Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas comprised of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. A very widely known chemical compound, it is frequently called by its formula CO2. In its solid state, it is commonly known as dry ice. Carbon dioxide derives from multiple sources including volcanic outgassing, the combustion of organic matter and respiration processes of living aerobic organisms. It is also produced by various microorganisms from fermentation and cellular respiration. Plants utilize carbon dioxide durin ...

Including:

Carbon dioxide - Chemical and physical properties Carbon dioxide - Uses Carbon dioxide - Dry Ice
Carbon dioxide - Uses Carbon dioxide - Handling
Carbon dioxide - Biology Carbon dioxide - Atmosphere
Carbon dioxide - Variation in the past
Carbon dioxide - Oceans Carbon dioxide - History

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Including:

Geber - Biography Geber - Contributions to chemistry Geber - Contributions to alchemy Geber - Writings by Jabir Geber - Translated work of Jabir

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Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. At standard temperature and pressure ammonia is a gas. It is toxic and corrosive to some materials, and has a characteristic pungent odor. An ammonia molecule is not flat, but has the shape of a compressed tetrahedron known as a trigonal pyramid, as would be expected from VSEPR theory. This shape gives the molecule an overall dipole moment and makes it polar so that ammonia very readily dissolves in water. The nitrogen atom in the molecule has a lon ...

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Ammonia - History Ammonia - Production Ammonia - Properties
Ammonia - Acidity Ammonia - Formation of other compounds Ammonia - Ammonia as a ligand
Ammonia - Uses Ammonia - Liquid ammonia as a solvent
Ammonia - Solubility of salts Ammonia - Solutions of metals Ammonia - Redox properties of liquid ammonia
Ammonia - Detection and determination Ammonia - Safety precautions
Ammonia - Toxicity Ammonia - Household use Ammonia - Laboratory use of ammonia solutions Ammonia - Laboratory use of anhydrous ammonia gas or liquid
Ammonia - Reference Ammonia - Bibliography

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In general usage, alcohol (from Arabic al-kukhul الكحول, al meaning 'the' and kukhul meaning 'spirit', the chemical) refers almost always to ethanol, also known as grain alcohol, and often to any beverage that contains ethanol (see alcoholic beverage). This sense underlies the term alcoholism (addiction to alcohol). Other forms of alcohol are usually described with a clarifying adjective, as in isopropyl alcohol or by the suffix -ol, as in isopropanol. As a drug, com ...

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Alcohol - Structure
Alcohol - Methanol & ethanol
Alcohol - Uses Alcohol - Sources Alcohol - Nomenclature
Alcohol - Systematic names Alcohol - Etymology
Alcohol - Physical and chemical properties Alcohol - Toxicity Alcohol - Preparation of alcohols
Alcohol - Laboratory Alcohol - Industrial
Alcohol - Reactions of alcohols
Alcohol - Deprotonation Alcohol - Nucleophilic substitution Alcohol - Dehydration Alcohol - Esterification Alcohol - Oxidation

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An alkaloid is a nitrogenous organic molecule that has a pharmacological effect on humans and animals. The name derives from the word alkaline; originally, the term was used to describe any nitrogen-containing base (an amine in modern terms). Alkaloids are found as secondary metabolites in plants (e.g., in potatoes and tomatoes), animals (e.g., in shellfish) and fungi, and can be extracted from their sources by treatment with acids (usually hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, though organic acids such as maleic acid and citric acid are sometimes used). Us ...

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Alkaloid - Alkaloid classifications

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Activated carbon (also called activated charcoal) is the more general term which includes carbon material mostly derived from charcoal. It denotes a material which has an exceptionally high surface area, typically determined by nitrogen adsorption, and includes a large amount of microporosity. Sufficient activation for useful applications may come solely from the high surface area, though often further chemical treatment is used to enhance the adsorbing properties of the material. Activated carbon - ProductionIncluding:

Activated carbon - Production Activated carbon - Properties Activated carbon - Applications
Activated carbon - Environmental applications Activated carbon - Medical applications Activated carbon - Gas purification

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Esters generally are not very soluble in water, they are quite volatile as they cannot undergo hydrogen bonding due to lack of -OH groups. Ethyl acetate can dissolve up to 3% water and has a solubility of 8% in water at room temperature. At elevated temperature its miscibility with water is much higher. The refractive index of Ethyl acetate is 1.370. Ethyl acetate - Other uses. Ethyl acetate is a very effective poison for use in insect collecting and study (entomology). In a jar charged with ethyl acetate, ...

See also:

Ethyl acetate, Ethyl acetate - Properties, Ethyl acetate - Other uses, Ethyl acetate - Chemistry

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Human taste sensory organs, called taste buds or gustatory calyculi, are concentrated on the upper surface of the tongue. They appear to be receptive to relatively few chemical species as tastes. This contrasts markedly with the sense of olfaction(smell), where very large numbers of chemicals can be differentiated. Basic taste - History. Five tastes are known to be sensed by taste buds: bitter, salty, sour, sweet, and umami. Until recently, most Western sources listed only the first four; in recent y ...

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Basic taste - History Basic taste - Saltiness Basic taste - Sourness Basic taste - Sweetness Basic taste - Bitterness Basic taste - Umami Basic taste - Other sensations
Basic taste - Pungent Basic taste - Cold Basic taste - Fat

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Acid-base reaction theories pH Self-ionization of water Buffer solutions Systematic naming Redox reactions Electrochemistry Acids: Strong acids Weak acids Bases: Strong bases Weak bases The common (Arrhenius) definition of a base is a chemical compound that absorbs hydronium ions when dissolved in water (a proton acceptor). An alkali is a special example of a base, where in an aqueous environment, h ...

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Base chemistry - Common bases Base chemistry - Bases and pH Base chemistry - Characteristics of Bases Base chemistry - Neutralization of acids Base chemistry - Alkalinity of non-hydroxides Base chemistry - Bases as heterogeneous catalysts

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Bromine (from Gr. βρωμος (brómos), meaning "stench"), is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Br and atomic number 35. A halogen element, bromine is a red volatile liquid at room temperature which has a reactivity between chlorine and iodine. This element is corrosive to human tissue in a liquid state and its vapors irritate eyes and throat. Bromine vapors are very toxic with inhalation. Bromine - Notable characteristics. Bromine is the only liquid nonmetallic element a ...

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Bromine - Notable characteristics Bromine - Applications Bromine - History Bromine - Occurrence Bromine - Precautions Bromine - Recycling Bromine - Compounds

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In medicine, a burn is a type of injury to the skin caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, or radiation (an example of the latter is sunburn). Immediate first aid for burns consists of immersing the injured area in cool clean water to cool the injured tissues. There are in modern vernacular terminology three degrees of burns. First-degree burns are usually limited to redness and pain at the site Second-degree burns additionally have blistering of the skin Third-degree burns addition ...

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Burn injury - Scald

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Humulus lupulus L. Humulus japonicus Siebold & Zucc. Humulus yunnanensis Hu The hop (Humulus) is a small genus of flowering plants, native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere. The female flowers, commonly called hops, are used as flavouring and stabilisers during beer brewing. Although frequently referred to as the hop vine, it is technically a bine; unlike vines, which use tendrils, suckers, and other appendages for attaching themselves, bines have stout stems w ...

Including:

Hop plant - Species Hop plant - Cultivation
Hop plant - History Hop plant - Propagation and pests Hop plant - Harvest
Hop plant - Uses
Hop plant - Beer Hop plant - Medicinal use Hop plant - Fibre Hop plant - Other uses

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Antimony is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Sb (L. Stibium) and atomic number 51. A metalloid, antimony has four allotropic forms. The stable form of antimony is a blue-white metal. Yellow and black antimony are unstable non-metals. Antimony is used in flame-proofing, paints, ceramics, enamels, a wide variety of alloys, electronics, and rubber. Antimony - Notable characteristics. Antimony in its elemental form is a silvery white, brittle, fusible, crystalline solid ...

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Antimony - Notable characteristics Antimony - Applications Antimony - History Antimony - Sources Antimony - Precautions Antimony - Compounds

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Anthocyanin (Etymology: greek. anthos = Flower, kyáneos = purple) is a water soluble pigment that reflects the red to blue range of the visible spectrum. It is often observed in the plant kingdom, where it serves to color anything from fruits to the autumn leaves. The pigment acts as a powerful antioxidant helping to protect the plant from UV damage. It can be used as a pH indicator because it changes from red in acids to blue in bases. Anthocyanins belong to a class of compounds called flavonoids. The anthocyanins them ...

Including:

Anthocyanin - Occurrence Anthocyanin - Function in plants Anthocyanin - Structure Anthocyanin - Properties Anthocyanin - Biosynthesis Anthocyanin - Recent research

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Petroleum (from Greek petra – rock and oleum – oil), crude oil, sometimes colloquially called black gold, is a thick, dark brown or greenish liquid. A widely believed myth is that the oil itself is flammable; however, it is actually the gas that evaporates from the oil that is flammable. Petroleum exists in the upper strata of some areas of the Earth's crust. Another name is naphtha, from Persian naft or nafátá (to flow). It consists of a complex mixture of various hydrocarbons, l ...

Including:

Petroleum - Origin
Petroleum - Biogenic theory Petroleum - Abiogenic theory
Petroleum - Composition Petroleum - Extraction
Petroleum - Alternate means of producing oil
Petroleum - History Petroleum - Environmental effects Petroleum - Future of oil Petroleum - Classification Petroleum - Pricing Petroleum - Top petroleum-producing countries Petroleum - Books about the petroleum industry Petroleum - Films about petroleum Petroleum - Writers covering the petroleum industry

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Teeth—singular tooth—are hard structures found in the jaws of many vertebrates. They have various structures to allow them to fulfill their many different purposes. The primary function of teeth is to tear and chew food and in some animals, particularly carnivores, as a weapon. The roots of the teeth are covered by gums. Teeth are covered by a protective structure, called the enamel, that helps to prevent cavities on the teeth. Adult teeth naturally darken as the person matures, the pulp within the tooth shrinks and dentin ...

Including:

Tooth - Human teeth Tooth - Tooth decay
Tooth - Plaque Tooth - Caries Cavities Tooth - Foods
Tooth - Tooth care Tooth - Dentures and false teeth Tooth - Abnormalities of the dentition Tooth - Development of teeth Tooth - Facts about teeth in non-human animals

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This article is about minerals in the geologic sense; for nutrient minerals see dietary mineral; for the band see Mineral (band). Minerals are natural compounds formed through geological processes. The term "mineral" encompasses not only the material's chemical composition but also the mineral structures. Minerals range in composition from pure elements and simple salts to very complex silicates with thousands of known forms (organic compounds are usually excluded). The study of minerals is called mineralogy. < ...

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Mineral - Mineral definition and classification
Mineral - Minerals and rocks Mineral - Physical properties of minerals Mineral - Chemical properties of minerals

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Ammonium Bicarbonate also called bicarbonate of ammonia, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, hartshorn, or powdered baking ammonia is the bicarbonate salt of ammonia. Ammonium bicarbonate is formed as shown above and also by passing carbon dioxide through a solution of the normal compound, when it is deposited as a white powder, which has no smell and is only slightly soluble in water. The aqueous solution of this salt liberates carbon dioxide on exposure to air or on heating, and becomes alkaline in ...

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Ammonium bicarbonate - Properties Ammonium bicarbonate - Uses Ammonium bicarbonate - Safety

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Zinc (from German zink) is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. Zinc - Notable characteristics. Zinc is a moderately reactive metal that will combine with oxygen and other non-metals, and will react with dilute acids to release hydrogen. The one common oxidation state of zinc is +2. Zinc - Applications. Zinc is the fourth most common metal in use, trailing only iron, aluminium, and copper in annual production. ...

Including:

Zinc - Notable characteristics Zinc - Applications
Zinc - Popular misconceptions
Zinc - History Zinc - Biological role
Zinc - Food Sources Zinc - Zinc Deficiency Zinc - Zinc Toxicity Zinc - Psoriasis Zinc - Immune System
Zinc - Abundance Zinc - Zinc production Zinc - Compounds Zinc - Isotopes Zinc - Precautions

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In chemistry and biochemistry, acid dissociation constant, the acidity constant, or the acid-ionization constant (Ka) is a specific type of equilibrium constant that indicates the extent of dissociation of hydrogen ions from an acid. It is important to remember that the term [H2O] is omitted from the general equilibrium constant expression. While strong acids dissociate practically completely in solution and consequently have large acidity constants, weak acids do not fully dissociate and gen ...

Including:

Acid dissociation constant - Basicity constant of the conjugate base Acid dissociation constant - Relationship between acidity and basicity constants Acid dissociation constant - The Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases Acid dissociation constant - pKa of some common substances

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