Achaemenid dynasty

Sassanid dynasty - Early history 224-310. Ardashir rapidly extended his territory, demanding fealty from the local princes of Fars and gaining control over the neighboring provinces of Kerman, Isfahan, Susiana, and Mesene. This expansion brought the attention of the Parthian Great King Artabanus IV, Ardashir's overlord and ruler of the Parthian Empire, who marched against him in 224. Their armies clashed at Hormizdeghan, and Artabanus was killed. Ardashir went on to invade the western provinces of the now defunct ...

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Sassanid dynasty, Sassanid dynasty - The term Sassanids or Sassanian, Sassanid dynasty - Origin, Sassanid dynasty - History, Sassanid dynasty - Early history 224-310, Sassanid dynasty - First golden era 310-379, Sassanid dynasty - Intermediate era 379-498, Sassanid dynasty - Second golden era 498-622, Sassanid dynasty - Decline and fall 622-651, Sassanid dynasty - The Parsees, Sassanid dynasty - Government, Sassanid dynasty - Conflicts, Sassanid dynasty - Iranian society under Sassanids, Sassanid dynasty - Religion, Sassanid dynasty - Relations with China, Sassanid dynasty - Expansion to India, Sassanid dynasty - Important Persian figures in Sassanid era, Sassanid dynasty - Art and science, Sassanid dynasty - Sassanid army, Sassanid dynasty - Sassanid Empire chronology, Sassanid dynasty - In modern media

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The sacred site at Ephesus was far older than the Artemisium. Pausanias understood the shrine of Artemis there to be very ancient. He states with certainty that it antedated the Ionic immigration by many years, being older even than the oracular shrine of Apollo at Didymi. He said that the pre-Ionic inhabitants of the city were Leleges and Lydians. The Temple was designed and constructed around 550 BC by the Cretan architect Chersiphron and his son Metagenes. This early construction was built at the expense of Croesus, the weal ...

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Temple of Artemis, Temple of Artemis - Location, Temple of Artemis - Ephesian Artemis, Temple of Artemis - History, Temple of Artemis - Architecture and art, Temple of Artemis - Cult and influence

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Gandhara shows an influx of southern Central Asian culture in the Bronze Age with the Gandhara grave culture, likely corresponding to immigration of Indo-Aryan speakers and the nucleus of Vedic civilization. The name of the Gandharis is attested from the Rigveda. The Gandharis, along with the Mujavantas, Angas and the Magadhas, are also mentioned in the Atharavaveda, but apparently as a despised people. Gandharas are included in the Uttarapatha division of Puranic and Buddhistic traditions. Aitareya Brahmana refers to king Naganajit of Gandhara w ...

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Gandhara, Gandhara - Geography, Gandhara - Ancient Gandhara, Gandhara - Persian rule, Gandhara - Gandhara under the Mauryas, Gandhara - Gandhara under Greek rule, Gandhara - Language, Gandhara - Gandharan proselytism, Gandhara - Gandharan art, Gandhara - Timeline, Gandhara - External link

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In Esther, Vashti is the wife of king Ahasuerus who is replaced by Esther. She is thus part of the story behind the Jewish holiday of Purim one of Judaism's festivals. According to the account she was deposed because she refused to obey the King's request that she "show off her beauty" (which is interpreted to "appear naked" or, "dance") in the banquet hall of the palace of "Shushan" (Susa). Her refusal to obey her husband has helped to secure her stature ...

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Vashti, Vashti - In the Book of Esther, Vashti - In the Midrash, Vashti - Identification with Amestris, Vashti - Meaning of the name, Vashti - Reference

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Xerxes I The Great, son of Darius I The Great and Atossa, the daughter of Cyrus the Great, was appointed successor to his father in preference to his elder half-brothers, who were born before Darius had become king. After his accession in October 485 BC he suppressed the revolt in Egypt which had broken out in 486 BC, appointed his brother Achaemenes as henchman (or khshathrapavan, satrap) bringing Egypt under a very strict rule. His predecessors, especially Darius, had not been successful in their attempts to conciliate the ancient c ...

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Xerxes I of Persia, Xerxes I of Persia - Political career, Xerxes I of Persia - Missing later years, Xerxes I of Persia - In the Bible, Xerxes I of Persia - External link

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Samarkand (Greek: Marakanda) is one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world, prospering from its location on the (Silk Road) trade route between China and Europe. At times Samarkand has been the greatest city of Central Asia, and for much of its history it has been under Persian rule. Founded ca. 700BCE, it was already the capital of the Sogdian satrapy under Achaemenid dynasty of Persia when Alexander the Great conquered it ...

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Samarkand, Samarkand - History, Samarkand - Major Sights, Samarkand - Samarkand in literature

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Cambyses II of Persia - Conquest of Egypt. It was quite natural that, after Cyrus had conquered Asia, Cambyses should undertake the conquest of Egypt, the only remaining independent state of the Eastern world. Before he set out on his expedition he killed his brother Bardiya (Smerdis), whom Cyrus had appointed governor of the eastern provinces. The date is given by Darius, whereas the Greek authors narrate the murder after the conquest of Egypt. The war took place in 525 BC, when Amasis II had just been succeeded ...

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Cambyses II of Persia, Cambyses II of Persia - The traditions of Cambyses, Cambyses II of Persia - Darius' recount, Cambyses II of Persia - Conquest of Egypt, Cambyses II of Persia - Attempts to conquer south and west of Egypt, Cambyses II of Persia - The death of Cambyses, Cambyses II of Persia - The Lost Army Of Cambyses

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List of kings of Persia - Arab caliphs rule. All Persian provinces fell under The Arabic Caliphate from 661 to 867. Umayyad dynasty, 661–750 Abbasid dynasty, 750–867 divided, 867–1029 List of kings of Persia - Tahirids in Khorasan 821–872. Taher ebne Hosein ebne Mos'ab, Emir 821–822 Talhat ebne Taher, 822–828 Abdollah ebne Taher, 828–844See also:

List of kings of Persia, List of kings of Persia - Early realms in Iran, List of kings of Persia - Elamite Kingdom 3000–660 BC, List of kings of Persia - Jiroft Kingdom c. 2500 BC, List of kings of Persia - Empire of Medians and Persians, List of kings of Persia - Median Dynasty 728–550 BC, List of kings of Persia - Achaemenid dynasty 550–330 BC, List of kings of Persia - Hellenistic rulers, List of kings of Persia - Argead Dynasty 330–310 BC, List of kings of Persia - Seleucid dynasty 305–164 BC, List of kings of Persia - Parthian dynasty Arsacid dynasty 247 BC – AD 224, List of kings of Persia - Sassanid dynasty AD 224–651, List of kings of Persia - Rulers after the advent of Islam in Iran, List of kings of Persia - Arab caliphs rule, List of kings of Persia - Tahirids in Khorasan 821–872, List of kings of Persia - Alavids 864–928, List of kings of Persia - Ziyarids 928–1043, List of kings of Persia - Buyyids 932–1056, List of kings of Persia - Saffarids in Seistan and beyond 861–1002, List of kings of Persia - Samanids Proto-Tajiks 892–998, List of kings of Persia - Ghaznavids 997–1186, List of kings of Persia - Seljuk Turks 1029–1194, List of kings of Persia - Khwarazmids 1096–1230, List of kings of Persia - Ilkhans 1256–1380, List of kings of Persia - Muzaffarid Dynasty 1314–1393, List of kings of Persia - Timurid dynasty 1380–1507, List of kings of Persia - Shahs of modern Iran, List of kings of Persia - Safavid dynasty 1502–1736, List of kings of Persia - Afsharid dynasty 1736–1749, List of kings of Persia - Zand dynasty 1750–1794, List of kings of Persia - Qajar dynasty 1796–1925, List of kings of Persia - Pahlavi dynasty 1925–1979

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See also: List of national leaders (in office), state leaders by year. Lists of office-holders - Africa. Algeria Heads of state of Algeria Heads of government of Algeria (see also: Prime Ministers of Algeria with information specific to that post) Colonial heads of Algeria Colonial heads of Oran Rulers of Kel Ahaggar Rulers of Qusantina (Constantine) Rulers of Tuggurt An ...

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Lists of office-holders, Lists of office-holders - Heads of international organizations, Lists of office-holders - Heads of state or government defunct entities, Lists of office-holders - Ancient world, Lists of office-holders - Middle Ages and Early Modern Period, Lists of office-holders - Heads of state or government modern entities, Lists of office-holders - Africa, Lists of office-holders - America Central and the Caribbean, Lists of office-holders - America North, Lists of office-holders - America South, Lists of office-holders - Asia, Lists of office-holders - Oceania, Lists of office-holders - Europe, Lists of office-holders - Middle East, Lists of office-holders - Heads of modern subnational entities, Lists of office-holders - Australia, Lists of office-holders - Belgium, Lists of office-holders - Canada, Lists of office-holders - China People's Republic of, Lists of office-holders - Finland, Lists of office-holders - France, Lists of office-holders - Germany, Lists of office-holders - India, Lists of office-holders - New Zealand, Lists of office-holders - Sweden, Lists of office-holders - United States, Lists of office-holders - Ministers by portfolio, Lists of office-holders - Municipal leaders, Lists of office-holders - Religious leaders, Lists of office-holders - Christian, Lists of office-holders - Judaism, Lists of office-holders - Islam, Lists of office-holders - Buddhist, Lists of office-holders - Ancient Rome

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According to the Book of Esther she was a Jewish woman originally named Hadassah. When she entered the royal harem she received the name Esther by which she was hence forth known. Hadassah means "myrtle" in Hebrew and the name Esther is most likely related to the Median word for myrtle, astra , the Kurdish words Estêre and Istêr,the Persian word setareh meaning star — the myrtle ...

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Esther, Esther - The name, Esther - The story

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Knowledge of Elamite history remains largely fragmentary, reconstruction being based on mainly Mesopotamian sources. The city of Susa was founded around 4000 BC, and during its early history, fluctuated between submission to Mesopotamian and Elamite power. The earliest levels (22-17 in the excavations conducted by Le Brun, 1978) exhibit pottery that has no equivalent in Mesopotamia, but for the succeeding period, the excavated material allows identification with the culture of Sumer of the Uruk period. Proto-Elamite influence from the Persia ...

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Elam, Elam - Etymology, Elam - History, Elam - Old Elamite Period, Elam - Middle Elamite Period, Elam - Neo-Elamite Period, Elam - Elamite language, Elam - The Elamite Legacy, Elam - Elamite influence on the Achaemenids, Elam - Post Achaemenid influence, Elam - Elamite studies

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Sassanid dynasty - Early history 224-310. Ardashir rapidly extended his territory, demanding fealty from the local princes of Fars and gaining control over the neighboring provinces of Kerman, Isfahan, Susiana, and Mesene. This expansion brought the attention of the Parthian Great King Artabanus IV, Ardashir's overlord and ruler of the Parthian Empire, who marched against him in 224. Their armies clashed at Hormizdeghan, and Artabanus was killed. Ardashir went on to invade the western provinces of the now defunct ...

See also:

Sassanid dynasty, Sassanid dynasty - The term Sassanids or Sassanian, Sassanid dynasty - Origin, Sassanid dynasty - History, Sassanid dynasty - Early history 224-310, Sassanid dynasty - First golden era 310-379, Sassanid dynasty - Intermediate era 379-498, Sassanid dynasty - Second golden era 498-622, Sassanid dynasty - Khosrau I's reforms, Sassanid dynasty - Decline and fall 622-651, Sassanid dynasty - The Parsees, Sassanid dynasty - Government, Sassanid dynasty - Conflicts, Sassanid dynasty - Iranian society under Sassanids, Sassanid dynasty - Religion, Sassanid dynasty - Relations with China, Sassanid dynasty - Expansion to India, Sassanid dynasty - Important Persian figures in Sassanid era, Sassanid dynasty - Art and science, Sassanid dynasty - Sassanid army, Sassanid dynasty - Sassanid Empire chronology, Sassanid dynasty - In modern media

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Samarkand (Greek: Marakanda) is one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world, prospering from its location on the (Silk Road) trade route between China and Europe. At times Samarkand has been the greatest city of Central Asia, and for much of its history it has been under Persian rule. Founded circa 700 BCE it was already the capital of the Sogdian satrapy under Achaemenid dynasty of Persia when Alexander the Great conquered it ...

See also:

Samarkand, Samarkand - History, Samarkand - Major Sights, Samarkand - Samarkand in literature

Read more here: » Samarkand: Encyclopedia II - Samarkand - History

See also: List of national leaders (in office), state leaders by year. Lists of office-holders - Middle East & North Africa. Algeria Heads of state of Algeria Heads of government of Algeria (see also: Prime Ministers of Algeria with information specific to that post) Colonial heads of Algeria Colonial heads of Oran Rulers of Kel Ahaggar Rulers of Qusantina (Constantine) Rulers of Tuggurt ...

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Lists of office-holders, Lists of office-holders - Heads of international organizations, Lists of office-holders - Heads of state or government defunct entities, Lists of office-holders - Ancient world, Lists of office-holders - Middle Ages and Early Modern Period, Lists of office-holders - Heads of state or government modern entities, Lists of office-holders - Middle East & North Africa, Lists of office-holders - Other Africa, Lists of office-holders - America Central and the Caribbean, Lists of office-holders - America North, Lists of office-holders - America South, Lists of office-holders - Other Asia, Lists of office-holders - Oceania, Lists of office-holders - Europe, Lists of office-holders - Heads of modern subnational entities, Lists of office-holders - Australia, Lists of office-holders - Belgium, Lists of office-holders - Canada, Lists of office-holders - China People's Republic of, Lists of office-holders - Finland, Lists of office-holders - France, Lists of office-holders - Germany, Lists of office-holders - India, Lists of office-holders - New Zealand, Lists of office-holders - Sweden, Lists of office-holders - United States, Lists of office-holders - Ministers by portfolio, Lists of office-holders - Municipal leaders, Lists of office-holders - Religious leaders, Lists of office-holders - Christian, Lists of office-holders - Judaism, Lists of office-holders - Islam, Lists of office-holders - Buddhist, Lists of office-holders - Ancient Rome

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Related articles: History of Afghanistan, History of Iran, History of Tajikistan, History of South Asia, History of Central Asia, History of India. As one of the cradles of human civilisation, the Pakistani region has long been at the crossroads of history. It was the birthplace of some of the most ancient civilisations and a strategic centre of historic trade routes, including the Silk Road. Pakistan was the site of much of the Indus Valley Civilisation and was subsequently occupied by many groups, including Dravidians, ...

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Pakistan, Pakistan - History, Pakistan - Ancient History, Pakistan - Arrival of Islam, Pakistan - British rule, Pakistan - Post-independence, Pakistan - Politics, Pakistan - Political history, Pakistan - Foreign relations, Pakistan - Provinces and Territories, Pakistan - Geography, Pakistan - Tourism, Pakistan - Economy, Pakistan - Demographics, Pakistan - Population Statistics, Pakistan - Religion, Pakistan - Languages, Pakistan - Ethnic groups, Pakistan - Society and culture, Pakistan - Roots, Pakistan - Media, Pakistan - Globalization, Pakistan - Mercantile culture

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There are several hypotheses regarding the origins of the name "Azerbaijan." The most common theory is that it is derived from "Atropatan." Atropat was the satrap at the time of the Persian Achaemenid dynasty, and gained independence after Alexander the Great destroyed the Achaemenids. The region was known as Media Atropatia or Atropatene at the time. There are also alternative opinions that the term is a slight Turkification of Azarbaijan, in turn an Arabicized version of the original Persian name Âzarâbâda ...

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Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan - Etymology, Azerbaijan - History, Azerbaijan - Politics, Azerbaijan - Subdivisions, Azerbaijan - Geography, Azerbaijan - Economy, Azerbaijan - Demographics, Azerbaijan - Culture, Azerbaijan - Miscellaneous topics

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The artist heritage of Persia is actually quite eclectic and includes major contributions from both east and west. Persian art borrowed heavily from aboriginal Elam and Mesopotamia and later from Hellenism (as can be seen with statues from the Greek period). In addition, due to Persia's somewhat central location, it has served as a fusion point between eastern and western arts and architecture as Greco-Roman influence was often fused with ideas and techniques from India and China. When talking of the creative Persian arts one has to include ...

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Persian people, Persian people - Origins and roots, Persian people - Related sub-groups, Persian people - Persian language, Persian people - Persian Arts, Persian people - Persian Painting and Depiction Artistry, Persian people - Persian Music, Persian people - Persian Architecture, Persian people - Persian rugs, Persian people - Persian Gardens, Persian people - Persian Women, Persian people - Culture

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The reform of Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) retained the multitudes of Persian deities, reducing them, in a complex hierarchy, to "Immortals" and "Adored Ones" who were now conceived either under the rule of Ahura Mazda or of Ahriman, as all of the cosmos was now part of Good or part of Evil. In the later parts of the Avesta, Mithra comes to the fore among the created beings. He gained the title of "Judge of Souls". As the protector of truth and the enemy of error, Mithra occupied an intermediate position in the Zoroastrian pantheon as the ...

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Mitra, Mitra - Etymology and Origins, Mitra - Mitra in the Vedas, Mitra - Mithra in the Persian World, Mitra - Temples to Mithra in Greater Ancient Persia, Mitra - Mithra in the Greco/Roman world, Mitra - External link

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The Parthians were members of the Parni tribe, a nomadic people of Iranian origin, who spoke an Iranian language and entered the Iranian plateau from Central Asia. They were consummate horsemen, known for the 'Parthian shot': turning backwards at full gallop to loose an arrow directly to the rear. Later, at the height of their power, Parthian influence reached as far as Ubar in Arabia, the nexus of the frankincense trade route, where Parthian-inspired ceramics have been found. The power of the early Parthian empire seems to have been overestimated by some ancient histo ...

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Parthian Empire, Parthian Empire - Origins, Parthian Empire - The Parthian Empire, Parthian Empire - Government, Parthian Empire - Contact with China, Parthian Empire - Conflicts with Rome, Parthian Empire - Expansion to India, Parthian Empire - Decline and fall, Parthian Empire - Parthian rulers, Parthian Empire - Etymololgy of Parthia

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The region was one of the satrapies of the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia under name Sogdiana. Transoxiana, however, is Latin, and literally means "beyond the Oxus River", an older name for the Amu Darya, which describes the region perfectly from the viewpoint of the Greeks and Romans. The name stuck in Western consciousness because of the exploits of Alexander the Great, who extended Greek culture into the region with his conquests of the 4th century BC; Transoxiana represented the uttermost northeastern point of the Hellenistic cultur ...

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Transoxiana, Transoxiana - History, Transoxiana - Other uses

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Cambyses II of Persia - Conquest of Egypt. It was quite natural that, after Cyrus had conquered Asia, Cambyses should undertake the conquest of Egypt, the only remaining independent state of the Eastern world. Before he set out on his expedition he killed his brother Bardiya (Smerdis), whom Cyrus had appointed governor of the eastern provinces. The date is given by Darius, whereas the Greek authors narrate the murder after the conquest of Egypt. The war took place in 525, when Amasis had just been succeeded by hi ...

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Cambyses II of Persia, Cambyses II of Persia - The traditions of Cambyses, Cambyses II of Persia - Darius' recount, Cambyses II of Persia - Conquest of Egypt, Cambyses II of Persia - Attempts to conquer south and west of Egypt, Cambyses II of Persia - The death of Cambyses, Cambyses II of Persia - The Lost Army Of Cambyses

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The original inhabitants of ancient Balochistan, and other regions of Pakistan, were the aborigine tribes speaking languages related to Munda languages. The Dravidians invaded from the Iranian plateau and settled in Balochistan and Indus valley around 4000 BCE. The Brahui living in Balochistan still speak Dravidian language. The Indo-European tribes invaded from the Eastern Europe in 2000 BCE and settled in all regions of Pakistan. Later, these Aryan groups would become the Pakhtuns and the various Dardic and other tribes that currently popu ...

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Balochistan, Balochistan - Landscape, Balochistan - History, Balochistan - Accession problem of 1948, Balochistan - Prince Abdul Karim Khan, Balochistan - Beginning of the movement and political allies, Balochistan - Plan of action, Balochistan - Armed struggle, Balochistan - Soviets and Afghans, Balochistan - Prince Karim's legitimacy outlawed, Balochistan - The return of Karim, Balochistan - His capture, Balochistan - Trial, Balochistan - Second Baloch National Resistance of 1968, Balochistan - Balochistan Rebellion During the 70s, Balochistan - Revival of Struggle for Provincial Rights, Balochistan - Military Cantonments Issue, Balochistan - Old Grievances, Balochistan - Solutions, Balochistan - Recent Development Projects

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