Value added tax (VAT) is a sales tax levied on the sale of goods and services. In some countries, including Singapore, Australia, New Zealand and Canada, this tax is known as "goods and services tax" or GST. VAT is an indirect tax, in that the tax is collected from someone other than the person who actually bears the cost of the tax (namely the seller rather than the consumer). VAT was invented by Maurice Lauré, joint director of the French tax authority, the Direction générale des impôts, as taxe sur la va ...

Including:

• Value added tax - VAT in the European Union
• Value added tax - Rules on pricing within the EU
• Value added tax - Comparison with a sales tax
• Value added tax - Example
• Value added tax - Without any sales tax
• Value added tax - With a VAT
• Value added tax - With a U.S.-style sales tax
• Value added tax - Limitations to Example & VAT
• Value added tax - VAT criticisms
• Value added tax - VAT Rates
• Value added tax - Non-EU countries
• Value added tax - EU countries

Read more here: » Value added tax: Encyclopedia - Value added tax

Ad majorem Dei gloriam or ad maiorem Dei gloriam, also known by the abbreviation AMDG, is the motto of the Roman Catholic religious order called the Society of Jesus—its members known since the Catholic Reformation as the Jesuits. In Latin, the motto means "For the greater glory of God" and is believed to have been coined by the founder of the religious order, Saint Igna

Read more here: » Ad maiorem Dei gloriam: Encyclopedia - Ad maiorem Dei gloriam

Adémar de Chabannes (989-1034) was an 11th century monk, a historian, who wrote the first annals that had been compiled in Aquitaine since Late Antiquity, as well as a musical composer and a successful literary forger. Adémar de Chabannes - Life. Adémar was born at Chabannes, a village in today's Haute-Vienne département of France. Educated at the monastery of Saint-Martial at Limoges, he passed his life as a monk, either at this place or at the monastery of Saint-Cybard at Angoulême. Ad� ...

Including:

• Adémar de Chabannes - Life
• Adémar de Chabannes - Forgery
• Adémar de Chabannes - Works and legacy
• Adémar de Chabannes - External link
• Adémar de Chabannes - Reference

Read more here: » Adémar de Chabannes: Encyclopedia - Adémar de Chabannes

Surat Ad-Dhuha (Arabic: الضحى aḍ-Ḍuḥà, The Morning Hours, Morning Bright) is the 93rd sura of the Qur'an with 11 ayat. That Says: 093.001 By the Glorious Morning Light, 093.002 And by the Night when it is still,- 093.003 Thy Guardian-Lord hath not forsaken thee, nor is He displeased. 093.004 And verily the Hereafter will be better for thee than the present. 093.005 And soon will thy Guardian-Lord give thee (that wherewith) thou shalt be well-pleased. 093.006 Did He not find t ...

Read more here: » Ad-Dhuha: Encyclopedia - Ad-Dhuha

Ad infinitum is a Latin phrase meaning "to infinity." In context, it usually means "continue forever," and thus can be used to describe a non-terminating process, a non-terminating repeating process, or a set of instructions to be repeated "forever," among other uses. It may also be used in a manner similar to the Latin phrase "et cetera" to denote written words or a concept that continues for a lengthy period beyond what is shown. Examples include: "The series 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 ... ...

Read more here: » Ad infinitum: Encyclopedia - Ad infinitum

Afzal ad-Dawlah Asaf Jah V, Nizam of Hyderabad, was the ruler of Hyderabad state in India from 1857 to 1869. Other related archivesHyderabad, Hyderabad state, India, Nizam

Read more here: » Afzal ad-Dawlah Asaf Jah V: Encyclopedia - Afzal ad-Dawlah Asaf Jah V

Three traditionally identified varieties are ad hominem abusive, ad hominem circumstantial, and ad hominem tu quoque. Ad hominem - Ad hominem abusive. Ad hominem abusive (also called argumentum ad personam) usually and most notoriously involves insulting one's opponent, but can also involve pointing out factual but damning character flaws or actions. The reason that this is fallacious is that — usually, anyway — insults and even damaging facts simply do not undermine what lo ...

See also:

Ad hominem, Ad hominem - Ad hominem as logical fallacy, Ad hominem - Usage, Ad hominem - Validity, Ad hominem - Subtypes, Ad hominem - Ad hominem abusive, Ad hominem - Ad hominem circumstantial, Ad hominem - Ad hominem tu quoque, Ad hominem - Taxonomy

Read more here: » Ad hominem: Encyclopedia II - Ad hominem - Subtypes

2300 AD - New Version. 2320AD is due out soon, and is a sourcebook for the Traveller D20 rules. According to web sources, 2320AD will continue the original Twilight 2000 - 2300AD timeline, positioning a limited nuclear war between Russia, China, and the U.S.A. around the turn of the 21st century. 2300 AD - Boxed Sets. 2300 AD boxed set - Basic rules Star Cruiser - Ship co ...

See also:

2300 AD, 2300 AD - Background, 2300 AD - Technology, 2300 AD - Influences, 2300 AD - Publications, 2300 AD - New Version, 2300 AD - Boxed Sets, 2300 AD - Sourcebooks, 2300 AD - Adventures, 2300 AD - Magazine articles

Read more here: » 2300 AD: Encyclopedia II - 2300 AD - Publications

Some believe that attack ads are useful in shaping public opinion. This may be the result of the appeal to emotion which attack ads often represent. However, an attack ad may fail in its intended purpose and backfire against the group which used it. If an ad is seen as going too far or being too personal the voters will turn against the party that put out the ad. One example of an attack ad backfiring was during the 1993 federal election in Canada when the Progressive Conservative Party attacked Liberal Party leader Jean Chrétien by mocking his facial deformity. Outrage followed, an ...

See also:

Attack ad, Attack ad - Examples, Attack ad - Effectiveness

Read more here: » Attack ad: Encyclopedia II - Attack ad - Effectiveness

In music, this instruction appears in sheet music to indicate that a part can be left out, such as an unnecessary accompaniment or that a passage is to be played in free time rather than in strict tempo. This kind of freedom with the beat for expressive ends, when not explicitly indicated by the composer, is known in classical music as rubato. The expression repeat ad libitum means that a passage may be repeated an arbitrary number of times. More generally, the phrase ad libitum can b ...

See also:

Ad libitum, Ad libitum - Music, Ad libitum - Biology

Read more here: » Ad libitum: Encyclopedia II - Ad libitum - Music

The background history of 2300 AD is a continuation of the nuclear war depicted in the Twilight 2000 role-playing game by the same company. A custom strategy game called "The Great Game" was used by the authors to develop the background history for 2300 AD. The game has some very obvious influences. In various supplements and adventures one can find characters, situations and equipment which were clearly modelled on items from popular science fiction movies and novels. Guns and the power loader from the movie Aliens and a buggy fr ...

See also:

2300 AD, 2300 AD - Background, 2300 AD - Technology, 2300 AD - Influences, 2300 AD - Publications, 2300 AD - New Version, 2300 AD - Boxed Sets, 2300 AD - Sourcebooks, 2300 AD - Adventures, 2300 AD - Magazine articles

Read more here: » 2300 AD: Encyclopedia II - 2300 AD - Influences

One of the earliest and most famous attack ads, known as Daisy Girl, was used by Lyndon Johnson against Barry Goldwater. The ad opened with a young girl innocently strolling through a field and gathering flowers. It then zoomed in to an extreme close up to her eye, then cut to an image of a nuclear explosion. The ad was shocking and disturbing, but also very effective. It convinced many that Goldwater's more aggressive approach to fighting the Cold War ...

See also:

Attack ad, Attack ad - Examples, Attack ad - Effectiveness

Read more here: » Attack ad: Encyclopedia II - Attack ad - Examples

An ad hominem fallacy consists of asserting that someone's argument is wrong and/or they are wrong to argue at all purely because of something discreditable/not-authoritative about the person or those persons cited by them rather than addressing the soundness of the argument itself. The implication is that the person's argument and/or ability to argue correctly lacks authority. Merely insulting another person in the middle of otherwise rational discourse does not necessarily constitute an ad hominem fallacy. It must be clear th ...

See also:

Ad hominem, Ad hominem - Ad hominem as logical fallacy, Ad hominem - Usage, Ad hominem - Validity, Ad hominem - Subtypes, Ad hominem - Ad hominem abusive, Ad hominem - Ad hominem circumstantial, Ad hominem - Ad hominem tu quoque, Ad hominem - Taxonomy

Read more here: » Ad hominem: Encyclopedia II - Ad hominem - Usage

2300 AD is set at the dawn of the 24th century (between 2298 and 2301 depending on the book or supplement). At the end of the 20th century, a limited nuclear exchange took place between the United States, China, the U.S.S.R. and other nuclear powers. (This is the same "Twilight War" that is depicted in the role-playing game Twilight: 2000, also produced by Game Designer's Workshop.) In the intervening three centuries, mankind has rebuilt and returned to space. A practical means of faster-than-light (FTL) travel has been discovered, leading t ...

See also:

2300 AD, 2300 AD - Background, 2300 AD - Technology, 2300 AD - Influences, 2300 AD - Publications, 2300 AD - New Version, 2300 AD - Boxed Sets, 2300 AD - Sourcebooks, 2300 AD - Adventures, 2300 AD - Magazine articles

Read more here: » 2300 AD: Encyclopedia II - 2300 AD - Background

Ad hominem is fallacious when applied to deduction, and not the evidence (or premise) of an argument. Evidence may be doubted or rejected based on the source for reasons of credibility, but to doubt or reject a deduction based on the source is the ad hominem fallacy. Premises discrediting the person can exist in valid arguments, when the person being criticized is the sole source for a piece of evidence used in one of his arguments. A committed perjury when he said Q We should not accept testimony for which perjury was committed therefore, A 's testimony for Q ...

See also:

Ad hominem, Ad hominem - Ad hominem as logical fallacy, Ad hominem - Usage, Ad hominem - Validity, Ad hominem - Subtypes, Ad hominem - Ad hominem abusive, Ad hominem - Ad hominem circumstantial, Ad hominem - Ad hominem tu quoque, Ad hominem - Taxonomy

Read more here: » Ad hominem: Encyclopedia II - Ad hominem - Validity

A faster than light device called the Stutterwarp Drive allows mankind to colonize other solar systems. Ships can usually reach about 3.5 light years per day as a maximum speed; the real limitation of the Stutterwarp drive is that it can only propel a ship up to a maximum of 7.7 light years before it needs to enter a gravity well and discharge lethal radiation that would otherwise kill the crew. Because ships need to reach a world within this distance, the effect of this limitation is the creation of lanes along which travel and comme ...

See also:

2300 AD, 2300 AD - Background, 2300 AD - Technology, 2300 AD - Influences, 2300 AD - Publications, 2300 AD - New Version, 2300 AD - Boxed Sets, 2300 AD - Sourcebooks, 2300 AD - Adventures, 2300 AD - Magazine articles

Read more here: » 2300 AD: Encyclopedia II - 2300 AD - Technology

A (fallacious) ad hominem argument has the basic form: A makes claim B; there is something objectionable about A, therefore claim B is false. The first statement is called a 'factual claim' and is the pivot point of much debate. The last statement is referred to as an 'inferential claim' and represents the reasoning process. There are two types of inferential claim, explicit and implicit. Arguments that (fallaciously) rely on the positive aspects of the person for the trut ...

See also:

Ad hominem, Ad hominem - Ad hominem as logical fallacy, Ad hominem - Usage, Ad hominem - Validity, Ad hominem - Subtypes, Ad hominem - Ad hominem abusive, Ad hominem - Ad hominem circumstantial, Ad hominem - Ad hominem tu quoque, Ad hominem - Taxonomy

Read more here: » Ad hominem: Encyclopedia II - Ad hominem - Ad hominem as logical fallacy

Many reference works employ ad hoc pronunciation schemas as a way of indicating how words are pronounced. These are especially popular in US published works, such as the Merriam-Webster dictionary. An example of an ad hoc pronunciation would be "DICK-shun-ary", where the capitalisation shows which syllable is stressed. This is in contrast to systems such as the International Phonetic Alphabet, which attempt ...

See also:

Ad hoc, Ad hoc - Ad hoc computer network, Ad hoc - Ad hoc committee, Ad hoc - Ad hoc hypothesis, Ad hoc - Ad hoc pronunciation, Ad hoc - Ad hoc querying

Read more here: » Ad hoc: Encyclopedia II - Ad hoc - Ad hoc pronunciation

In philosophy and science, ad hoc often means the addition of corollary hypotheses or adjustment to a philosophical or scientific theory to save the theory from being falsified by compensating for anomalies not anticipated by the theory in its unmodified form. Philosophers and scientists are often suspicious or skeptical of theories that rely on continual, inelegant ad hoc adjustments. See Skeptic's Dictionary: Ad hoc hypothesis. Much of scientific understanding relies on the modification of existing hypotheses or theories, but these are distinguished from ad hoc hypotheses in that the anomalies bein ...

See also:

Ad hoc, Ad hoc - Ad hoc computer network, Ad hoc - Ad hoc committee, Ad hoc - Ad hoc hypothesis, Ad hoc - Ad hoc pronunciation, Ad hoc - Ad hoc querying

Read more here: » Ad hoc: Encyclopedia II - Ad hoc - Ad hoc hypothesis

In computer networking, ad-hoc is a connection method for wireless LANs that requires no base station — devices discover others within range to form a network for those computers. Devices may search for target nodes that are out of range by flooding the network with broadcasts that are forwarded by each node. Connections are possible over multiple nodes (multihop ad-hoc network). Routing protocols then provide stable connections even if nodes are moving around. See IEEE 802.11 or Bluetooth. The alternative is infrastructure, wi ...

See also:

Ad hoc, Ad hoc - Ad hoc computer network, Ad hoc - Ad hoc committee, Ad hoc - Ad hoc hypothesis, Ad hoc - Ad hoc pronunciation, Ad hoc - Ad hoc querying

Read more here: » Ad hoc: Encyclopedia II - Ad hoc - Ad hoc computer network

Processes other than the Web browser can also display pop-up ads, or can direct the browser to display them. Many spyware programs do this, as well as some advertising-supported software, although the line between the two is sometimes thin. A different sort of pop-up ad can be sent via the Messenger service in Microsoft's Windows operating system. These pop-ups appear as Windows dialog boxes with a textual message inside, usually directing the user to a Web site. Claims have been made that this type of pop-up has been used to commit extortion. Threats of legal action against the company D Squared Sol ...

See also:

Pop-up ad, Pop-up ad - Background, Pop-up ad - Non-browser pop-up ads, Pop-up ad - Cyworld and non-advertising 'pop-ups', Pop-up ad - Variation: Floating Ad, Pop-up ad - Browsers that block pop-up ads, Pop-up ad - Add-on programs that block pop-up ads

Read more here: » Pop-up ad: Encyclopedia II - Pop-up ad - Non-browser pop-up ads