Adipose tissue is an anatomical term for loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes. Its main role is to store energy in the form of fat, although it also cushions and insulates the body. It has an important endocrine function in producing recently-discovered hormones such as leptin, resistin and TNFα. Adipose tissue - Anatomical features. Adipose tissue is primarily located beneath the skin, but is also found around internal organs. In the skin, it accumulates in the deepest level, the subcutaneous la ...

Including:

Adipose tissue - Anatomical features Adipose tissue - Physiology Adipose tissue - Cultural and social role

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Brown adipose tissue - Biochemistry Brown adipose tissue - Function in babies Brown adipose tissue - Function in plants

Read more here: » Brown adipose tissue: Encyclopedia - Brown adipose tissue

Free fatty acid is "liberated" from lipoproteins by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and enters the adipocyte, where it is reassembled into triglycerides by esterising it onto glycerol. Fat cells have an important physiological role in maintaining triglyceride and free fatty acid levels, as well as determining insulin resistance. Abdominal fat has a different metabolic profile—being more prone to induce insulin resistance. This explains to a large degree why central obesity is a marker of impaired glucose tolerance and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (even in the ab ...

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Adipose tissue, Adipose tissue - Anatomical features, Adipose tissue - Physiology, Adipose tissue - Cultural and social role

Read more here: » Adipose tissue: Encyclopedia II - Adipose tissue - Physiology

Fat is one of the three main classes of food and, at approximately 38 kJ (9 kilocalories) per gram, as compared to sugar with 17 kJ (4 kcal) per gram or ethanol with 29 kJ (7 kcal) per gram, the most concentrated form of metabolic energy available to humans. (Note that 1 kcal = 1 "Calorie", capitalised in nutrition-related contexts.) Fat is composed of 3 types of molecules: 1. Oxygen, 2. Hydrogen, and finally 3. ...

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Fat - Adipose tissue Fat - Metabolism Fat - External link

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Adipose tissue is primarily located beneath the skin, but is also found around internal organs. In the skin, it accumulates in the deepest level, the subcutaneous layer, providing insulation from heat and cold. Around organs, it provides protective padding. It also functions as a reserve of nutrients. In a severely obese person, excess adipose tissue hanging downward from the abdomen is referred to as a panniculus (or pannus). A panniculus complicates surgery of the morbidly obese, and may remain as a literal "apron of skin" if a severely obese person quickly loses large ...

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Adipose tissue, Adipose tissue - Anatomical features, Adipose tissue - Physiology, Adipose tissue - Cultural and social role

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The mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell utilize fuels to produce energy (in the form of ATP). This process involves storing energy as a proton gradient, also known as the proton motive force (PMF), across the mitochondrial inner membrane and the energy is used to synthesis ATP when the protons return across the membrane through the ATP synthase enzyme. This model is known as the chemiosmotic hypothesis. In endothermic animals, body heat is maintained by signalling the mitochondria to let protons run back along the gradient without produ ...

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Brown adipose tissue, Brown adipose tissue - Biochemistry, Brown adipose tissue - Function in babies, Brown adipose tissue - Function in plants

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In neonates (new born babies), brown fat, which then makes up about 5% of the body mass and is located on the back, along the upper half of the spine and towards the shoulders, is of great importance to avoid lethal cold (hypothermia is a major death risk for premature neonates). Numerous factors make infants more susceptible to cold than adults: the higher ratio of body surface (proportional to heat loss) to body volume (proportional to heat production) the higher proportional surface area of the head (which is seldom ...

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Brown adipose tissue, Brown adipose tissue - Biochemistry, Brown adipose tissue - Function in babies, Brown adipose tissue - Function in plants

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Chloroquine Chloroquine is a commonly used form of medication against malaria. As it also mildly suppresses the immune system, it is used in some autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine - Pharmacology. It has a very high volume of distribution, as it diffuses into the body's adipose tissue. Primaquine Chloroquine - Mechanism of action. Inside the red blood cells, the parasite must degrad ...

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Chloroquine - Pharmacology Chloroquine - Mechanism of action

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The adipokines or adipocytokines are a group of cytokines (cell-to-cell signalling proteins) secreted by adipose tissue. Members include: leptin (Ob ligand) adiponectin resistin plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) visfatin Their relative roles in modifying appetite, insulin resistance and atherosclerosis are the subjects of intense research, as they may be modifyable causes of morbidity in people with ...

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The metabolism of lipids is a closely regulated system in virtually all lifeforms. It is affected by a variety of enzymes and, in higher organisms, regulated by hormones. Research is ongoing on the relative influence of various hormonal regulators on the anabolism (production) and catabolism (breakdown, also termed lipolysis) of fatty molecules. A subject of particularly close study is cholesterol, levels and types of which are inf ...

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Fat, Fat - Adipose tissue, Fat - Metabolism, Fat - External link

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A brassière or bra is a foundation garment for women which covers and supports the breasts. Brassiere - Need for brassières. The female breasts have very little internal support, being composed largely of adipose tissue. It is believed that the primary anatomical support for the breast is provided by the Cooper's ligaments, with the skin covering the breasts offering some additional support. However, this anatomical support is usually insufficient to hold the breasts up (especially in older women), ...

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Brassiere - Need for brassières Brassiere - History Brassiere - Bra sizes Brassiere - Construction and Fit Brassiere - Types of bra Brassiere - Culture Brassiere - Terminology

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Cellulite describes the orange peel or cottage cheese-type dimpling of skin, caused by the protrusion of subcutaneous fat into the dermis creating an undulating dermal-subcutaneous fat junction adipose tissue. The term cellulite originated in France more than 150 years ago and began appearing in English language publications in the late 1960s. Descriptive names for cellulite include orange peel syndrome, cottage cheese skin, the mattress phenomenon, and hail damage. Synonyms include: adiposis edematosa, dermopanniculosis deformans, st ...

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Adiponectin (also referred to as Acrp30, apM1) is a protein hormone that modulates a number of metabolic processes, including glucose regulation and fatty acid catabolism. Adiponectin is exclusively secreted from adipose tissue into the bloodstream and is very abundant in plasma relative to many hormones. Levels of the hormone are inversely correlated with body mass index (BMI). The hormone plays a role in metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, obesity and atherosclerosis. Adiponectin - History of Adi ...

Including:

Adiponectin - History of Adiponectin Adiponectin - Adiponectin Structure and Function Adiponectin - Metabolic Effects Adiponectin - Pharmaceutical Therapy Adiponectin - Sources

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The appetite is the desire to eat food, felt as hunger. Appetite exists in all higher lifeforms, and serves to regulate adequate energy intake to maintain metabolic needs. It is regulated by a close interplay between the digestive tract, adipose tissue and the brain. Decreased desire to eat is termed anorexia, while polyphagia (or "hyperphagia") is increased eating. Dysregulation of appetite contributes to anorexia nervosa and cachexia on one side, and obesity on the other side of the spectrum. Appetite - Regulation. ...

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Appetite - Regulation
Appetite - Effector Appetite - Sensor
Appetite - Role in disease Appetite - Pharmacology

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FAT may mean: Factory acceptance test (see Acceptance test), a software engineering concept Far Eastern Air Transport, a Chinese airline File Allocation Table, a file system format used by Microsoft operating systems Forces Armées Tchadiennes, the Chad armed forces of the government of President Félix Malloum Fresno Yosemite International Airport (IATA airport code FAT) See also. Fat, a generic term for a class of lipids in biochemistry ...

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Chylomicrons are large lipoprotein particles (having a diameter of 75 to 1,200nm) that are created by the absorptive cells of the small intestine. Chylomicrons transport lipids to adipose tissue where they are broken down by lipoprotein lipase. The way from the intestines to the adipose tissue is this: The chylomicrons are released by exocytosis from enterocytes into lacteals, lymphatic vessels originating in the villi of the small intestine, and are then secreted into the bloodstream, at the place where the lymphatic system falls int

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The metabolism of lipids is a closely regulated system in virtually all lifeforms. It is affected by a variety of enzymes and, in higher organisms, regulated by hormones. Research is ongoing on the relative influence of various hormonal regulators on the anabolism (production) and catabolism (breakdown, also termed lipolysis) of fatty molecules. A subject of particularly close study is cholesterol, levels and types of which are influenced by the fatty acid metabolism and is known for its role in development of atherosclerosis.Can also be attri ...

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Fat, Fat - Adipose tissue, Fat - Metabolism, Fat - External link

Read more here: » Fat: Encyclopedia II - Fat - Metabolism

Three major steps are involved in the degradation of fatty acids. Fatty acid metabolism - Release from adipose tissue. The breakdown of fat stored in fat cells is known as lipolysis. During this process, free fatty acids are released into the bloodstream and circulate throughout the body. Ketones are produced, leading to the process of ketosis in the case where insufficient carbohydrates are present in the diet. Lipolysis testing strips are available which can sometimes ...

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Fatty acid metabolism, Fatty acid metabolism - Fatty acids as an energy source, Fatty acid metabolism - Digestion, Fatty acid metabolism - Degradation, Fatty acid metabolism - Release from adipose tissue, Fatty acid metabolism - Transport into mitochondria, Fatty acid metabolism - β-Oxidation, Fatty acid metabolism - β-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, Fatty acid metabolism - β-oxidation of odd-numbered chains, Fatty acid metabolism - Oxidation in peroxisomes, Fatty acid metabolism - Energy yield, Fatty acid metabolism - Synthesis, Fatty acid metabolism - Elongation

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Three types of PPARs have been identified: alpha, gamma and delta (beta). α (alpha) - expressed in kidney, heart, muscle, adipose tissue, and others. γ (gamma) - although transcribed by the same gene, this PPAR exists in three forms: γ1 - expressed in virtually all tissues, including heart, muscle, colon, kidney, pancreas and spleen. γ2 - expressed mainly in adipose tissue (30 aminoacids longer) γ3 - expressed in macrophages, large intestine, white adipose tissue. δ (delta) - expre ...

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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor - Nomenclature, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor - History, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor - What happened to PPARβ beta?, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor - Physiological function, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor - Genetics, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor - Structure, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor - Pharmacology, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor - PPAR-alpha, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor - PPAR-gamma, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor - Sources

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PAI-1 is mainly produced by the endothelium (cells lining blood vessels), but is also secreted by other tissue types, such as adipose tissue. PAI-1 inhibits the serine proteases tPA and uPA/urokinase, and hence is an inhibitor of fibrinolysis, the physiological process that degrades blood clots. ...

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Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 - Genetics, Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 - Function, Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 - Role in disease, Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 - Pharmacology, Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 - Reference, Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 - External link

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