Acupuncture (from Lat. acus, "needle" (noun), and pungere, "prick" (verb) or in Standard Mandarin, zhēn jǐu (針灸), is one of the main branches of Traditional Chinese Medicine (others being herbal medicine and tui na). It is a therapeutic technique from that framework intended to restore health and well-being. The term acupuncture is often used by Westerners to refer to Chinese medicine generally. The technique involves the insertion of needles into "acupuncture points" on the body by trained practitioners. Th ...

Including:

• Acupuncture - Theory
• Acupuncture - An example of acupuncture practice
• Acupuncture - Benefits proven and purported
• Acupuncture - Potential risks
• Acupuncture - Controversy as to effectiveness
• Acupuncture - Bibliography

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Acupuncture, Acupuncture - Theory, Acupuncture - An example of acupuncture practice, Acupuncture - Benefits proven and purported, Acupuncture - Potential risks, Acupuncture - Controversy as to effectiveness, Acupuncture - Bibliography

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Although accepted as a medical treatment in Asia for millennia, acupuncture's arrival in the West has sparked much controversy. Acupuncture has eluded scientific explanation to some degree. However, in 1997, the NIH issued a consensus statement on acupuncture that concluded that there is sufficient evidence of acupuncture's value to expand its use into conventional medicine and to encourage further studies of its physiology and clinical value. The NIH statement noted that the data in support of acupuncture are as stron ...

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Acupuncture, Acupuncture - Theory, Acupuncture - An example of acupuncture practice, Acupuncture - Benefits proven and purported, Acupuncture - Potential risks, Acupuncture - Controversy as to effectiveness, Acupuncture - Bibliography

Read more here: » Acupuncture: Encyclopedia II - Acupuncture - Benefits proven and purported

Acupunture is the Chinese healing art that can be dated back at least two thousand years. Some authorities maintain that acupuncture has been practiced in China for even four thousand years.
On the most basic of levels, acupuncture can be described as the insertion of very fine into the skin at specific acupuncture points in order to influence the functioning of the body.

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Acupuncture and acupressure are two non-drug therapies which are making their presence felt in the complementary medicine scene. And acupressure and reflexology are getting the crowds because of ease of practice. But how do these gentle systems work?

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Acupuncture points针灸穴位 (also called "acupoints or tsubo") are specific anatomical locations on the body that are believed to be therapeutically useful for acupuncture, acupressure, sonopuncture, or laser treatment. Medical science does not currently understand how these points work, but cheap commercial devices can detect changes in the electrical conductivity of the skin at these points. Most of the resear ...

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A controversy is a contentious dispute, a disagreement in opinions over which parties are actively arguing. Controversies can range from private disputes between two individuals to large-scale social upheavals. Controversies in mathematics and the sciences are generally eventually solved. It is the nature of controversies in the humanities that they cannot generally be conclusively settled and may be accompanied by the disruption of peace and even quarreling. In some cases, this may be because the two sides to a dispute differ so much ...

Including:

• Controversy - In law
• Controversy - In propaganda
• Controversy - In advertising
• Controversy - In early Christianity

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Adverse effect, in medicine, is an abnormal, harmful, undesired and/or unintended consequences, although not necessarily unexpected, which is obtained as the result of a therapy or other medical intervention, such as drug/chemotherapy, physical therapy, surgery, medical procedure, use of a medical device, etc. Iatrogenesis (literally, generated by a physician) is a common cause of adverse effects, as well as medical error. Using a drug or other medical intervention which is contraindicated may increase the risk of adverse effects. Adverse effects may cause medical complication ...

Including:

• Adverse effect medicine - Reporting systems
• Adverse effect medicine - USA
• Adverse effect medicine - Australia
• Adverse effect medicine - Adverse effects of medical procedures
• Adverse effect medicine - Adverse effects of drugs
• Adverse effect medicine - Controversies
• Adverse effect medicine - Examples of adverse effects

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The Three Chapters (trîa kephálaia), a phase in the Monophysite controversy, was an attempt to reconcile the Christians of Syria and Egypt with Western Christendom, following the failure of the Henotikon. The Three Chapters consisted of propositions anathematizing: (1) the person and writings of Theodore of Mopsuestia; (2) certain writings of Theodoret of Cyrus; (3) the letter of Ibas to Maris in Persia. Three-Chapter Controversy - Background. At a very early stage of the controversy the inc ...

Including:

• Three-Chapter Controversy - Background
• Three-Chapter Controversy - The subscription
• Three-Chapter Controversy - The schism in the West
• Three-Chapter Controversy - Its effect in the East
• Three-Chapter Controversy - Its later effect

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The vestments controversy arose in the English Reformation, ostensibly concerning vestments, but more fundamentally concerned with English Protestant identity, doctrine, and various church practices. First initiated by John Hooper's rejection of clerical vestments in the Church of England under Edward VI and revived under Elizabeth I, the controversy sheds much light on the development of English forms of Puritanism and Anglicanism, though both of these are problematica ...

Including:

• Vestments controversy - The controversy during the reign of Edward VI
• Vestments controversy - The Hooper–Ridley debate
• Vestments controversy - The outcome of the Edwardian controversy
• Vestments controversy - Vestments among the Marian exiles
• Vestments controversy - The controversy during the reign of Elizabeth I
• Vestments controversy - Reactions of protest in 1566
• Vestments controversy - The emergence of separatism and Presbyterianism
• Vestments controversy - Sources
• Vestments controversy - Primary
• Vestments controversy - Secondary

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Medical acupuncture was created for Western practitioners such as medical doctors, physiotherapists and osteopaths who wish to practice acupuncture without the lengthy study of traditional Chinese Medicine theory which is usually required for acupuncturists. This Western version of acupuncture is lesser known than the traditional Chinese, but is increasing in popularity as otherwise mainstream medical practitioners in the West are taking more interest in alternative medicine. Medical acupuncture can also been seen as an attempt by orthodox W ...

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Medical acupuncture, Medical acupuncture - History of medical acupuncture, Medical acupuncture - Differences between traditional and medical acupuncture, Medical acupuncture - Choosing where to needle, Medical acupuncture - Mechanism

Read more here: » Medical acupuncture: Encyclopedia II - Medical acupuncture - History of medical acupuncture

Despite some apparent plausibility, the doctrine of double effect is controversial. Utilitarians, in particular, reject the notion that two acts can differ in their permissibility, if both have exactly the same consequences. A major argument against the DDE is the hypothetical case where some evil must be done to bring about an enormous good. For example, suppose a nuclear bomb has been planted in a major city, and a terrorist involved in its construction (being held in custody) knows where it is. Although he is reluctant to give up t ...

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Principle of double effect, Principle of double effect - Intentional harm versus side-effects, Principle of double effect - Catholic view, Principle of double effect - Applications, Principle of double effect - Controversy, Principle of double effect - External link

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Sometimes, putative medical adverse effects are regarded as controversial and generate heated discussions in society and lawsuits against drug manufacturers. One example is the current controversy whether autism may be caused by the MMR vaccine (or by thimerosal, a mercury-based preservative used in some vaccines). No significative link has been found so far, but this has not prevented lawsuits. Another instance is the potential adverse effects of silicone breast implants, which lead to hundreds of thousands of litigations against manufacturers of gel-based implants, due to allegations of damage to the i ...

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Adverse effect medicine, Adverse effect medicine - Reporting systems, Adverse effect medicine - USA, Adverse effect medicine - Australia, Adverse effect medicine - Adverse effects of medical procedures, Adverse effect medicine - Adverse effects of drugs, Adverse effect medicine - Controversies, Adverse effect medicine - Examples of adverse effects

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The main differences between traditional Chinese and Western medical acupuncture are as follows. The traditional theory of "points" and "meridians" is either ignored altogether or is radically reinterpreted. The concepts of disease are derived from modern Western pathology instead of Chinese medical theory. Medical acupuncture is understood to work via the modern understanding of anatomy, physiology and biochemistry. The principal di ...

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Medical acupuncture, Medical acupuncture - History of medical acupuncture, Medical acupuncture - Differences between traditional and medical acupuncture, Medical acupuncture - Choosing where to needle, Medical acupuncture - Mechanism

Read more here: » Medical acupuncture: Encyclopedia II - Medical acupuncture - Differences between traditional and medical acupuncture

Political disputes have arisen over several issues: Political effects of Hurricane Katrina - Issues relating to the cause of the hurricane itself. See also: Alternative theories regarding Hurricane Katrina Whether emission policies allegedly contributing to global warming led to the increased temperature of surface waters in the Gulf of Mexico, thereby strengthening the hurricane. Political effects of Hurricane Katrina - Issues relating to the c ...

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Political effects of Hurricane Katrina, Political effects of Hurricane Katrina - Political controversies and electoral consequences, Political effects of Hurricane Katrina - Issues relating to the cause of the hurricane itself, Political effects of Hurricane Katrina - Issues relating to the cause of the damage to New Orleans, Political effects of Hurricane Katrina - Issues relating to government response, Political effects of Hurricane Katrina - Long-term issues, Political effects of Hurricane Katrina - Policies affecting hurricane defenses, Political effects of Hurricane Katrina - Funding of New Orleans flood defenses, Political effects of Hurricane Katrina - Federal wetlands policy, Political effects of Hurricane Katrina - Political effects of population displacement, Political effects of Hurricane Katrina - Effects on the structure of government, Political effects of Hurricane Katrina - FEMA funding and leadership, Political effects of Hurricane Katrina - Policy matters arising during the recovery, Political effects of Hurricane Katrina - Accusations of price gouging, Political effects of Hurricane Katrina - Giving Tax money to faith based organizations, Political effects of Hurricane Katrina - Bankruptcies, Political effects of Hurricane Katrina - Reports of contract awards, Political effects of Hurricane Katrina - Speculations for the cause of Hurricane Katrina

Read more here: » Political effects of Hurricane Katrina: Encyclopedia II - Political effects of Hurricane Katrina - Political controversies and electoral consequences

Chickenpox has a two-week incubation period and is highly contagious by air transmission two days before symptoms appear. Therefore, chickenpox spreads quickly through schools and other places of close contact. Once someone has been infected with the disease, they usually develop protective immunity for life, and cannot get it again. As the disease is more severe if contracted by an adult, parents have been known to ensure their chil ...

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Chickenpox, Chickenpox - Effects, Chickenpox - History, Chickenpox - Vaccination, Chickenpox - Controversy

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Adverse effects can occur as a collateral or side effect of many interventions, but they are particularly important in pharmacology, due to its wider, and sometimes uncontrollable, use by way of self-medication. Thus, responsible drug use becomes an important issue here. Adverse effects, like intended effects of drugs, are a function of dosage or drug levels at the target organs, so they may be avoided or decreased by means of careful and precise pharmacodynamics (the change of dr ...

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Adverse effect medicine, Adverse effect medicine - Reporting systems, Adverse effect medicine - USA, Adverse effect medicine - Australia, Adverse effect medicine - Adverse effects of medical procedures, Adverse effect medicine - Adverse effects of drugs, Adverse effect medicine - Controversies, Adverse effect medicine - Examples of adverse effects

Read more here: » Adverse effect medicine: Encyclopedia II - Adverse effect medicine - Adverse effects of drugs

According to its proponents, fluoride is a medicinal additive, which strengthens teeth and bones. According to its opponents, fluoride is a cumulative poison that has adverse health effects, which can discolor teeth and actually weaken bones. Water fluoridation controversy - Scientific Debate. Literally thousands of studies of fluoridation have been conducted. In 1999, the UK Department of Health commissioned the Center for Reviews and Dissemination at York University to conduct an exhaustive review of the literature. The review considered the effects of fluoridation on dent ...

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Water fluoridation controversy, Water fluoridation controversy - Overview, Water fluoridation controversy - Benefits, Water fluoridation controversy - Risks, Water fluoridation controversy - Politics, Water fluoridation controversy - Controversy, Water fluoridation controversy - Scientific Debate, Water fluoridation controversy - Court cases, Water fluoridation controversy - Medical approval, Water fluoridation controversy - Implementation, Water fluoridation controversy - USA, Water fluoridation controversy - Canada, Water fluoridation controversy - Rest of world, Water fluoridation controversy - Notes

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The relationship between temperature, pressure and volume of a gas is simply described by the gas laws. When volume is increased, the gas laws do not uniquely determine what happens to the pressure and temperature of the gas. In general, when a gas expands adiabatically, the temperature may either decrease or increase, depending on the initial temperature and pressure. For a fixed pressure, a gas has a Joule-Thomson (Kelvin) inversion temperature, above which expansion causes the temperature to rise, and below which expansion causes c ...

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Joule-Thomson effect, Joule-Thomson effect - Description, Joule-Thomson effect - Negative Joule-Thomson effect, Joule-Thomson effect - Applications, Joule-Thomson effect - Bibliography

Read more here: » Joule-Thomson effect: Encyclopedia II - Joule-Thomson effect - Description

Although After Effects can create images of its own, it is generally used to combine material from other sources to make moving graphics (also known as "motion graphics"). For example, if you have a picture of a space ship and a picture of a star background, you could use After Effects to place the ship in front of the background and animate it to move across the stars. Each picture or movie is layered on a timeline, in a way similar to a video editing program. The timeline can get extremely complex very fast because a very large numb ...

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Adobe After Effects, Adobe After Effects - Description, Adobe After Effects - External link, Adobe After Effects - Support, Adobe After Effects - Reviews

Read more here: » Adobe After Effects: Encyclopedia II - Adobe After Effects - Description