodynamics butterflies and flutter Butterfly - Field guides to butterflies Butterfly - Additional photos

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Aeronautics is the science or discipline that studies the flight of the heavy mechanical apparatuses, that is to say, airplanes and helicopters, from its beginnings to the present time. It is also the discipline concerned with the design and manufacture of the same. Aeronautics - Early Aeronautics. Aerostation, Aviation, Aircraft, Aerospace Engineering, Aerostat, Astronautics, Spacecraft, Mechanics of fluids, Aerodynamics, Hydrodynamics, Hydrostatics, Aeronautical abb ...

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Aeronautics - Early Aeronautics Aeronautics - Modern Aeronautics

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The drag coefficient (Cd or Cx) is a number that describes a characteristic amount of aerodynamic drag caused by fluid flow, used in the drag equation. Two objects of the same frontal area moving at the same speed through a fluid will experience a drag force proportional to their Cd numbers. Coefficients for rough unstreamlined objects can be 1 or more, for smooth object much less. A Cd equal to 1 would be obtained in a case where all of the fluid approaching the ...

Including:

Drag coefficient - Cd in automobiles
Drag coefficient - CdA Drag coefficient - Drag in sports and racing cars Drag coefficient - Typical values and examples

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Aviation noise is a form of environmental noise. Noise can be defined as unwanted sound. Some sound will always be produced by aeroplanes. As an aircraft moves through the atmosphere, compression and rarefaction of the air will produce motion in the air molecules. Similarly, an aircraft jet engine or propeller will also cause movement in the molecules of the atmosphere. This movement propagates through the air as pressure waves. If these pressure waves are strong enough and within a certain frequency spectrum, a sensation of he ...

Including:

Aviation noise - Sources of noise
Aviation noise - Aerodynamic noise Aviation noise - Engine and other mechanical noise Aviation noise - Noise from aircraft systems
Aviation noise - External noise of civilian aircraft activity

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The sideslip is an aircraft maneuver that uses opposite aileron and rudder. This maneuver is often used when landing in a crosswind, as an alternative to a crab landing — if the aircraft can be made to slip sideways at exactly the same speed as the crosswind, the aircraft will remain lined up with the runway, and will appear to be moving straight forward (from a ground perspective). For example, when approaching a runway that has a crosswind from the left, the pilot may apply left aileron to bank the aircraft slightly and als ...

See also:

Slip aerodynamic, Slip aerodynamic - Sideslip, Slip aerodynamic - Forward slip, Slip aerodynamic - Other uses, Slip aerodynamic - External link

Read more here: » Slip aerodynamic: Encyclopedia II - Slip aerodynamic - Sideslip

A wing is a surface used to produce an aerodynamic force normal to the direction of motion by travelling in air or another gaseous medium, facilitating flight. It is a specific form of airfoil. The first use of the word was for the foremost limbs of birds, but has been extended to include the wings of Insects, bats and pterosaurs; also man-made devices. A wing is an extremely efficient device for generating lift. Its aerodynamic quality, expressed as a Lift-to-drag ratio, can be up to 60 on some gliders and even more. Th ...

Including:

Wing - Use Wing - Artificial wings
Wing - Terms used to describe aeroplane wings Wing - Design features Wing - Wing types Wing - Science of wings
Wing - Evolution of wings in animals

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Enriched uranium is uranium whose uranium-235 content has been increased through the process of isotope separation. Natural uranium consists mostly of the 238U isotope, with about 0.7 percent by weight as 235U, the only isotope existing in nature in any appreciable amount that is fissionable by thermal neutrons. The ability to enrich uranium is one of the key factors in nuclear weapons proliferation. During the Manhattan Project enriched uranium was given the codename oralloy, a shortened ver ...

Including:

Enriched uranium - Grades
Enriched uranium - Highly enriched uranium HEU Enriched uranium - Low-enriched uranium LEU Enriched uranium - Slightly enriched uranium SEU
Enriched uranium - Methods
Enriched uranium - Thermal Diffusion Enriched uranium - Gaseous diffusion Enriched uranium - The Gas centrifuge Enriched uranium - The Zippe centrifuge Enriched uranium - Aerodynamic Processes Enriched uranium - Electromagnetic Isotope Separation Enriched uranium - Laser processes Enriched uranium - Chemical methods Enriched uranium - Plasma separation
Enriched uranium - The SWU separative work unit Enriched uranium - Downblending

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Car handling and vehicle handling is a description of the way wheeled vehicles perform transverse to their direction of motion, particularly during cornering and swerving. It also includes their stability when moving in a straight line. Handling and braking are the major components of a vehicle's "active" safety. The maximum lateral acceleration is sometimes discussed separately as "road holding". Handling is an esoteric performance area because rapid and violent manoeuvres are often only used in unforeseen circumstances. (This discussion is directed at road vehicles with at least three wheels, ...

Including:

Car handling - Factors that affect a car's handling
Car handling - Driver Car handling - Weather Car handling - Road condition Car handling - Weight distribution Car handling - Suspension Car handling - Tyres and wheels Car handling - Track and wheelbase Car handling - Unsprung weight Car handling - Aerodynamics Car handling - Delivery of power to the wheels and brakes Car handling - Yaw and pitch angular inertia polar moment Car handling - Roll angular inertia Car handling - Position and support for the driver Car handling - Steering Car handling - Suspension travel Car handling - Electronic stability control Car handling - Alignment of the wheels Car handling - Rigidity of the frame
Car handling - Common handling problems Car handling - Compromises Car handling - Aftermarket modifications and adjustments to affect handling Car handling - Cars with unusual handling problems

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The Coandă effect (IPA: ['kwandə]) is the tendency of a stream of fluid to stay attached to a convex surface, rather than follow a straight line in its original direction. The principle was named after Romanian inventor Henri Coandă, who was the first to understand the practical importance of the phenomenon for aircraft development. He made the discovery during experiments with his Coandă-1910 aircraft, which is the ...

Including:

Coandă effect - Demonstration Coandă effect - Lift from an airfoil

Read more here: » Coandă effect: Encyclopedia - Coandă effect

Turning the pitch angle of wingblades on or off the wind to controll is absorption of power. Windturbines (WTs see also:Wind Power) uses this to adjust the rotationspeed and the generated power. A propeller of a ship uses this effect to control its speed without decreasing the rotation of the shaft and to increase the effiency of streaming fluids (aerodynamic, hydrodynamic). Other related archivesWind Power, aerodynamic, hydrodynamic

Read more here: » Blade pitch: Encyclopedia - Blade pitch