adhesives

Bolted joints are one of the most common elements in construction and machine design. They consist of cap screws or studs that capture and join other parts, and are secured with the mating of threads. There are two main types of bolted joint designs. In one method the bolt is tightened to a calculated torque, producing a clamp load. The joint will be designed such that the clamp load is never overcome by the forces acting on the joint (and ...

Including:

• Bolted joint - Theory
• Bolted joint - Clamp load
• Bolted joint - Thread strength
• Bolted joint - Setting the torque
• Bolted joint - Property class
• Bolted joint - Failure modes
• Bolted joint - Types of bolts
• Bolted joint - Locking mechanisms

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Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength shorter than that of the visible region, but longer than that of soft X-rays. It can be subdivided into near UV (380–200 nm wavelength), far or vacuum UV (200–10 nm; abbrev. FUV or VUV), and extreme UV (1–31 nm; abbrev. EUV or XUV). When considering the effect of UV radiation on human health and the environment, the range of UV wavelengths is often subdivided into UVA (380–315 nm), also called Long Wave or " ...

Including:

• Ultraviolet - Discovery
• Ultraviolet - Health concerns and protection
• Ultraviolet - Skin
• Ultraviolet - Eye
• Ultraviolet - Immune system
• Ultraviolet - Beneficial effects
• Ultraviolet - Uses
• Ultraviolet - Black lights
• Ultraviolet - Fluorescent lamps
• Ultraviolet - Pest control
• Ultraviolet - Spectrophotometry
• Ultraviolet - Astronomy
• Ultraviolet - Analyzing minerals
• Ultraviolet - Photolithography
• Ultraviolet - Checking electrical insulation
• Ultraviolet - Sterilization
• Ultraviolet - Disinfecting drinking water
• Ultraviolet - Food Processing
• Ultraviolet - Fire detection
• Ultraviolet - Curing of adhesives and coatings
• Ultraviolet - Deterring Substance Abuse in Public Restrooms
• Ultraviolet - External link

Read more here: » Ultraviolet: Encyclopedia - Ultraviolet

Casein is the predominant phosphoprotein found in fresh milk. When coagulated with rennet, casein is sometimes called paracasein. British terminology, on the other hand, uses the term caseinogen for the uncoagulated protein and casein for the coagulated protein. As it exists in milk, it is a salt of calcium. Casein is not coagulated by heat. It is precipitated by acids and by rennet, a proteolytic enzyme obtained from the stomachs of calves. The enzyme trypsin can hydrolyze off a phosphate-containing peptone. Casein cons ...

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Aluminium or aluminum (Symbol Al) (see the spelling section below) is a silvery and ductile member of the poor metal group of chemical elements. Its atomic number is 13. Aluminium is found primarily as the ore bauxite and is remarkable for its resistance to oxidation (due to the phenomenon of passivation), its strength, and its light weight. Aluminium is used in many industries to make millions of different products and is very important to the world economy. Structural components made from aluminium are vital to the aer ...

Including:

• Aluminium - Properties
• Aluminium - Applications
• Aluminium - Engineering use
• Aluminium - History
• Aluminium - Natural occurrence
• Aluminium - Isotopes
• Aluminium - Clusters
• Aluminium - Precautions
• Aluminium - Spelling
• Aluminium - Etymology / Nomenclature history
• Aluminium - Present day spelling
• Aluminium - Chemistry
• Aluminium - Oxidation state 1
• Aluminium - Oxidation state 2
• Aluminium - Oxidation state 3
• Aluminium - Aluminium in popular culture

Read more here: » Aluminium: Encyclopedia - Aluminium

Chemical engineering is the application of science, in particular chemistry, physics and mathematics, to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms. Chemical Engineering largely involves the design and maintenance of chemical processes for large-scale manufacture. Chemical engineers in this branch are usually employed under the title of process engineer. Following is an example that illustrates the process engineering part of chemical engineering: The di ...

Including:

• Chemical engineering - Related fields and topics

Read more here: » Chemical engineering: Encyclopedia - Chemical engineering

Comics (or, less common, sequential art) is a form of visual art consisting of images which are commonly combined with text, often in the form of speech balloons or image captions. Originally used to illustrate caricatures and to entertain through the use of amusing and trivial stories, it has by now evolved into a literary medium with many subgenres. The most common forms of printed comics are comic strips (most commonly four panels long) in newspapers and magazines, and longer comic stories in comic books ...

Including:

• Comics - Controversy regarding the terminology
• Comics - History
• Comics - 15th–18th centuries
• Comics - The 19th century
• Comics - The 20th century
• Comics - Artistic medium
• Comics - Art styles
• Comics - The language
• Comics - Forms within comics
• Comics - Cartoon
• Comics - Comic strip
• Comics - Comic book
• Comics - Webcomic
• Comics - Instructional comics
• Comics - Storyboard
• Comics - Minicomic
• Comics - The creation of comics
• Comics - Comic book creation
• Comics - Comic strip creation
• Comics - Cartoon creation
• Comics - Tools of the trade
• Comics - Comics awards
• Comics - United States
• Comics - United Kingdom
• Comics - Canada
• Comics - France
• Comics - Germany
• Comics - Italy
• Comics - Spain
• Comics - Sweden
• Comics - Japan
• Comics - Regional categories
• Comics - Comics movements
• Comics - Miscellaneous
• Comics - Lists
• Comics - Bibliography
• Comics - Notes

Read more here: » Comics: Encyclopedia - Comics

For the floppy disk format, see Distribution Media Format Dimethylformamide is a clear liquid, miscible with water and majority of organic solvents. It is a common solvent that is often used in chemical reactions. Pure dimethylformamide is odorless while technical grade or degraded dimethylformamide often has a fishy smell due to dimethylamine impurities. Its name is derived from the fact that it is formamide (the amide of formic acid) with two methyl group substitutio ...

Including:

• Dimethylformamide - Uses
• Dimethylformamide - Production
• Dimethylformamide - Precautions
• Dimethylformamide - Toxicity

Read more here: » Dimethylformamide: Encyclopedia - Dimethylformamide

A fastener is a hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together. Items like rope, string, cables, chains, or plastic wrap may be used to mechanically join objects; but are not generally categorized as fasteners because they have additional common uses. Fasteners are generally available in retail quantities - individually or in small pre-packaged am ...

Including:

• Fastener - Types of fasteners

Read more here: » Fastener: Encyclopedia - Fastener

Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound best recognized for giving vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell. Pure water-free acetic acid is a colourless hygroscopic liquid (that is, it readily absorbs water) that freezes below 16.7 °C (62 °F) to a colourless crystalline solid. Acetic acid is corrosive, and its vapour is irritating to eyes and nose, although it is a weak acid based ...

Including:

• Acetic acid - Nomenclature
• Acetic acid - History
• Acetic acid - Chemical properties
• Acetic acid - Biochemistry
• Acetic acid - Production
• Acetic acid - Methanol carbonylation
• Acetic acid - Acetaldehyde oxidation
• Acetic acid - Ethylene oxidation
• Acetic acid - Fermentation
• Acetic acid - Applications
• Acetic acid - Vinyl acetate monomer
• Acetic acid - Acetic anhydride
• Acetic acid - Ester production
• Acetic acid - Vinegar
• Acetic acid - Use as solvent
• Acetic acid - Other applications
• Acetic acid - Safety

Read more here: » Acetic acid: Encyclopedia - Acetic acid

Cellulose acetate, first prepared in 1865, is the acetate ester of cellulose. Cellulose acetate is used as a film base in photography, and as a component in some adhesives; it is also used as a synthetic fiber. Cellulose acetate - Film. Cellulose acetate (triacetate) photographic film was introduced in 1934 as a replacement for the unstable and highly flammable cellulose nitrate film stock that had previously been standard. Acetate photographic film deteriorates in the presence of oxygen to an unusable stat ...

Including:

• Cellulose acetate - Film
• Cellulose acetate - Fiber
• Cellulose acetate - Acetate fiber characteristics
• Cellulose acetate - Major industrial acetate fiber uses
• Cellulose acetate - Production

Read more here: » Cellulose acetate: Encyclopedia - Cellulose acetate

Plastic is a term that covers a range of synthetic or semisynthetic polymerization products. They are composed of organic condensation or addition polymers and may contain other substances to improve performance or economics. There are few natural polymers generally considered to be "plastics". Plastics can be formed into objects or films or fibers. Their name is derived from the fact that many are malleable, having the property of plasticity. Plastics are designed with immense variation in properties such as heat tolerance, hardness, ...

Including:

• Plastic - Natural polymers
• Plastic - Cellulose-based plastics: celluloid and rayon
• Plastic - Bakelite phenolic
• Plastic - Polystyrene and PVC
• Plastic - Nylon
• Plastic - Synthetic rubber
• Plastic - Plastics explosion: acrylic polyethylene etc.
• Plastic - The environment
• Plastic - Biodegradable Plastics
• Plastic - Price and the future
• Plastic - Common plastics and their typical uses
• Plastic - Special purpose plastics

Read more here: » Plastic: Encyclopedia - Plastic

This article is about the American company, for the Russian company involved in a pyramid scheme, see MMM (pyramid) 3M Company NYSE: MMM (formerly Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company until 2002) is an American corporation with a worldwide presence that produces over 55,000 products, including adhesives, abrasives, laminates, electronic circuits and displays, and pharmaceuticals. The company was established in Two Harbors, Minnesota in 1902, then moved to Duluth, Minnesota, and finally moved to ...

Including:

• 3M - Corporate Governance
• 3M - Current Board of Directors:
• 3M - President of 3M
• 3M - Chief executive officer of 3M
• 3M - Chairman of the Board of 3M
• 3M - Alternative meanings

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Bentonite is an absorbent aluminium phyllosilicate generally impure clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite, (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2·nH2O. Two types exist: swelling bentonite which is also called sodium bentonite and non-swelling bentonite or calcium bentonite. It forms from weathering of volcanic ash, most often in the presence of water. Bentonite expands when wet - sodium bentonite can absorb several hundred percent of its dry wei ...

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Today the epoxy industry amounts to more than US$5 billion in North America and about US$15 billion world-wide. It is made up of approximately 50 - 100 manufacturers of basic or commodity epoxy resins and hardeners of which the big 3 are Resolution Polymers (formerly Shell; whose epoxy tradename is "Epon"), Dow Chemical (tradename "D.E.R."), & Huntsman Advanced Materials (formerly Ciba; tradename "Araldite"). The other 50+ smaller epoxy manufacturers primarily produce epoxies only regionally (not world-wide), produce epoxy hardeners only, produce specialty ep ...

See also:

Epoxy, Epoxy - Industry, Epoxy - Paints and coatings, Epoxy - Adhesives, Epoxy - Industrial tooling and composites, Epoxy - Electrical systems and electronics, Epoxy - Consumer and marine applications

Read more here: » Epoxy: Encyclopedia II - Epoxy - Industry

Ethanol is produced both as a petrochemical, through the hydration of ethylene, and biologically, by fermenting sugars with yeast. Ethanol - Ethylene hydration. Ethanol for use as industrial feedstock and is most often made from petroleum feedstocks, typically by the acid-catalyzed hydration of ethylene, represented by the chemical equation H2C=CH2 + H2O → ...

See also:

Ethanol, Ethanol - History, Ethanol - Production, Ethanol - Ethylene hydration, Ethanol - Fermentation, Ethanol - Purification, Ethanol - Denatured alcohol, Ethanol - Use, Ethanol - As a fuel, Ethanol - Chemicals derived from ethanol, Ethanol - Other uses, Ethanol - Metabolism and toxicology, Ethanol - Hazards

Read more here: » Ethanol: Encyclopedia II - Ethanol - Production

Other plastics emerged in the prewar period, though some would not come into widespread use until after the war. By 1936, American, British, and German companies were producing polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), better known as "acrylic". Although acrylics are now well known for their use in paints and synthetic fibers, such as "fake furs", in their bulk form they are actually very hard and more transparent than glass, and are sold as glass replacements under trade names such as "Plexiglas" and "Lucite". Plexiglas was used to build aircraft canopies during ...

See also:

Plastic, Plastic - Natural polymers, Plastic - Cellulose-based plastics: celluloid and rayon, Plastic - Bakelite phenolic, Plastic - Polystyrene and PVC, Plastic - Nylon, Plastic - Synthetic rubber, Plastic - Plastics explosion: acrylic polyethylene etc., Plastic - The environment, Plastic - Biodegradable Plastics, Plastic - Price and the future, Plastic - Common plastics and their typical uses, Plastic - Special purpose plastics

Read more here: » Plastic: Encyclopedia II - Plastic - Plastics explosion: acrylic polyethylene etc.

Polyurethane can be made in a variety of densities and hardnesses by varying the type of monomer(s) used and adding other substances to modify their characteristics, notably density, or enhance their performance. The main polyurethane producing reaction is between a diisocyanate (aromatic and aliphatic types are available) and a polyethylene glycol or polyester polyol, in the presence of catalysts and materials for controlling the cell structure (surfactants) in the case of foams. Other additives can be used to improve the fire performance, stability in difficult chemical environments and oth ...

See also:

Polyurethane, Polyurethane - Production, Polyurethane - Uses

Read more here: » Polyurethane: Encyclopedia II - Polyurethane - Production

These can be separated into three distinct categories: physical, microbial, and chemical destruction. Polychlorinated biphenyl - Physical methods of destruction. Landfill – Large quantities of PCBs have been placed in landfill sites, mainly in the form of transformers and capacitors. Many municipal sites are not designed to contain these pollutants and PCBs are able to escape into the atmosphere or ground water. No emissions ...

See also:

Polychlorinated biphenyl, Polychlorinated biphenyl - Health effects, Polychlorinated biphenyl - Methods of disposal, Polychlorinated biphenyl - Physical methods of destruction, Polychlorinated biphenyl - Microbial methods of destruction, Polychlorinated biphenyl - Chemical methods of destruction

Read more here: » Polychlorinated biphenyl: Encyclopedia II - Polychlorinated biphenyl - Methods of disposal

Resin as produced by most plants is a viscous liquid, typically composed mainly of volatile fluid terpenes, with lesser components of dissolved non-volatile solids which make resin viscous and sticky. The most common terpenes in resin are the bicyclic terpenes alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, delta-3 carene and sabinene, the monocyclic terpenes limonene and terpinolene, and smaller amounts of the tricyclic sesquiterpenes longifolene, caryophyllene and delta-cadinene. The individual components of resin can be separated by fractional distillation. Some resins cont ...

See also:

Resin, Resin - Formation, Resin - Chemistry, Resin - Derivatives, Resin - Synthetic resins

Read more here: » Resin: Encyclopedia II - Resin - Chemistry

Industrially, 1,1,1-trichloroethane is usually produced in a two-step process from vinyl chloride. In the first step, vinyl chloride reacts with hydrogen chloride at 20-50°C to produce 1,1-dichloroethane. This reaction is catalyzed by one of aluminium chloride, iron(III) chloride, or zinc chloride. Its chemical equation is CH2=CHCl + HCl → CH3CHCl2 The 1,1-dichloroethane is then converted to 1,1,1-trichloroethane by reaction with chlorine under ultraviolet irradiation CH3CHCl2 + Cl2See also:

111-Trichloroethane, 111-Trichloroethane - Production, 111-Trichloroethane - Uses, 111-Trichloroethane - Safety

Read more here: » 111-Trichloroethane: Encyclopedia II - 111-Trichloroethane - Production