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actions | A Wisdom Archive on actions | | actions A selection of articles related to actions | |
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO actions | | | |  actions: Encyclopedia II - Class action - Class actions in the United States
Class action - Federal class actions.
In the United States federal courts, class actions are governed by Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
Class action lawsuits may be brought in Federal court if the case involves issues that affect potential class members in different states or has a nexus with federal law. However, such class action suits must have a commonality of issues across state lines. This may be difficult as the civil law in the various states has significant differences and ...
See also:Class action, Class action - Class actions in the United States, Class action - Federal class actions, Class action - State class actions, Class action - Pros and cons of Class Actions, Class action - Advantages of Class Actions, Class action - Criticisms of Class Actions, Class action - Defendant Class Action, Class action - Availability, Class action - External link Read more here: » Class action: Encyclopedia II - Class action - Class actions in the United States |
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| | | | | actions: Encyclopedia II - Affirmative action - Criticism
Affirmative action - Demeaning racialism.
Opponents of affirmative action regard it as government sanctioned racial discrimination, and also believe that it’s demeaning to members of minority groups, that affirmative action wrongly sends a condescending message to minorities that they are not capable enough to be considered on their own merits.
Affirmative action - Quotas.
Critics often object to the use of racial quotas and gender quotas in affirmative action. Quotas are ill ...
See also:Affirmative action, Affirmative action - Purpose, Affirmative action - History, Affirmative action - American history, Affirmative action - Other approaches, Affirmative action - Consultations, Affirmative action - United States, Affirmative action - Basis in law, Affirmative action - Implementation in universities, Affirmative action - Important Supreme Court cases, Affirmative action - In individual U.S. states, Affirmative action - Other countries, Affirmative action - Results, Affirmative action - Criticism, Affirmative action - Demeaning racialism, Affirmative action - Quotas, Affirmative action - Cultural differences, Affirmative action - Biological Differences, Affirmative action - Disadvantaging working-class non-minorities, Affirmative action - Criticism by Thomas Sowell, Affirmative action - Counter-arguments, Affirmative action - Libertarian view, Affirmative action - Organizations, Affirmative action - Miscellaneous Read more here: » Affirmative action: Encyclopedia II - Affirmative action - Criticism |
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| | | | | actions: Encyclopedia II - Action potential - Propagation In unmyelinated axons, action potentials propagate as an interaction between passively spreading membrane depolarization and voltage-gated sodium channels. When a single patch of cell membrane is depolarized sufficiently to open its voltage-gated sodium channels, sodium ions enter the cell by facilitated diffusion. Once inside, positively-charged sodium ions "nudge" adjacent ions down the axon by electrostatic repulsion (analogous to the principal behind Newton's cradle) and attract negative ions away from the adjacent membrane. As a result, ...
See also:Action potential, Action potential - Overview, Action potential - Underlying mechanism, Action potential - Resting membrane potential, Action potential - Action potential phases, Action potential - Threshold and initiation, Action potential - Circuit model, Action potential - Propagation, Action potential - Speed of propagation, Action potential - Saltatory conduction, Action potential - Refractory period, Action potential - Why an action potential? Read more here: » Action potential: Encyclopedia II - Action potential - Propagation |
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| | | | | actions: Encyclopedia II - Affirmative action - History The terms "affirmative action" and "positive discrimination" originate in law, where it is common for lawyers to speak of "affirmative" or "positive" remedies that command the wrongdoer to do something. In contrast, "negative" remedies command the wrongdoer to not do something or to stop doing something.
Affirmative action - American history.
The initial successes of the American Civil Rights Movement brought about negative remedies that attempted to prevent majority ethnic or racial groups f ...
See also:Affirmative action, Affirmative action - Purpose, Affirmative action - History, Affirmative action - American history, Affirmative action - Other approaches, Affirmative action - Consultations, Affirmative action - United States, Affirmative action - Basis in law, Affirmative action - Implementation in universities, Affirmative action - Important Supreme Court cases, Affirmative action - In individual U.S. states, Affirmative action - Other countries, Affirmative action - Results, Affirmative action - Criticism, Affirmative action - Demeaning racialism, Affirmative action - Quotas, Affirmative action - Cultural differences, Affirmative action - Biological Differences, Affirmative action - Disadvantaging working-class non-minorities, Affirmative action - Criticism by Thomas Sowell, Affirmative action - Counter-arguments, Affirmative action - Libertarian view, Affirmative action - Centrist view, Affirmative action - Organizations, Affirmative action - Miscellaneous Read more here: » Affirmative action: Encyclopedia II - Affirmative action - History |
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| | | | | actions: Encyclopedia II - Affirmative action - Purpose Affirmative action began as corrective for past governmental and social injustices against demographic groups that have been subjected to prejudice. Such groups are characterized most commonly by race, sex or gender, or ethnicity. Affirmative action seeks to increase the representation of these demographic groups in schools, in work place, and in society in general.
A certain group or gender may be less proportionately represented in an area, often employment or education, due predominantly, in the view of proponents, to past or ongoi ...
See also:Affirmative action, Affirmative action - Purpose, Affirmative action - History, Affirmative action - American history, Affirmative action - Other approaches, Affirmative action - Consultations, Affirmative action - United States, Affirmative action - Basis in law, Affirmative action - Implementation in universities, Affirmative action - Important Supreme Court cases, Affirmative action - In individual U.S. states, Affirmative action - Other countries, Affirmative action - Results, Affirmative action - Criticism, Affirmative action - Demeaning racialism, Affirmative action - Quotas, Affirmative action - Cultural differences, Affirmative action - Biological Differences, Affirmative action - Disadvantaging working-class non-minorities, Affirmative action - Criticism by Thomas Sowell, Affirmative action - Counter-arguments, Affirmative action - Libertarian view, Affirmative action - Centrist view, Affirmative action - Organizations, Affirmative action - Miscellaneous Read more here: » Affirmative action: Encyclopedia II - Affirmative action - Purpose |
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| | | | | actions: Encyclopedia II - Affirmative action - Results UCLA professor Richard H. Sander published an article in the November 2004 issue of the Stanford Law Review that questioned the effectiveness of affirmative action in law schools. The article presents a study that, among other things, shows that half of all black law students rank near the bottom of their class after the first year of law school, and that black law students are more likely to drop out of law school and to fail the bar exam. The article offers a tentative estimate that the production of new black lawyers in the United States ...
See also:Affirmative action, Affirmative action - Purpose, Affirmative action - History, Affirmative action - American history, Affirmative action - Other approaches, Affirmative action - Consultations, Affirmative action - United States, Affirmative action - Basis in law, Affirmative action - Implementation in universities, Affirmative action - Important Supreme Court cases, Affirmative action - In individual U.S. states, Affirmative action - Other countries, Affirmative action - Results, Affirmative action - Criticism, Affirmative action - Demeaning racialism, Affirmative action - Quotas, Affirmative action - Cultural differences, Affirmative action - Biological Differences, Affirmative action - Disadvantaging working-class non-minorities, Affirmative action - Criticism by Thomas Sowell, Affirmative action - Counter-arguments, Affirmative action - Libertarian view, Affirmative action - Centrist view, Affirmative action - Organizations, Affirmative action - Miscellaneous Read more here: » Affirmative action: Encyclopedia II - Affirmative action - Results |
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| | | | | actions: Encyclopedia II - Class action - Pros and cons of Class Actions
Class action - Advantages of Class Actions.
Depending on the case, a class action may offer a number of advantages. Each of these advantages essentially stems from the fact that a class action aggregates a large number of individualized claims into one representational lawsuit. Although aggregation creates the potential for harm, it also creates potential benefits.
First, aggregation may increase the efficiency of the legal process. In cases with common questions of law and fact, aggregation of claims into ...
See also:Class action, Class action - Class actions in the United States, Class action - Federal class actions, Class action - State class actions, Class action - Pros and cons of Class Actions, Class action - Advantages of Class Actions, Class action - Criticisms of Class Actions, Class action - Defendant Class Action, Class action - Availability, Class action - External link Read more here: » Class action: Encyclopedia II - Class action - Pros and cons of Class Actions |
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| | | | | | | actions: Encyclopedia II - Affirmative action - Purpose Affirmative action began as corrective for past governmental and social injustices against demographic groups that have been subjected to prejudice. Such groups are characterized most commonly by race, sex or gender, or ethnicity. Affirmative action seeks to increase the representation of these demographic groups in schools, in work place, and in society in general.
A certain group or gender may be less proportionately represented in an area, often employment or education, due predominantly, in the view of proponents, to past or ongoi ...
See also:Affirmative action, Affirmative action - Purpose, Affirmative action - History, Affirmative action - American history, Affirmative action - Other approaches, Affirmative action - Consultations, Affirmative action - United States, Affirmative action - Basis in law, Affirmative action - Implementation in universities, Affirmative action - Important Supreme Court cases, Affirmative action - In individual U.S. states, Affirmative action - Other countries, Affirmative action - Results, Affirmative action - Criticism, Affirmative action - Demeaning racialism, Affirmative action - Quotas, Affirmative action - Cultural differences, Affirmative action - Biological Differences, Affirmative action - Disadvantaging working-class non-minorities, Affirmative action - Criticism by Thomas Sowell, Affirmative action - Counter-arguments, Affirmative action - Libertarian view, Affirmative action - Organizations, Affirmative action - Miscellaneous Read more here: » Affirmative action: Encyclopedia II - Affirmative action - Purpose |
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| | | | | actions: Encyclopedia II - Affirmative action - History The terms "affirmative action" and "positive discrimination" originate in law, where it is common for lawyers to speak of "affirmative" or "positive" remedies that command the wrongdoer to do something. In contrast, "negative" remedies command the wrongdoer to not do something or to stop doing something.
Affirmative action - American history.
The initial successes of the civil rights movement brought about negative remedies that attempted to prevent majority ethnic or racial groups from discr ...
See also:Affirmative action, Affirmative action - Purpose, Affirmative action - History, Affirmative action - American history, Affirmative action - Other approaches, Affirmative action - Consultations, Affirmative action - United States, Affirmative action - Basis in law, Affirmative action - Implementation in universities, Affirmative action - Important Supreme Court cases, Affirmative action - In individual U.S. states, Affirmative action - Other countries, Affirmative action - Results, Affirmative action - Criticism, Affirmative action - Demeaning racialism, Affirmative action - Quotas, Affirmative action - Cultural differences, Affirmative action - Biological Differences, Affirmative action - Disadvantaging working-class non-minorities, Affirmative action - Criticism by Thomas Sowell, Affirmative action - Counter-arguments, Affirmative action - Libertarian view, Affirmative action - Organizations, Affirmative action - Miscellaneous Read more here: » Affirmative action: Encyclopedia II - Affirmative action - History |
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| | | | | | | actions: Encyclopedia II - Lines of Action - History It was given wider dissemination and positive publicity by its inclusion in Sid Sackson's book A Gamut of Games, but for many years no stable playing community developed to explore the strategy to any depth. Only starting in the 1990s has any deep understanding of the game evolved.
In the last few years, not only has the play of the best humans risen dramatically, but simultaneously excellent computer programs have emerged. The level of play is improving both among humans and computers, but for the present the strongest LOA-pla ...
See also:Lines of Action, Lines of Action - History, Lines of Action - Rules, Lines of Action - Initial layout, Lines of Action - Goal, Lines of Action - Movement summary, Lines of Action - Movement diagrams, Lines of Action - Simultaneous connection, Lines of Action - Strategy, Lines of Action - Example game, Lines of Action - References and Links Read more here: » Lines of Action: Encyclopedia II - Lines of Action - History |
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| | | | | actions: Encyclopedia II - Affirmative action - Results UCLA professor Richard H. Sander published an article in the November 2004 issue of the Stanford Law Review that questioned the effectiveness of affirmative action in law schools. The article presents a study that, among other things, shows that half of all black law students rank near the bottom of their class after the first year of law school, and that black law students are more likely to drop out of law school and to fail the bar exam. The article offers a tentative estimate that the production of new black lawyers in the United States ...
See also:Affirmative action, Affirmative action - Purpose, Affirmative action - History, Affirmative action - American history, Affirmative action - Other approaches, Affirmative action - Consultations, Affirmative action - United States, Affirmative action - Basis in law, Affirmative action - Implementation in universities, Affirmative action - Important Supreme Court cases, Affirmative action - In individual U.S. states, Affirmative action - Other countries, Affirmative action - Results, Affirmative action - Criticism, Affirmative action - Demeaning racialism, Affirmative action - Quotas, Affirmative action - Cultural differences, Affirmative action - Biological Differences, Affirmative action - Disadvantaging working-class non-minorities, Affirmative action - Criticism by Thomas Sowell, Affirmative action - Counter-arguments, Affirmative action - Libertarian view, Affirmative action - Organizations, Affirmative action - Miscellaneous Read more here: » Affirmative action: Encyclopedia II - Affirmative action - Results |
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| | | | | | | | actions: Encyclopedia II - Action physics - History The principle of least action was first formulated by Maupertuis [1] in 1746 and further developed (from 1748 onwards) by the mathematicians Euler, Lagrange, and Hamilton. Maupertuis arrived at this principle from a feeling that the very perfection of the universe demands a certain economy in nature and is opposed to any needless expenditure of energy. Natural motions must be such as to make some quantity a minimum. It was only necessary to find that quantity, and this he proceeded to do. It was the product of the duration (time) of movement within a system by the "vis viva" or twice what we ...
See also:Action physics, Action physics - Some applications of the action principle, Action physics - History, Action physics - Action principle in classical mechanics, Action physics - Euler-Lagrange equations for the action integral, Action physics - Example: Free particle in polar coordinates, Action physics - Einstein-Hilbert action, Action physics - Literature Read more here: » Action physics: Encyclopedia II - Action physics - History |
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| | | | | actions: Encyclopedia II - Action on Climate Change - Political Action Political action is useful for changing laws and regulations that relate to climate change, such as tax incentives and greenhouse gas emissions limits. It can also be useful for gaining media and public attention to climate change.
There are many forms of political action on climate change: these include letter writing, direct lobbying, and public shaming of politicians and political and media organizations. Many people choose to support only those wh ...
See also:Action on Climate Change, Action on Climate Change - Political Action, Action on Climate Change - Protest Movements, Action on Climate Change - International Political Frameworks, Action on Climate Change - Lifestyle Action, Action on Climate Change - Business Action, Action on Climate Change - Increased Energy Efficiency, Action on Climate Change - Use of Renewable Energies, Action on Climate Change - Large-Scale Carbon Offset, Action on Climate Change - Sub-national level action, Action on Climate Change - Co-operation at the city level, Action on Climate Change - Co-operation at the county/state level, Action on Climate Change - Climate change science, Action on Climate Change - Protest and direct action groups, Action on Climate Change - Websites on international political action, Action on Climate Change - Websites on lifestyle action, Action on Climate Change - Websites on business action, Action on Climate Change - Websites on sub-national action Read more here: » Action on Climate Change: Encyclopedia II - Action on Climate Change - Political Action |
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| | | | | actions: Encyclopedia II - Action on Climate Change - Sub-national level action Action on the Sub-National level means action on the individual level. Fighting for sustainable development isn't a case of proving that global warming does indeed exist or pointing fingers anywhere else. It's about making personal decisions and coming together in communities to do what is best for the environment, even if that means making sacrifices. Politically, we can make change more effectively if we can show our devotion to the environment at the polls as well. Sustainable development is impossible without the organization of communities and t ...
See also:Action on Climate Change, Action on Climate Change - Political Action, Action on Climate Change - Protest Movements, Action on Climate Change - International Political Frameworks, Action on Climate Change - Lifestyle Action, Action on Climate Change - Business Action, Action on Climate Change - Increased Energy Efficiency, Action on Climate Change - Use of Renewable Energies, Action on Climate Change - Large-Scale Carbon Offset, Action on Climate Change - Sub-national level action, Action on Climate Change - Co-operation at the city level, Action on Climate Change - Co-operation at the county/state level, Action on Climate Change - Climate change science, Action on Climate Change - Protest and direct action groups, Action on Climate Change - Websites on international political action, Action on Climate Change - Websites on lifestyle action, Action on Climate Change - Websites on business action, Action on Climate Change - Websites on sub-national action Read more here: » Action on Climate Change: Encyclopedia II - Action on Climate Change - Sub-national level action |
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