Aṣṭādhyāyī

The Ashtadhyayi (Aṣṭādhyāyī, meaning "eight chapters") is the earliest known grammar of Sanskrit, and one of the first works on descriptive linguistics, generative linguistics, or linguistics altogether. It was composed roughly around 400 BC by the Gandharan grammarian Panini, and it describes (and prescribes) the grammar of Classical Sanskrit completely, and also mentions many forms of pre-Classical Vedic Sanskrit as exceptions. Its notational stru ...

Including:

• Aṣṭādhyāyī - The rules
• Aṣṭādhyāyī - List of IT markers
• Aṣṭādhyāyī - Editions

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The first two sutras are as follows: 1.1.1 vṛ́ddhir āT-aiC 1.1.2 aT-eṆ guṇáḥ In these sutras, the capital letters are special meta-linguistic symbols; they are called IT markers (see below). The ...

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Aṣṭādhyāyī, Aṣṭādhyāyī - The rules, Aṣṭādhyāyī - List of IT markers, Aṣṭādhyāyī - Editions

Read more here: » Aṣṭādhyāyī: Encyclopedia II - Aṣṭādhyāyī - The rules

Sanskrit (saṃskṛtam संस्कृतम्) is a classical language of India and a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. It has a position in India and Southeast Asia similar to that of Latin and Greek in Medieval Europe, and is a central part of Hindu tradition. Sanskrit is one of the 22 official languages of India. Sanskrit is taught in schools and households th ...

Including:

• Sanskrit - History
• Sanskrit - Vedic Sanskrit
• Sanskrit - Classical Sanskrit
• Sanskrit - European Scholarship
• Sanskrit - Phonology and writing system
• Sanskrit - Vowels
• Sanskrit - Consonants
• Sanskrit - Phonology
• Sanskrit - Pitch
• Sanskrit - Sandhi
• Sanskrit - Script
• Sanskrit - Grammar
• Sanskrit - Grammatical tradition
• Sanskrit - Verbs
• Sanskrit - Verbs: Conjugation
• Sanskrit - Nominal inflection
• Sanskrit - Personal Pronouns and Determiners
• Sanskrit - Compounds
• Sanskrit - Syntax
• Sanskrit - Numerals
• Sanskrit - Influence
• Sanskrit - Modern-day India
• Sanskrit - Interactions with Sino-Tibetan languages
• Sanskrit - Western vogue for Sanskrit
• Sanskrit - Computational linguistics

Read more here: » Sanskrit: Encyclopedia - Sanskrit

A language is a system of symbols, generally known as lexemes and the rules by which they are manipulated. The word language is also used to refer to the whole phenomenon of language, i.e., the common properties of languages. Though language is commonly used for communication, it is not synonymous with it. Human language is a natural phenomenon, and language learning is instinctive in childhood. In their natural form, human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for the symbols in order to communicate with others through the senses. Though there are thousands of human languages, they all share a number of prope ...

Including:

• Language - Properties of language
• Language - Human languages
• Language - Origins of human language
• Language - Language taxonomy
• Language - Constructed languages
• Language - The study of language
• Language - Animal nonhuman language
• Language - Formal languages

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Patañjali (Devanāgarī पतञ्जलि) is the compiler of the Yoga Sutra, a major work containing aphorisms on the practical and philosophical wisdom regarding practice of Raja Yoga. ("Yoga" in traditional Hinduism involves inner contemplation, a rigorous system meditation practice, ethics, metaphysics, and devotion to the one common soul, God, or Brahman/Atman.) Virtually nothing is known about the life of Patañjali, and some scholars believe he is entirely mythical. Various references suggest he lived between ...

Including:

• Patañjali - Yoga Sutras of Patañjali
• Patañjali - The Mahābhāṣya

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The Shiva Sutras (also Maheshvara Sutras) are the 14 sutras that form the basis of the Aṣṭādhyāyī (See: Aṣṭādhyāyī), the Sanskrit grammar by Pāṇini (See: Pāṇini). According to legend, these sutras were revealed to

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Sanskrit grammatical tradition (vyākaraṇa, one of the six Vedanga disciplines) begins in late Vedic India, and culminates in the Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini (ca. 5th century BC). Sanskrit grammarians - Panini's school. Panini's work had a phenomenal success, and later Sanskrit grammarians were essentially reduced to the role of his commentators, and ...

Including:

• Sanskrit grammarians - Panini's school
• Sanskrit grammarians - Early Accounts
• Sanskrit grammarians - Beginning of Western scholarship
• Sanskrit grammarians - 19th century
• Sanskrit grammarians - Modern period

Read more here: » Sanskrit grammarians: Encyclopedia - Sanskrit grammarians

The sign inventory of IAST (both small and Capital letters) shown with Devanagari equivalents and phonetic values in IPA, is as follows: Note: Unlike ASCII only romanizations such as ITRANS or Harvard-Kyoto, the diacritics used for IAST allow capitalization of proper names. The capital variants of letters never occurring word-initially Ṇ Ṅ Ñ Ḍ Ṭ � ...

See also:

IAST, IAST - IAST sign inventory and conventions

Read more here: » IAST: Encyclopedia II - IAST - IAST sign inventory and conventions

The princes who ruled over these countries were Kshatriyas, and Panini's sutra 4.1.174 (te tadrajah) teaches us that the same word denoted both a descendent of the Kshatriyas i.e a citizen of janapada, as well as their king or ruler (India as Known to Panini, 1953, p 427, Dr V. S. Aggarwala; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, p29-31, Dr J. L. Kamboj ) Sanskrit: Kshatriya.samana.shabdat janapadat tasya rajanyapatyavat | — (Katyayana's vartika V.1.168.3) ...

See also:

Kambojas of Panini, Kambojas of Panini - Panini’s Sutras 4.1.168-4.1.177, Kambojas of Panini - Panini’s Kshatiya monarchies, Kambojas of Panini - Panini’s rules for janapadas and the Kshatriya settlers, Kambojas of Panini - Kshatriya tribes and their janapadas, Kambojas of Panini - Kshatiya descendents and their rulers, Kambojas of Panini - Special rule for Kamboja, Kambojas of Panini - Comments on special rule for Kamboja, Kambojas of Panini - Katyayana's expansion of sutra 4.1.175, Kambojas of Panini - Panini’s ganas and the Kamboja, Kambojas of Panini - Ganapatha on Panini’s rule and the Kambojas

Read more here: » Kambojas of Panini: Encyclopedia II - Kambojas of Panini - Panini’s rules for janapadas and the Kshatriya settlers

Panini's work had a phenomenal success, and later Sanskrit grammarians were essentially reduced to the role of his commentators, and his predecessors are only known from references in the Ashtadhyayi itself. His work is still used, or at least referred to, in the teaching of Sanskrit today. Panini's grammar consists of several parts, of which the Ashtadhyayi, containing the morphological rules, forms the core: Shiva Sutras: phonology (See also:

Sanskrit grammarians, Sanskrit grammarians - Panini's school, Sanskrit grammarians - Early Accounts, Sanskrit grammarians - Beginning of Western scholarship, Sanskrit grammarians - 19th century, Sanskrit grammarians - Modern period

Read more here: » Sanskrit grammarians: Encyclopedia II - Sanskrit grammarians - Panini's school

Classical Sanskrit distinguishes 48 sounds. Some of these, are, however, allophones. The number of phonemes is smaller, at about 35, see below. The sounds are traditionally listed in the order vowels, diphthongs, anusvara and visarga, stops and nasals (starting in the back of the mouth and moving forward), and finally the liquids and fricatives, written in IAST as follows (see the tables below for details): See also:

Sanskrit, Sanskrit - History, Sanskrit - Vedic Sanskrit, Sanskrit - Classical Sanskrit, Sanskrit - European Scholarship, Sanskrit - Phonology and writing system, Sanskrit - Vowels, Sanskrit - Consonants, Sanskrit - Phonology, Sanskrit - Pitch, Sanskrit - Sandhi, Sanskrit - Script, Sanskrit - Grammar, Sanskrit - Grammatical tradition, Sanskrit - Verbs, Sanskrit - Verbs: Conjugation, Sanskrit - Nominal inflection, Sanskrit - Personal Pronouns and Determiners, Sanskrit - Compounds, Sanskrit - Syntax, Sanskrit - Numerals, Sanskrit - Influence, Sanskrit - Modern-day India, Sanskrit - Interactions with Sino-Tibetan languages, Sanskrit - Western vogue for Sanskrit, Sanskrit - Computational linguistics

Read more here: » Sanskrit: Encyclopedia II - Sanskrit - Phonology and writing system

Classical Sanskrit distinguishes 48 sounds. Some of these, are, however, allophones. The number of phonemes is smaller, at about 35, see below. The sounds are traditionally listed in the order vowels, diphthongs, anusvara and visarga, stops and nasals (starting in the back of the mouth and moving forward), and finally the liquids and fricatives, written in IAST as follows (see the tables below for details): See also:

Sanskrit, Sanskrit - History, Sanskrit - Vedic Sanskrit, Sanskrit - Classical Sanskrit, Sanskrit - European Scholarship, Sanskrit - Phonology and writing system, Sanskrit - Vowels, Sanskrit - Consonants, Sanskrit - Phonology, Sanskrit - Pitch, Sanskrit - Script, Sanskrit - Grammar, Sanskrit - Grammatical tradition, Sanskrit - Verbs, Sanskrit - Verbs: Conjugation, Sanskrit - Nominal inflection, Sanskrit - Personal Pronouns and Determiners, Sanskrit - Compounds, Sanskrit - Syntax, Sanskrit - Numerals, Sanskrit - Influence, Sanskrit - Modern-day India, Sanskrit - Interactions with Sino-Tibetan languages, Sanskrit - Western vogue for Sanskrit, Sanskrit - Computational linguistics

Read more here: » Sanskrit: Encyclopedia II - Sanskrit - Phonology and writing system

Human languages are usually referred to as natural languages, and the science studying them is linguistics. Making a principled distinction between one language and another is usually impossible. For example, the boundaries between named language groups are in effect arbitrary due to blending between populations (the dialect continuum). For instance, there are dialects of German very similar to Dutch which are not mutually intelligible with o ...

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Language, Language - Properties of language, Language - Human languages, Language - Origins of human language, Language - Language taxonomy, Language - Constructed languages, Language - The study of language, Language - Animal nonhuman language, Language - Formal languages

Read more here: » Language: Encyclopedia II - Language - Human languages

Panini has also read Kamboja in the ganas to IV.2.133 (Kachhadi ) and IV.3.93 (Sindhuvadi) and has recommended adding affix like aÑ etc to obtain appropriate derivatives to denote the ancestral homeland of Kamboja Kshatriyas (abhijana) and the name of products native to the Kamboja-land as follows: Kamboja + aÑ => Kaamboja where Kaamboja denotes the ancestral homeland of the Kambojas. The same term Kaamboja may also denote a horse or an e ...

See also:

Kambojas of Panini, Kambojas of Panini - Panini’s Sutras 4.1.168-4.1.177, Kambojas of Panini - Panini’s Kshatiya monarchies, Kambojas of Panini - Panini’s rules for janapadas and the Kshatriya settlers, Kambojas of Panini - Kshatriya tribes and their janapadas, Kambojas of Panini - Kshatiya descendents and their rulers, Kambojas of Panini - Special rule for Kamboja, Kambojas of Panini - Comments on special rule for Kamboja, Kambojas of Panini - Katyayana's expansion of sutra 4.1.175, Kambojas of Panini - Panini’s ganas and the Kamboja, Kambojas of Panini - Ganapatha on Panini’s rule and the Kambojas

Read more here: » Kambojas of Panini: Encyclopedia II - Kambojas of Panini - Panini’s ganas and the Kamboja

Sanskrit - Modern-day India. Sanskrit's greatest influence, presumably, is that which it exerted on languages that grew from its vocabulary and grammatical base. Especially among elite circles in India, Sanskrit is prized as a storehouse of scripture and the language of prayers in Hinduism. Like Latin's influence on European languages, Sanskrit has influenced most Indian languages. While vernacular prayer is common, Sanskrit mantras are recited by millions of Hindus and most temple functions are conducted entirel ...

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Sanskrit, Sanskrit - History, Sanskrit - Vedic Sanskrit, Sanskrit - Classical Sanskrit, Sanskrit - European Scholarship, Sanskrit - Phonology and writing system, Sanskrit - Vowels, Sanskrit - Consonants, Sanskrit - Phonology, Sanskrit - Pitch, Sanskrit - Script, Sanskrit - Grammar, Sanskrit - Grammatical tradition, Sanskrit - Verbs, Sanskrit - Verbs: Conjugation, Sanskrit - Nominal inflection, Sanskrit - Personal Pronouns and Determiners, Sanskrit - Compounds, Sanskrit - Syntax, Sanskrit - Numerals, Sanskrit - Influence, Sanskrit - Modern-day India, Sanskrit - Interactions with Sino-Tibetan languages, Sanskrit - Western vogue for Sanskrit, Sanskrit - Computational linguistics

Read more here: » Sanskrit: Encyclopedia II - Sanskrit - Influence

Later, Katyayana (3rd c BC) had expanded the scope of Panini's sutra 4.1.175 (Kambojal.luk) by adding a vartika to the sutra as follows: Sanskrit: Kamboj.adhibhyo-luk-vachanam chadadyartham. — (Katyayana's Vartika V.1.175.1) Katyayana states that like Kamboja, the words like Choda, Kadera, Kerala, Saka, Yavana also denote each not only the country and the Kshatriya ...

See also:

Kambojas of Panini, Kambojas of Panini - Panini’s Sutras 4.1.168-4.1.177, Kambojas of Panini - Panini’s Kshatiya monarchies, Kambojas of Panini - Panini’s rules for janapadas and the Kshatriya settlers, Kambojas of Panini - Kshatriya tribes and their janapadas, Kambojas of Panini - Kshatiya descendents and their rulers, Kambojas of Panini - Special rule for Kamboja, Kambojas of Panini - Comments on special rule for Kamboja, Kambojas of Panini - Katyayana's expansion of sutra 4.1.175, Kambojas of Panini - Panini’s ganas and the Kamboja, Kambojas of Panini - Ganapatha on Panini’s rule and the Kambojas

Read more here: » Kambojas of Panini: Encyclopedia II - Kambojas of Panini - Katyayana's expansion of sutra 4.1.175

The Ganapatha 178 on Panini's rule II.1.72 - Mayuravyamsakad'i' informs us that the Kambojas and the Yavanas observed a social custom of supporting short-cut head-hair: Sanskrit: Kamboja-mundah Yavana-mundah i.e shaved headed Kambojas, shaved headed Yavanas. This same fact is also conveyed by the Mahabharata: Sanskrit: mundanetanhanishyami danavaniva vasavah. pratigyam parayishyami Kambojan.eva ma vaha. — (MBH ...

See also:

Kambojas of Panini, Kambojas of Panini - Panini’s Sutras 4.1.168-4.1.177, Kambojas of Panini - Panini’s Kshatiya monarchies, Kambojas of Panini - Panini’s rules for janapadas and the Kshatriya settlers, Kambojas of Panini - Kshatriya tribes and their janapadas, Kambojas of Panini - Kshatiya descendents and their rulers, Kambojas of Panini - Special rule for Kamboja, Kambojas of Panini - Comments on special rule for Kamboja, Kambojas of Panini - Katyayana's expansion of sutra 4.1.175, Kambojas of Panini - Panini’s ganas and the Kamboja, Kambojas of Panini - Ganapatha on Panini’s rule and the Kambojas

Read more here: » Kambojas of Panini: Encyclopedia II - Kambojas of Panini - Ganapatha on Panini’s rule and the Kambojas

The adjective saṃskṛta- means "refined, consecrated, sanctified". The language referred to as saṃskṛtā vāk "the refined language" has by definition always been a 'high' language, used for religious and scientific discourse and contrasted with ...

See also:

Sanskrit, Sanskrit - History, Sanskrit - Vedic Sanskrit, Sanskrit - Classical Sanskrit, Sanskrit - European Scholarship, Sanskrit - Phonology and writing system, Sanskrit - Vowels, Sanskrit - Consonants, Sanskrit - Phonology, Sanskrit - Pitch, Sanskrit - Script, Sanskrit - Grammar, Sanskrit - Grammatical tradition, Sanskrit - Verbs, Sanskrit - Verbs: Conjugation, Sanskrit - Nominal inflection, Sanskrit - Personal Pronouns and Determiners, Sanskrit - Compounds, Sanskrit - Syntax, Sanskrit - Numerals, Sanskrit - Influence, Sanskrit - Modern-day India, Sanskrit - Interactions with Sino-Tibetan languages, Sanskrit - Western vogue for Sanskrit, Sanskrit - Computational linguistics

Read more here: » Sanskrit: Encyclopedia II - Sanskrit - History

Sanskrit - Grammatical tradition. Main article: Sanskrit grammarians Sanskrit grammatical tradition (vyākaraṇa, one of the six Vedanga disciplines) begins in late Vedic India, and culminates in the See also:

Sanskrit, Sanskrit - History, Sanskrit - Vedic Sanskrit, Sanskrit - Classical Sanskrit, Sanskrit - European Scholarship, Sanskrit - Phonology and writing system, Sanskrit - Vowels, Sanskrit - Consonants, Sanskrit - Phonology, Sanskrit - Pitch, Sanskrit - Script, Sanskrit - Grammar, Sanskrit - Grammatical tradition, Sanskrit - Verbs, Sanskrit - Verbs: Conjugation, Sanskrit - Nominal inflection, Sanskrit - Personal Pronouns and Determiners, Sanskrit - Compounds, Sanskrit - Syntax, Sanskrit - Numerals, Sanskrit - Influence, Sanskrit - Modern-day India, Sanskrit - Interactions with Sino-Tibetan languages, Sanskrit - Western vogue for Sanskrit, Sanskrit - Computational linguistics

Read more here: » Sanskrit: Encyclopedia II - Sanskrit - Grammar

Sanskrit - Grammatical tradition. Sanskrit grammatical tradition (vyākaraṇa, one of the six Vedanga disciplines) begins in late Vedic India, and culminates in the Aṣṭādhyāyī of See also:

Sanskrit, Sanskrit - History, Sanskrit - Vedic Sanskrit, Sanskrit - Classical Sanskrit, Sanskrit - European Scholarship, Sanskrit - Phonology and writing system, Sanskrit - Vowels, Sanskrit - Consonants, Sanskrit - Phonology, Sanskrit - Pitch, Sanskrit - Sandhi, Sanskrit - Script, Sanskrit - Grammar, Sanskrit - Grammatical tradition, Sanskrit - Verbs, Sanskrit - Verbs: Conjugation, Sanskrit - Nominal inflection, Sanskrit - Personal Pronouns and Determiners, Sanskrit - Compounds, Sanskrit - Syntax, Sanskrit - Numerals, Sanskrit - Influence, Sanskrit - Modern-day India, Sanskrit - Interactions with Sino-Tibetan languages, Sanskrit - Western vogue for Sanskrit, Sanskrit - Computational linguistics

Read more here: » Sanskrit: Encyclopedia II - Sanskrit - Grammar