ACTH

Androstenedione is a 19-carbon steroid hormone produced in the adrenal glands and the gonads as an intermediate step in the biochemical pathway that produces the androgen testosterone and the estrogens estrone and estradiol. It is the common precursor of male and female sex hormones. Some androstenedione is also secreted into the plasma, and may be converted in peripheral tissues to testosterone and estrogens. Androstenedione originates either from the conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone or from 17-hydroxyprogesterone. It i ...

Including:

• Androstenedione - Androstenedione as a supplement

Read more here: » Androstenedione: Encyclopedia - Androstenedione

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as arginine vasopressin (AVP), is a hormone that is mainly released when the body is low on water; it causes the kidneys to save water by concentrating the urine and is also involved in the creation of thirst. It is a peptide hormone produced by the hypothalamus, and stored in the posterior part of the pituitary gland. Antidiuretic hormone - Physiology. Antidiuretic hormone - Control. ADH is activated by "water r ...

Including:

• Antidiuretic hormone - Physiology
• Antidiuretic hormone - Control
• Antidiuretic hormone - Actions
• Antidiuretic hormone - Structure and relation to oxytocin
• Antidiuretic hormone - Pharmacology
• Antidiuretic hormone - Role in disease

Read more here: » Antidiuretic hormone: Encyclopedia - Antidiuretic hormone

Alprazolam Anxiety Panic attacks Abuse: Benzodiazepines are widely used for non-medical (i.e., recreational) purposes, and have occasionally been used as "date-rape" drugs Myasthenia gravis Sensitivity to benzodiazepines Acute angle closure glaucoma History of drug dependance or abuse (increased likelihood of dependence) Severe: jaundice (rare) A ...

Including:

• Alprazolam - Indications
• Alprazolam - Narcotic regulations
• Alprazolam - Mechanism of action
• Alprazolam - Pharmacokinetics
• Alprazolam - Recreational use

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The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis) comprises the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary produces and secretes several peptide hormones that regulate many physiological processes including stress, growth, and reproduction. Anterior pituitary - Anatomy and development. The adenohypophysis is a pea-size gland anterior to the neurohypophysis, caudal to the hypothalamus, and sits in the ...

Including:

• Anterior pituitary - Anatomy and development
• Anterior pituitary - Histology
• Anterior pituitary - Physiology
• Anterior pituitary - Major hormones secreted
• Anterior pituitary - Role in disease

Read more here: » Anterior pituitary: Encyclopedia - Anterior pituitary

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), also known as myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), post-viral fatigue syndrome (PVFS) and various other names, is a syndrome of unknown and possibly multiple etiology, affecting the central nervous system (CNS), immune, and many other systems and organs. Most definitions other than the 1991 UK "Oxford", require a number of features, the most common being severe mental and physical depletion, which according to the 1994 Fukuda definition is "unrelieved by rest", and is usually made worse by even trivial exertion (controver ...

Including:

• Chronic fatigue syndrome - History
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - Nomenclature
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - Symptoms
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - Course
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - Onset
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - Activity levels
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - Post-exertion symptom exacerbation
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - Duration
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - Diagnosis
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - CDC 1994 criteria aka Fukuda
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - Other systems
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - Controversies
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - Epidemiology
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - Disease associations
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - Co-morbidity
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - Proposed etiologies and corresponding treatments
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - Allergies
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - Autonomic nervous system disruption
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - Damage to ascending reticular activating system
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - Depression
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - Hormonal dysfunction
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - Immune dysfunction
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - Infectious agents
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - Inner-ear disorders
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - Metabolic disorders
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - Nutritional deficiency or imbalance
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - Psychosomatic causes
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - Spinal problems
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - Toxic agents
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - Other treatments
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - Social issues
• Chronic fatigue syndrome - Notable sufferers

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Calcitonin is a a 32 amino acid polypeptide hormone that is produced in humans primarily by the C cells of the thyroid, and in many other animals in the ultimobranchial body. Calcitonin - Synthesis. It is formed by proteolytic cleavage of a larger prepropeptide which is the product of the CALC1 gene, which itself is part of a superfamily of related protein hormone precusors including Islet Amyloid Precursor Protein, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and the precursor of Adrenomedullin.

Angiotensinogen, angiotensin I (CAS# 9041-90-1) and angiotensin II (CAS# 11128-99-7) are peptides involved in maintenance of blood volume and pressure. They play an important role in the renin-angiotensin system. Angiotensin - Angiotensinogen. Angiotensinogen is the precursor molecule, and it is produced constitutively and released into the circulation mainly by the liver although other sites have been thought to contribute to local effects of the molecule. Biochemically it is a member of the ...

Including:

• Angiotensin - Angiotensinogen
• Angiotensin - Angiotensin I
• Angiotensin - Angiotensin II
• Angiotensin - Effects of Angiotensin II
• Angiotensin - Vascular
• Angiotensin - Brain
• Angiotensin - Adrenals
• Angiotensin - Renal
• Angiotensin - Other
• Angiotensin - Angiotensin III & IV

Read more here: » Angiotensin: Encyclopedia - Angiotensin

Vigabatrin is an anticonvulsant that inhibits the catabolism of GABA. It is an analog of GABA, but it is not a receptor agonist.[2] Vigabatrin - Mechanism of Action. Vigabatrin is an irreversible inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T), the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of GABA, which increases the level of GABA in the synapses.^Including:

• Vigabatrin - Mechanism of Action
• Vigabatrin - Pharmacokinetics
• Vigabatrin - Uses
• Vigabatrin - Approved/Clinically Proven
• Vigabatrin - Unapproved/Investigational
• Vigabatrin - Adverse Effects
• Vigabatrin - Central Nervous System
• Vigabatrin - Gastrointestinal
• Vigabatrin - Body as a Whole
• Vigabatrin - Teratogenicity
• Vigabatrin - More on Abnormal Vision
• Vigabatrin - Drug Interactions
• Vigabatrin - Brand Names
• Vigabatrin - References and End Notes

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Clinical Depression is state of sadness or melancholia that has advanced to the point of being disruptive to an individual's social functioning and/or activities of daily living (ADLs). The diagnosis may be applied when an individual meets a sufficient number of the symptomatic criteria for the Depression spectrum as suggested in the DSM-IV-TR or ICD-9/10. It is important to note that an individual may suffer from what is termed a "clinical depression" without fully meeting the criteria for a specific diagnosis on the Depression spect ...

Including:

• Clinical depression - Signs and symptoms
• Clinical depression - Types of depression
• Clinical depression - Anxiety and Stress in Depression
• Clinical depression - Mania and Hypomania in Depression
• Clinical depression - Causes of depression
• Clinical depression - Treatment
• Clinical depression - Medication
• Clinical depression - Psychotherapy
• Clinical depression - Transcranial magnetic stimulation
• Clinical depression - Vagus nerve stimulation
• Clinical depression - Electroconvulsive therapy
• Clinical depression - Other methods of treatment
• Clinical depression - Old methods
• Clinical depression - Relapse
• Clinical depression - Books
• Clinical depression - Books by psychologists/psychiatrists
• Clinical depression - Books by persons suffering or having suffered from depression
• Clinical depression - Sources

Read more here: » Clinical depression: Encyclopedia - Clinical depression

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), also called corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or corticoliberin, is a polypeptide hormone involved in the stress response. It is produced by the hypothalamus and stimulates corticotropic cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary to produce ACTH and other biologically active substances (for example β-endorphin). CRH is also synthes ...

Including:

• Corticotropin-releasing hormone - Reference

Read more here: » Corticotropin-releasing hormone: Encyclopedia - Corticotropin-releasing hormone

Cushing's syndrome or hypercortisolism is an endocrine disorder caused by excessive levels of the endogenous corticosteroid hormone cortisol. It may also be induced iatrogenically by treatment with exogenous corticosteroids for other medical conditions. It was discovered by American physician, surgeon and endocrinologist Harvey Cushing (1869-1939) and reported by him in 1932. Cushing's syndrome - Signs and symptoms. Symptoms include rapid weight gain, particularly of the trunk and face with sparing o ...

Including:

• Cushing's syndrome - Signs and symptoms
• Cushing's syndrome - Diagnosis
• Cushing's syndrome - Pathophysiology
• Cushing's syndrome - Therapy
• Cushing's syndrome - Epidemiology
• Cushing's syndrome - Reference

Read more here: » Cushing's syndrome: Encyclopedia - Cushing's syndrome

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) refers to any of several autosomal recessive diseases resulting from defects in steps of the synthesis of cortisol from cholesterol by the adrenal glands. Most of these diseases involve excessive or defective production of sex steroids and can pervert or impair development of primary or secondary sex characteristics in affected infants, children, and adults. Only a small minority of people with CAH can be said to have an intersex condition, but this attracted American public attention in the late 1990s and ...

Including:

• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Overview of the multiple types of CAH
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Genetics
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Biochemistry
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - History

Read more here: » Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: Encyclopedia - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Cortisol (hydrocortisone) Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone that is involved in the response to stress; it increases blood pressure and blood sugar levels and suppresses the immune system. Synthetic cortisol, also known as hydrocortisone, is used as a drug mainly to fight allergies and inflammation. Cortisol - Synthesis. Cortisol is synthesized from progesterone, the precursor of all steroid hormones. The conversion involves hydroxylation of C-11, C-17 and C-21. The s ...

Including:

• Cortisol - Synthesis
• Cortisol - Physiology
• Cortisol - Pharmacology
• Cortisol - Diseases

Read more here: » Cortisol: Encyclopedia - Cortisol

Gastrin - Genetics. The GAS gene is located on the long arm of the seventh chromosome (17q21). Gastrin - Synthesis and release. Gastrin is a linear peptide hormone produced by G cells that are located mainly in the antrum of the stomach and the D cells of the pancreatic islets. It is secreted into the bloodstream. Gastrin is found primarily in three forms: gastrin-34 ("big gastrin"), gastrin-17 ("little gastrin"), and gastrin-14 ("minigastrin"). The ...

See also:

Gastrin, Gastrin - Physiology, Gastrin - Genetics, Gastrin - Synthesis and release, Gastrin - Function, Gastrin - Factors influencing secretion, Gastrin - Role in disease, Gastrin - External link

Read more here: » Gastrin: Encyclopedia II - Gastrin - Physiology

Glucagon - Stimulus for increased secretion of glucagon. decreased plasma glucose increased catecholamines increased plasma amino acids (to protect from hypoglycemia if an all protein meal consumed) sympathetic nervous system Glucagon - Stimulus for decreased secretion of glucagon. somatostatin Insulin ...

See also:

Glucagon, Glucagon - History, Glucagon - Physiology, Glucagon - Regulation, Glucagon - Stimulus for increased secretion of glucagon, Glucagon - Stimulus for decreased secretion of glucagon, Glucagon - Function, Glucagon - Mechanism of action, Glucagon - Pathology, Glucagon - Pharmacological application of glucagon, Glucagon - Media

Read more here: » Glucagon: Encyclopedia II - Glucagon - Regulation

The two most serious neonatal consequences of 21-hydroxylase deficiency occur when there is minimal measurable hydroxylase activity from prenatal life: severe virilization of female infants and life-threatening salt-wasting crises in the first month of life for XX and XY infants alike. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Virilization of female infants. Virilization of genetically female (XX) infants usually produces obvious genital ambiguity. Inside the pelvis, t ...

See also:

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Genetics inheritance and incidence of 21-hydroxylase deficient CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Pathophysiology, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Severe early onset 21-hydroxylase deficient CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Virilization of female infants, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Salt-wasting crises in infancy, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Sex assignment issues and controversies, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Long term management of CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Preventing hyperandrogenism and optimizing fertility, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Psychosexual development and issues, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Newborn screening, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Prenatal diagnosis and treatment, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Childhood onset simple virilizing CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Late onset nonclassical CAH

Read more here: » Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency: Encyclopedia II - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency - Severe early onset 21-hydroxylase deficient CAH

In both males and females, FSH stimulates the maturation of germ cells. In females, a FSH initiates follicular growth, and with the concomitant rise in inhibin B, FSH levels decline. This seems to be critical to select only the most advanced follicle to proceed to ovulation. FSH levels are normally low during childhood and, in women, high after menopause. ...

See also:

Follicle-stimulating hormone, Follicle-stimulating hormone - Structure, Follicle-stimulating hormone - Genes, Follicle-stimulating hormone - Activity, Follicle-stimulating hormone - Decifient FSH activity, Follicle-stimulating hormone - Availability

Read more here: » Follicle-stimulating hormone: Encyclopedia II - Follicle-stimulating hormone - Activity

Estradiol, like other sex steroids, is derived from cholesterol. After side chain cleavage and either utilizing the delta-5 pathway or the delta-4 pathway androstenedione is the key intermediary. Androstendione is either converted to testosterone which in turn undergoes aromatization to estradiol, or, alternatively, androstendione is aromatized to estrone which is converted to estradiol. Co ...

See also:

Estradiol, Estradiol - Synthesis, Estradiol - Production, Estradiol - Mechanism of action, Estradiol - Effects, Estradiol - Role in sexual differentiation, Estradiol - Therapy, Estradiol - Hormone replacement therapy, Estradiol - Blocking estrogens

Read more here: » Estradiol: Encyclopedia II - Estradiol - Synthesis

Hundreds of conditions can cause hypoglycemia. Common causes by age are listed below. While many aspects of the medical history and physical examination may be informative, the two best guides to the cause of unexplained hypoglycemia are usually the circumstances a critical sample of blood obtained at the time of hypoglycemia, before it is reversed. Hypoglycemia - The circumstances of hypog ...

See also:

Hypoglycemia, Hypoglycemia - Defining hypoglycemia: what's normal and what's low?, Hypoglycemia - Measurement method: different methods can yield different values, Hypoglycemia - Age differences: normal glucose levels vary by age, Hypoglycemia - Presence or absence of effects: are symptoms more important than the number?, Hypoglycemia - Purpose of definition: different levels are used for different purposes, Hypoglycemia - Pathophysiology: why low blood sugar primarily affects the brain, Hypoglycemia - Signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia, Hypoglycemia - Adrenergic Manifestations, Hypoglycemia - Glucagon Manifestations, Hypoglycemia - Neuroglycopenic Manifestations, Hypoglycemia - Determining the cause, Hypoglycemia - The circumstances of hypoglycemia provide most of the clues to diagnosis, Hypoglycemia - In less obvious cases a critical sample may provide the diagnosis, Hypoglycemia - Further diagnostic steps depend on the initial evidence, Hypoglycemia - Causes of hypoglycemia, Hypoglycemia - Hypoglycemia in newborn infants, Hypoglycemia - Hypoglycemia in young children, Hypoglycemia - Hypoglycemia in older children and young adults, Hypoglycemia - Hypoglycemia in older adults, Hypoglycemia - Treatment and prevention, Hypoglycemia - Reversing acute hypoglycemia, Hypoglycemia - Preventing further episodes, Hypoglycemia - Hypoglycemia as American folk medicine

Read more here: » Hypoglycemia: Encyclopedia II - Hypoglycemia - Determining the cause

Treatment of depression varies broadly, and is different for each individual. Various types and combinations of treatments may have to be tried. There are two primary modes of treatment, typically employed in conjunction with one another: medication and psychotherapy. A third treatment, electro-convulsive therapy (ECT) may be used where chemical treatment fails. Other alternative treatments used for depression include exercise and the use of v ...

See also:

Clinical depression, Clinical depression - Signs and symptoms, Clinical depression - Types of depression, Clinical depression - Major Depression, Clinical depression - Other Categories of Depression, Clinical depression - The role of anxiety in depression, Clinical depression - Anxiety, Clinical depression - Hypomania, Clinical depression - Causes of depression, Clinical depression - Treatment, Clinical depression - Medication, Clinical depression - Psychotherapy, Clinical depression - Transcranial magnetic stimulation, Clinical depression - Vagus nerve stimulation, Clinical depression - Electroconvulsive therapy, Clinical depression - Other methods of treatment, Clinical depression - Old methods, Clinical depression - Relapse, Clinical depression - Books, Clinical depression - Books by psychologists/psychiatrists, Clinical depression - Books by persons suffering or having suffered from depression, Clinical depression - Sources

Read more here: » Clinical depression: Encyclopedia II - Clinical depression - Treatment