Active Directory

The current version of Exchange is 2003 SP2. It can be run on Windows 2000 Server (only if Service Pack 4 is first installed) and Windows Server 2003, although some new features only work with the latter. Like Windows Server 2003, Exchange 2003 has many compatibility modes to allow users to slowly migrate to the new system. This is useful in large companies with distributed Exchange environments who cannot afford t ...

See also:

Microsoft Exchange Server, Microsoft Exchange Server - History, Microsoft Exchange Server - Version history, Microsoft Exchange Server - Current version, Microsoft Exchange Server - Future, Microsoft Exchange Server - Licensing

Read more here: » Microsoft Exchange Server: Encyclopedia II - Microsoft Exchange Server - Current version

This Microsoft server comes in several variants, each targeted towards a particular size and type of business: See Compare the Editions of Windows Server 2003 for a concise comparison. Windows Server 2003 - Small Business Server. SBS includes Windows Server and additional technologies aimed at providing a small business with a complete technology solution. The technologies are integrated to enable small business with targeted solutions such as the Remote Web Workplace, and offer management benefits such as integrated setup, enhanced monitoring, ...

See also:

Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2003 - Notable features, Windows Server 2003 - Improvements, Windows Server 2003 - Service Pack 1, Windows Server 2003 - Windows Server 2003 R2, Windows Server 2003 - Variants, Windows Server 2003 - Small Business Server, Windows Server 2003 - Web Edition, Windows Server 2003 - Standard Edition, Windows Server 2003 - Enterprise Edition, Windows Server 2003 - Datacenter Edition, Windows Server 2003 - Compute Cluster Edition, Windows Server 2003 - Storage Server, Windows Server 2003 - Pricing

Read more here: » Windows Server 2003: Encyclopedia II - Windows Server 2003 - Variants

There is a number of things that distinguishes a directory service from a relational database In a directory, the information is generally read more often than it is written. Hence the usual database features of transactions and rollback are not implemented in a directory. Data may be made redundant, but the objective is to get a faster response time during searches. Data is organized in a strictly hierarchical manner. In terms of cardinality, directories do not have many-to-many relations. Instead, such relations must ...

See also:

Directory service, Directory service - Comparison with relational databases, Directory service - Implementations of Directory Services, Directory service - Notes

Read more here: » Directory service: Encyclopedia II - Directory service - Comparison with relational databases

Xandros makes products for both the consumer and business markets. Xandros - Workstation OSs. Xandros Desktop is for the home user, which is cheaper and easier to use than higher end versions. There are three editions, Standard, Deluxe and Surfside Linux. The Deluxe edition includes a user manual, 60 days of free e-mail support, and the ability to run Microsoft Windows applications with CrossOver Office. Its installer can resize NTFS partitions, and also bundles more software. A ...

See also:

Xandros, Xandros - Products, Xandros - Workstation OSs, Xandros - Server OSs, Xandros - Look and feel, Xandros - Awards

Read more here: » Xandros: Encyclopedia II - Xandros - Products

The client gives each request a positive Message ID, and the server response has the same Message ID. The response includes a numeric result code indicating success, some error condition or some other special cases. Before the response, the server may send other messages with other result data - for example each entry found by the Search operation is returned in such a message. See also:

Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Origin and influences, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Protocol overview, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Directory structure, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Operations, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Search and Compare, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Bind authenticate, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Update operations, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Start TLS, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Abandon, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Unbind, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Extended Operation, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - LDAP URLs, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Schema, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Variations, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Other data models, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Terminology, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Supporting vendors, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - RFCs, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - LDAP fora, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - LDAP implementations

Read more here: » Lightweight Directory Access Protocol: Encyclopedia II - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Operations

Media Center has higher hardware requirements than other versions of Windows XP. MCE 2005 requires at least a 1.6 GHz (or equivalent) processor, DirectX 9 hardware-accelerated GPU (such as a recent ATI Radeon or NVIDIA GeForce), and 256 MB of RAM. Some functionality, such as Media Center Extender support, use of multiple tuners, or HDTV playback/recording carries higher system requirements. Unlike most other software PVR solutions, Media Center is restricted in the range of hardware that it supports. Media Center tuners must have a st ...

See also:

Windows XP Media Center Edition, Windows XP Media Center Edition - Hardware Requirements, Windows XP Media Center Edition - Versions, Windows XP Media Center Edition - Hacks

Read more here: » Windows XP Media Center Edition: Encyclopedia II - Windows XP Media Center Edition - Hardware Requirements

Whilst DNS lookups read DNS data, DNS updates write them. Both workstations and servers running Microsoft Windows attempt to write DNS data, by sending Dynamic DNS Update requests to DNS servers. Workstations running Microsoft Windows attempt to register their names and their IP addresses with DNS servers, so that other machines may locate them by name and map their IP addresses to their names. This is done not by the DNS Client service, but by the DHCP Client service. (It is thus necessary to run the DHCP Client ...

See also:

Microsoft DNS, Microsoft DNS - DNS lookup client, Microsoft DNS - The effects of running the DNS Client service, Microsoft DNS - Differences from other systems, Microsoft DNS - Dynamic DNS Update client, Microsoft DNS - DNS server, Microsoft DNS - Common issues

Read more here: » Microsoft DNS: Encyclopedia II - Microsoft DNS - Dynamic DNS Update client

By default, VNC is not a secure protocol. While passwords are not sent in plain-text (as in telnet), brute-force cracking could prove successful if both the encryption key and encoded password are sniffed from a network. For this reason it is recommended that a password of at least 8 characters is used. However, VNC may be tunnelled over an SSH or VPN connection which would add an extra security layer with stronger encryption. SSH clients are available for all major platforms (and many smaller platforms as well); SSH tunnels can be created from UNIX clients, Windows clients, Macintosh cl ...

See also:

Virtual Network Computing, Virtual Network Computing - History, Virtual Network Computing - How it works, Virtual Network Computing - Security in VNC

Read more here: » Virtual Network Computing: Encyclopedia II - Virtual Network Computing - Security in VNC

The Xandros GUI uses a modified version of the K Desktop Environment (KDE), which includes replacing Konqueror with its own proprietary file manager called XFM. It also uses a package manager known as Xandros Networks, which handles installation of software. Installation of Xandros is done by a wizard that asks questions about partitioning and the administrator (root) password. The KDE interface has been modified to resemble Microsoft Windows, with a rectangular "launch" button similar to the Windows Start button, modified context menus, and a file manager with a Windows 98 appearance. The package includes several other ...

See also:

Xandros, Xandros - Products, Xandros - Workstation OSs, Xandros - Server OSs, Xandros - Look and feel, Xandros - Awards

Read more here: » Xandros: Encyclopedia II - Xandros - Look and feel

VNC was created at the Olivetti & Oracle Research Lab, which was then owned by Olivetti and Oracle Corporation. In 1999 AT&T acquired the lab, and in 2002 closed down the research part of the lab. The name originates from a thin client ATM Network Computer called the Videotile, which was essentially an LCD with a pen input and a fast ATM connection to the network. VNC is essentially a ...

See also:

Virtual Network Computing, Virtual Network Computing - History, Virtual Network Computing - How it works, Virtual Network Computing - Security in VNC

Read more here: » Virtual Network Computing: Encyclopedia II - Virtual Network Computing - History

The original version of Exchange was envisioned as a x.400 based mail server that also supported the x.500 directory standard. This product replaced the Microsoft Mail product originally aquired from Network Courier. Exchange was a client server based mail system that used a single database store. The Exchange 4.0 Directory formed the initial foundation for Microsoft's Active Directory service, an LDAP-compliant directory server. Active Directory was int ...

See also:

Microsoft Exchange Server, Microsoft Exchange Server - History, Microsoft Exchange Server - Version history, Microsoft Exchange Server - Current version, Microsoft Exchange Server - Future, Microsoft Exchange Server - Licensing

Read more here: » Microsoft Exchange Server: Encyclopedia II - Microsoft Exchange Server - History

Xandros has won awards for their products, including the LinuxWorld Conference and Expo's Best Front Office Solution, various editor's choice awards in several magazines, and the CNET Editor's Choice award. ...

See also:

Xandros, Xandros - Products, Xandros - Workstation OSs, Xandros - Server OSs, Xandros - Look and feel, Xandros - Awards

Read more here: » Xandros: Encyclopedia II - Xandros - Awards

While the MCSE certifies familiarity with Microsoft products, it is not, as its name suggests, an engineering qualification. Use of the title engineer is rife within the IT certification industry and is not limited to Microsoft (for example, Red Hat Certified Engineer). Use of the term has led to some consternation amongst associations of professional engineers, and allegations that the use of the MCSE name may even be illegal in som ...

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Microsoft Certified Professional, Microsoft Certified Professional - Certification Programs, Microsoft Certified Professional - Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer, Microsoft Certified Professional - Microsoft Certified Application Developer, Microsoft Certified Professional - Microsoft Certified Solution Developer, Microsoft Certified Professional - Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator, Microsoft Certified Professional - Microsoft Certified Database Administrator, Microsoft Certified Professional - Microsoft Certified Desktop Support Technician, Microsoft Certified Professional - Microsoft Office Specialist, Microsoft Certified Professional - Microsoft Certified Trainer, Microsoft Certified Professional - Criticism, Microsoft Certified Professional - Microsoft response to criticism

Read more here: » Microsoft Certified Professional: Encyclopedia II - Microsoft Certified Professional - Criticism

NetWare dominated the network operating system (NOS) market from the mid-80s through the mid- to late-90s due to its extremely high performance relative to other NOS technologies. Most benchmarks during this period demonstrated a 5:1 to 10:1 performance advantage over products from Microsoft, Banyan, and others. One benchmark that was especially interesting compared NetWare 3.x running NFS services over TCP/IP (not NetWare's native IPX protocol) to an expensive, dedicated Auspex NFS server and a SCO Unix server running NFS service. NetWare NFS outperformed both 'native' NFS systems and clocked in with a 2:1 performance adv ...

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Novell NetWare, Novell NetWare - History, Novell NetWare - Early years, Novell NetWare - NetWare 3.x, Novell NetWare - NetWare 4.x, Novell NetWare - NetWare 5.x, Novell NetWare - NetWare 6.x, Novell NetWare - Novell Open Enterprise Server, Novell NetWare - Performance, Novell NetWare - File service instead of disk service, Novell NetWare - Efficiency of NetWare Core Protocol NCP, Novell NetWare - Non-preemptive OS designed for network services

Read more here: » Novell NetWare: Encyclopedia II - Novell NetWare - Performance

Microsoft currently provides a tool to convert the FAT32 format to NTFS, but not the other way around. PartitionMagic by Symantec and the open source NTFSResize utility are both capable of resizing NTFS partitions. For historical reasons, the versions of Windows that do not support NTFS all keep time internally as local zone time, and therefore so do all file systems other than NTFS that are supported by current versions of Windows. However, Windows NT and its descendants keep internal timestamps as GMT/UTC and make the appropriate co ...

See also:

NTFS, NTFS - Internals, NTFS - Interoperability, NTFS - Features, NTFS - Limitations, NTFS - Notes

Read more here: » NTFS: Encyclopedia II - NTFS - Interoperability

There are a number of improvements from Windows 2000 server, notably: Improvements to Active Directory (such as the ability to delete classes from the schema) Improvements to Group Policy handling and administration Improved disk management including the ability to backup from shadows of files, allowing the backup of open files. Improved scripting and command line tools, which are part of Microsoft's initiative to bring a complete command shell to the next version of Windows. See also:

Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2003 - Notable features, Windows Server 2003 - Improvements, Windows Server 2003 - Service Pack 1, Windows Server 2003 - Windows Server 2003 R2, Windows Server 2003 - Variants, Windows Server 2003 - Small Business Server, Windows Server 2003 - Web Edition, Windows Server 2003 - Standard Edition, Windows Server 2003 - Enterprise Edition, Windows Server 2003 - Datacenter Edition, Windows Server 2003 - Compute Cluster Edition, Windows Server 2003 - Storage Server, Windows Server 2003 - Pricing

Read more here: » Windows Server 2003: Encyclopedia II - Windows Server 2003 - Improvements

Small Business Server: Average cost is $599 USD, the product is purchased through a brick-and-mortar retailer, while an open new license must be purchased through a volume license reseller. Web Edition: This operating system is priced at $397 USD. Client Access Licenses are not required. Standard Edition: This operating system is priced at $999 USD, although licences may be purchased for less from a reseller. For more than 5 Active Directory remote-connected users (users of Exchan ...

See also:

Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2003 - Notable features, Windows Server 2003 - Improvements, Windows Server 2003 - Service Pack 1, Windows Server 2003 - Windows Server 2003 R2, Windows Server 2003 - Variants, Windows Server 2003 - Small Business Server, Windows Server 2003 - Web Edition, Windows Server 2003 - Standard Edition, Windows Server 2003 - Enterprise Edition, Windows Server 2003 - Datacenter Edition, Windows Server 2003 - Compute Cluster Edition, Windows Server 2003 - Storage Server, Windows Server 2003 - Pricing

Read more here: » Windows Server 2003: Encyclopedia II - Windows Server 2003 - Pricing

Microsoft Windows Domain Controllers can run a DNS Server service. This is a fully fledged, monolithic (i.e. BIND-style rather than djbdns-style), DNS server that provides all types of DNS service, including caching, Dynamic DNS Update, zone transfer, and notification. As of 2004, it was the fourth most popular DNS server (counting BIND version 9 separately from versions 8 and 4) for the publication of DNS data. Like PowerDNS, Microsoft's DNS server supports different database back ends. Microsoft's DNS server supports t ...

See also:

Microsoft DNS, Microsoft DNS - DNS lookup client, Microsoft DNS - The effects of running the DNS Client service, Microsoft DNS - Differences from other systems, Microsoft DNS - Dynamic DNS Update client, Microsoft DNS - DNS server, Microsoft DNS - Common issues

Read more here: » Microsoft DNS: Encyclopedia II - Microsoft DNS - DNS server

The BSD and Linux operating systems support AppleTalk through an open source project called Netatalk, which implements the complete protocol suite and allows them to both act as native file or print servers for Macintoshes, and print to LocalTalk printers over the network. In addition, Columbia University released the Columbia AppleTalk Package (CAP) which implemented the protocol suite for various Unix flavors including Ultrix, SunOS, *BSD an ...

See also:

AppleTalk, AppleTalk - Design, AppleTalk - Addressing, AppleTalk - Protocols, AppleTalk - AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol, AppleTalk - AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol, AppleTalk - Apple Filing Protocol, AppleTalk - AppleTalk Session Protocol, AppleTalk - AppleTalk Transaction Protocol, AppleTalk - Datagram Delivery Protocol, AppleTalk - Name Binding Protocol, AppleTalk - Printer Access Protocol, AppleTalk - Routing Table Maintenance Protocol, AppleTalk - Zone Information Protocol, AppleTalk - Physical Implementation, AppleTalk - Networking Model, AppleTalk - Cross Platform Solutions

Read more here: » AppleTalk: Encyclopedia II - AppleTalk - Cross Platform Solutions

A lot of the server operation is left to the implementor or administrator to decide. Accordingly, servers may be set up to support a wide variety of scenarios. For example, data storage in the server is not specified - the server may use flat files, databases, or just be a gateway to some other server. Access control is not standardized, though there has been work on it and there are commonly used models. Users' passwords may be stored in their entries or elsewhere. The server may ref ...

See also:

Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Origin and influences, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Protocol overview, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Directory structure, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Operations, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Search and Compare, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Bind authenticate, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Update operations, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Start TLS, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Abandon, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Unbind, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Extended Operation, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - LDAP URLs, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Schema, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Variations, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Other data models, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Terminology, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Supporting vendors, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - RFCs, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - LDAP fora, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - LDAP implementations

Read more here: » Lightweight Directory Access Protocol: Encyclopedia II - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Variations

As the LDAP protocol has gained momentum, vendors have provided it as an access protocol to other services. The implementation then recasts the data to mimic the LDAP/X.500 model, but how closely this model is followed varies. For example, there is software to access SQL databases through LDAP, even though LDAP does not readily lend itself to this. X.500 servers may support LDAP as well. Similarly, data which were previously held in other types of data stores are sometimes moved to LDAP directories. For example, Unix user and group information can be stored in LDAP and accessed via PA ...

See also:

Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Origin and influences, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Protocol overview, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Directory structure, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Operations, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Search and Compare, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Bind authenticate, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Update operations, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Start TLS, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Abandon, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Unbind, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Extended Operation, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - LDAP URLs, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Schema, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Variations, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Other data models, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Terminology, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Supporting vendors, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - RFCs, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - LDAP fora, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - LDAP implementations

Read more here: » Lightweight Directory Access Protocol: Encyclopedia II - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Other data models