Adad-nirari I

Assyria in earliest historical times referred to a region on the Upper Tigris river, named for its original capital, the ancient city of Ashur. Later, as a nation and Empire, it also came to include roughly the northern half of Mesopotamia (the southern half being Babylonia). Assyria proper was located in a mountainous region, extending along the Tigris as far as the high Gordiaean or Carduchian mountain range of Armenia, sometimes called the "Mountains of Ashur". Assyria - Early history. Of the earl ...

Including:

• Assyria - Early history
• Assyria - Old Assyrian city-state
• Assyria - Assyrian Empire
• Assyria - Assyrian empire-building
• Assyria - Sargonid dynasty
• Assyria - Downfall and heritage

Read more here: » Assyria: Encyclopedia - Assyria

Centuries: 15th century BC - 14th century BC - 13th century BC Decades: 1350s BC 1340s BC 1330s BC 1320s BC 1310s BC - 1300s BC - 1290s BC 1280s BC 1270s BC 1260s BC 1250s BC 1300s BC - Events and trends. Cecrops II, legendary King of Athens, dies after a reign of 40 years and is succeeded by his son Pandion II. Pandion II was later driven into exile from Athens by the sons of Cecrops II's brother (or possibly nephew) Metion, so that Metion could take power. Pandion II fled to Me ...

Including:

• 1300s BC - Events and trends
• 1300s BC - Significant people

Read more here: » 1300s BC: Encyclopedia - 1300s BC

The Chronology of the Ancient Near East deals with the notoriously difficult task of assigning dates to various events, rulers and dynasties of the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC. The chronology of this region is based on five sets of primary materials. They are, from the most recent to the earliest: The Canon of Kings from Ptolemy. An unbroken series of Neo-Assyrian king's names. Babylonian King Lists A and B, the Synchronistic Chronicle, the Assyrian King List, and a number of shorter lists of year na ...

Including:

• Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Primary sources
• Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Assur and Babylon
• Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Mesopotamia and Egypt
• Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Mesopotamia and the Hittite Empire
• Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Babylon and Assyria
• Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Chronology and notes
• Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Divergent chronological views
• Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Notes

Read more here: » Chronology of the Ancient Near East: Encyclopedia - Chronology of the Ancient Near East

As early as Akkadian times, Hurrians are known to have lived east of the river Tigris on the northern rim of Mesopotamia, and in the Khabur valley. Hurrians are mentioned in the private Nuzi texts, in Ugarit, and the Hittite archives in Hattushsha (Bogazköy). Cuneiform texts from Mari mention rulers of city-states in upper Mesopotamia with both Amurru (Amorite) and Hurrian names. Rulers with Hurrian names are also attested for Urshum and Hashshum, and tablets from Alalakh (layer VII, from the later part of the old-Babylonian period) ...

See also:

Mitanni, Mitanni - Hurri Mitanni/Maitani and Hanilgalbat, Mitanni - History, Mitanni - Unknown rulers, Mitanni - Barattarna / Parshatatar, Mitanni - Shaushtatar, Mitanni - Artatama I and Shuttarna II, Mitanni - Artasshumara, Mitanni - Tushratta, Mitanni - Shattiwazza, Mitanni - Shattuara I, Mitanni - Wasashatta, Mitanni - Shattuara II, Mitanni - Hanilgalbat as an Assyrian Province, Mitanni - Neo-Assyrian times, Mitanni - Possible connections to Sanskrit and Indo-Aryans, Mitanni - Mitanni rulers, Mitanni - Towns, Mitanni - Excavations, Mitanni - Sources

Read more here: » Mitanni: Encyclopedia II - Mitanni - History

"Kings who dwelled in tents" Ikunum Tudiya Adamu Yangi Suhlamu Harharu Mandaru Imsu HAR-su Didanu Hana Zuabu Nuabu Abazu Belu Azarah Ushpia (ca. 2020 BC) "Kings who were forefathers" (listed in reverse order by the Assyrian King List) Apiashal son of Ushpia Hale son of Apiashal Samani son of Hale Hayani son of Samani Ilu-Mer ...

See also:

Kings of Assyria, Kings of Assyria - Early Period, Kings of Assyria - Old Assyrian Period, Kings of Assyria - Middle Assyrian Period, Kings of Assyria - Neo-Assyrian Period

Read more here: » Kings of Assyria: Encyclopedia II - Kings of Assyria - Early Period

As early as Akkadian times, Hurrians are known to have lived east of the river Tigris on the northern rim of Mesopotamia, and in the Khabur valley. Hurrians are mentioned in the private Nuzi texts, in Ugarit, and the Hittite archives in Hattushsha (Bogazköy). Cuneiform texts from Mari mention rulers of city-states in upper Mesopotamia with both Amurru (Amorite) and Hurrian names. Rulers with Hurrian names are also attested for Urshum and Hashshum, and tablets from Alalakh (layer VII, from the later part of the old-Babylonian period) ...

See also:

Mitanni, Mitanni - Hurri Mitanni/Maitani and Hanilgalbat, Mitanni - History, Mitanni - Unknown rulers, Mitanni - Barattarna / Parshatatar, Mitanni - Shaushtatar, Mitanni - Artatama I and Shuttarna II, Mitanni - Artasshumara, Mitanni - Tushratta, Mitanni - Shattiwaza, Mitanni - Shattuara I, Mitanni - Wasashatta, Mitanni - Shattuara II, Mitanni - Hanilgalbat as an Assyrian Province, Mitanni - Neo-Assyrian times, Mitanni - Possible connections to Sanskrit and Indo-Aryans, Mitanni - Mitanni rulers, Mitanni - Towns, Mitanni - Excavations, Mitanni - Sources

Read more here: » Mitanni: Encyclopedia II - Mitanni - History

The city-state of Ashur had extensive contact with cities on the Anatolian plateau. The Assyrians established "merchant colonies" in Cappadocia, e.g., at Kanesh (modern Kültepe) circa 1920 BC–1840 BC and 1798 BC–1740 BC. These colonies, called karum, the Akkadian word for 'port', were attached to Anatolian cities, but physically separate, and had special tax status. They must have arisen from a long tradition of trade between Ashur and the Anatolian cities; but no archaeological or written records show this. The trade cons ...

See also:

Assyria, Assyria - Early history, Assyria - Old Assyrian city-state, Assyria - Assyrian Empire, Assyria - Assyrian empire-building, Assyria - Second Assyrian Empire, Assyria - Sargonid dynasty, Assyria - Downfall and heritage

Read more here: » Assyria: Encyclopedia II - Assyria - Old Assyrian city-state

The divergent chronologies of Babylonia and Assyria can cause confusion for readers with no specialist knowledge. In this section an attempt is made to indicate briefly the causes which have led to so great a diversity of opinion, and to describe in outline the principles underlying the chief schemes of chronology that have been suggested. A short account will then be given of the latest discoveries in t ...

See also:

Chronology of the Ancient Near East, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Primary sources, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Assur and Babylon, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Mesopotamia and Egypt, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Mesopotamia and the Hittite Empire, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Babylon and Assyria, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Chronology and notes, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Divergent chronological views, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Notes

Read more here: » Chronology of the Ancient Near East: Encyclopedia II - Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Divergent chronological views

The city-state of Ashur had extensive contact with cities on the Anatolian plateau. The Assyrians established "merchant colonies" in Cappadocia, e.g., at Kanesh (modern Kültepe) circa 1920 BC–1840 BC and 1798 BC–1740 BC. These colonies, called karum, the Akkadian word for 'port', were attached to Anatolian cities, but physically separate, and had special tax status. They must have arisen from a long tradition of trade between Ashur and the Anatolian cities; but no archaeological or written records show this. The trade cons ...

See also:

Assyria, Assyria - Early history, Assyria - Old Assyrian city-state, Assyria - Assyrian Empire, Assyria - Assyrian empire-building, Assyria - Sargonid dynasty, Assyria - Downfall and heritage

Read more here: » Assyria: Encyclopedia II - Assyria - Old Assyrian city-state

"Mitanni" seems to have been the native term; this entity may also have been the Biblical Harran, though this is contested. We may assume a Hurrian population with an Indo-Aryan aristocracy. No native sources for the history of Mitanni (i.e. Hanilgalbat) have been found so far. The account is mainly based on Assyrian, Hittite and Egyptian sources, as well as inscriptions from nearby places in Syria. Often it is not even possible to establish synchronicity between the rulers of different countries and cities, let alone give unco ...

See also:

Mitanni, Mitanni - Hurri Mitanni/Maitani and Hanilgalbat, Mitanni - History, Mitanni - Unknown rulers, Mitanni - Barattarna / Parshatatar, Mitanni - Shaushtatar, Mitanni - Artatama I and Shuttarna II, Mitanni - Artasshumara, Mitanni - Tushratta, Mitanni - Shattiwaza, Mitanni - Shattuara I, Mitanni - Wasashatta, Mitanni - Shattuara II, Mitanni - Hanilgalbat as an Assyrian Province, Mitanni - Neo-Assyrian times, Mitanni - Possible connections to Sanskrit and Indo-Aryans, Mitanni - Mitanni rulers, Mitanni - Towns, Mitanni - Excavations, Mitanni - Sources

Read more here: » Mitanni: Encyclopedia II - Mitanni - Hurri Mitanni/Maitani and Hanilgalbat

Some scholars try to equate the deities venerated by the Mitanni with Vedic deities, and trace the names used by the aristocracy to Indo-Aryan roots. In a treaty between the Hittites and the Mitanni, the deities Mitra, Varuna, Indra, and Nasatya (Ashvins) are invoked. Kikkuli's horse training text includes technical terms such as aika (eka, one), tera (tri, three), panza (pancha, five), satta (sapta, seven), na (nava, nine), vartana (vartana, round). Another ...

See also:

Mitanni, Mitanni - Hurri Mitanni/Maitani and Hanilgalbat, Mitanni - History, Mitanni - Unknown rulers, Mitanni - Barattarna / Parshatatar, Mitanni - Shaushtatar, Mitanni - Artatama I and Shuttarna II, Mitanni - Artasshumara, Mitanni - Tushratta, Mitanni - Shattiwaza, Mitanni - Shattuara I, Mitanni - Wasashatta, Mitanni - Shattuara II, Mitanni - Hanilgalbat as an Assyrian Province, Mitanni - Neo-Assyrian times, Mitanni - Possible connections to Sanskrit and Indo-Aryans, Mitanni - Mitanni rulers, Mitanni - Towns, Mitanni - Excavations, Mitanni - Sources

Read more here: » Mitanni: Encyclopedia II - Mitanni - Possible connections to Sanskrit and Indo-Aryans

Of the early history of the kingdom of Assyria, little is positively known. According to some Judeo-Christian traditions, the city of Ashur (also spelled Assur or Aššur) was founded by Ashur the son of Shem, who was deified by later generations as the city's patron god. Besides Ashur, the other three royal Assyrian cities were Calah (Nimrud), Khorsabad, and Nineveh. This region seems to have been ruled from Sumer, Akkad, and northern Babylonia in its earliest stages, being part of Sargon the Great's empire. Destroyed by barba ...

See also:

Assyria, Assyria - Early history, Assyria - Old Assyrian city-state, Assyria - Assyrian Empire, Assyria - Assyrian empire-building, Assyria - Second Assyrian Empire, Assyria - Sargonid dynasty, Assyria - Downfall and heritage

Read more here: » Assyria: Encyclopedia II - Assyria - Early history

Of the early history of the kingdom of Assyria, little is positively known. According to some Judeo-Christian traditions, the city of Ashur (Aŝŝur) was founded by Ashur the son of Shem, who was deified by later generations as the city's patron god. Besides Ashur, the other three royal Assyrian cities were Calah (Nimrud), Khorsabad, and Nineveh. This region seems to have been ruled from Sumer, Akkad, and northern Babylonia in its earliest stages, being part of Sargon the Great's empire. Destroyed by barbarians in the Gutian pe ...

See also:

Assyria, Assyria - Early history, Assyria - Old Assyrian city-state, Assyria - Assyrian Empire, Assyria - Assyrian empire-building, Assyria - Sargonid dynasty, Assyria - Downfall and heritage

Read more here: » Assyria: Encyclopedia II - Assyria - Early history

The chronology of this region is based on five sets of primary materials. They are, from the most recent to the earliest: 1. The Canon of Ptolemy. This is a list of the kings of Babylon and the Persian Empire, from Nabonassar down to Alexander the Great, which Claudius Ptolemy added to one of his books because of the astronomical observations connected with this information. 2. An unbroken series of Neo-Assyrian king names ranging from Ashur-uballit II (died in 609) up to Adad-nirari II (ascended in 911). These years, all named ...

See also:

Chronology of the Ancient Near East, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Primary sources, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Assur and Babylon, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Mesopotamia and Egypt, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Mesopotamia and the Hittite Empire, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Babylon and Assyria, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Chronology and notes, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Divergent chronological views, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Notes

Read more here: » Chronology of the Ancient Near East: Encyclopedia II - Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Primary sources

The chronology of Babylon and Assur can be aligned by the list of wars and treaties between the two cities from the time of king Ashurbanipal. Hittite chronology is dependent on Assyria and Egypt. For times earlier than 1500 BC, various systems based on the Venus tablets of Ammisaduqa have been proposed. The death of Shamshi-Adad I of Assur in the 17th year of the reign of Hammurabi (1712 BC short ch.) is another synchronism which is helpful. The Palace at Acemhöyük burned to the ground, allowing for Dendochronological dating of the seal i ...

See also:

Chronology of the Ancient Near East, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Primary sources, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Assur and Babylon, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Mesopotamia and Egypt, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Mesopotamia and the Hittite Empire, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Babylon and Assyria, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Chronology and notes, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Divergent chronological views, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Notes

Read more here: » Chronology of the Ancient Near East: Encyclopedia II - Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Assur and Babylon

"Mitanni" seems to have been the native term; this entity may also have been the Biblical Harran, though this is contested. We may assume a Hurrian population with an Indo-Aryan aristocracy. No native sources for the history of Mitanni (i.e. Hanilgalbat) have been found so far. The account is mainly based on Assyrian, Hittite and Egyptian sources, as well as inscriptions from nearby places in Syria. Often it is not even possible to establish synchronicity between the rulers of different countries and cities, let alone give unco ...

See also:

Mitanni, Mitanni - Hurri Mitanni/Maitani and Hanilgalbat, Mitanni - History, Mitanni - Unknown rulers, Mitanni - Barattarna / Parshatatar, Mitanni - Shaushtatar, Mitanni - Artatama I and Shuttarna II, Mitanni - Artasshumara, Mitanni - Tushratta, Mitanni - Shattiwazza, Mitanni - Shattuara I, Mitanni - Wasashatta, Mitanni - Shattuara II, Mitanni - Hanilgalbat as an Assyrian Province, Mitanni - Neo-Assyrian times, Mitanni - Possible connections to Sanskrit and Indo-Aryans, Mitanni - Mitanni rulers, Mitanni - Towns, Mitanni - Excavations, Mitanni - Sources

Read more here: » Mitanni: Encyclopedia II - Mitanni - Hurri Mitanni/Maitani and Hanilgalbat

The sack of Babylon by the Hittite king Mursilis I, which ended the reign of Samsu-Ditana, provides an anchor for the earliest dates in Hittite history. The Battle of Nihriya links Tudhaliya IV and Adad-nirari I as contemporaries. The correspondence of the Hittite kings Hattusili III and Tudhaliya IV with the Assyrian chancellor Babu-ahu-iddina conclusively proves that they were the contemporaries of Adad-nirari I, Shalmaneser I and Tukulti-Ninurta I, not their later namesakes. ...

See also:

Chronology of the Ancient Near East, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Primary sources, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Assur and Babylon, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Mesopotamia and Egypt, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Mesopotamia and the Hittite Empire, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Babylon and Assyria, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Chronology and notes, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Divergent chronological views, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Notes

Read more here: » Chronology of the Ancient Near East: Encyclopedia II - Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Mesopotamia and the Hittite Empire

Some scholars try to equate the deities venerated by the Mitanni with Vedic deities, and trace the names used by the aristocracy to Indo-Aryan roots. In a treaty between the Hittites and the Mitanni, the deities Mitra, Varuna, Indra, and Nasatya (Ashvins) are invoked. Kikkuli's horse training text includes technical terms such as aika (eka, one), tera (tri, three), panza (pancha, five), satta (sapta, seven), na (nava, nine), vartana (vartana, round). Another ...

See also:

Mitanni, Mitanni - Hurri Mitanni/Maitani and Hanilgalbat, Mitanni - History, Mitanni - Unknown rulers, Mitanni - Barattarna / Parshatatar, Mitanni - Shaushtatar, Mitanni - Artatama I and Shuttarna II, Mitanni - Artasshumara, Mitanni - Tushratta, Mitanni - Shattiwazza, Mitanni - Shattuara I, Mitanni - Wasashatta, Mitanni - Shattuara II, Mitanni - Hanilgalbat as an Assyrian Province, Mitanni - Neo-Assyrian times, Mitanni - Possible connections to Sanskrit and Indo-Aryans, Mitanni - Mitanni rulers, Mitanni - Towns, Mitanni - Excavations, Mitanni - Sources

Read more here: » Mitanni: Encyclopedia II - Mitanni - Possible connections to Sanskrit and Indo-Aryans

It is possible that mutual influences existed between the Nile Valley and Mesopotamia since very early times. Some authorities believed that Mesopotamian influence affected predynastic Upper Egypt (also known as the Mesopotamian Stimulation) between 34th–31st centuries BC. As of this date, the evidence is not conclusive. On the other hand Iron age Hama (Hamath) shows strong Egyptian influence. The Amarna letters provide the earliest known synchronisms between Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. They provide clear evidence that the New Ki ...

See also:

Chronology of the Ancient Near East, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Primary sources, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Assur and Babylon, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Mesopotamia and Egypt, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Mesopotamia and the Hittite Empire, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Babylon and Assyria, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Chronology and notes, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Divergent chronological views, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Notes

Read more here: » Chronology of the Ancient Near East: Encyclopedia II - Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Mesopotamia and Egypt

The Chaldean king Nabonidus (reigned from 556 BC), who was more of an antiquarian than a politician, and spent his time in excavating the older temples of his country and ascertaining the names of their builders, tells us that Naram-Sin, the son of Sargon of Akkad, lived 3200 years before himself, i.e. around 3750 BC. It is generally accepted by the archaeological consensus this date is much too early. As the reign of King Nabonidus ended by the accession of Cyrus in Babylonia around 539 or 538 BC, the "years" may have been given by actual m ...

See also:

Chronology of the Ancient Near East, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Primary sources, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Assur and Babylon, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Mesopotamia and Egypt, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Mesopotamia and the Hittite Empire, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Babylon and Assyria, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Chronology and notes, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Divergent chronological views, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Notes

Read more here: » Chronology of the Ancient Near East: Encyclopedia II - Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Babylon and Assyria