Achaemenid dynasty

Centuries: 7th century BC - 6th century BC - 5th century BC Decades: 620s BC - 610s BC - 600s BC - 590s BC - 580s BC - 570s BC - 560s BC - 550s BC - 540s BC - 530s BC 580s BC - Events and trends. 589 BC - Apries succeeds Psammetichus II as king of Egypt 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon begins siege of Jerusalem 587/586 BC - Jerusalem falls to the Babylonians, ending the Kingdom of Judah. The conquerors destroy the Temple of Jerusalem and exile the land's re ...

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• 580s BC - Events and trends
• 580s BC - Significant people

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persian cross I. A great god is Ahura Mazda, who created this earth, who created yonder sky, who created man, who created happiness for man, who made Darius king, one king of many, one lord of many. II. I am Darius the Great King, King of Kings, King of countries containing all kinds of men, King in this great Earth far and wide, son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenian, a Persian, son of a Persian, an Aryan, having Aryan lineage. III. Darius the King says: By the favor of Ahura Mazda, these are the countries which I seized outs ...

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Naksh-i Rustam, Naksh-i Rustam - Darius the Great's Inscription at Næqš-e Rostæm, Naksh-i Rustam - Details of the carvings, Naksh-i Rustam - See Also

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Darius III or Codomannus (c. 380 - 330 BC), was the last king of the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia from 336 BC to 330 BC. He was deposed after Alexander the Great's conquest. After the ambitious chiliarch Bagoas murdered King Artaxerxes III of Persia in 338 BC, and his son King Arses in 336 BC, he sought to install a new monarch who would be easier to control. He chose Codomannus, a distant relative of the royal house who had distinguished himself in a combat of champions in a war against the Cadusii (Justin 10.3; cf. Dio ...

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Centuries: 8th century BC - 7th century BC - 6th century BC Decades: 700s BC 690s BC 680s BC 670s BC 660s BC - 650s BC - 640s BC 630s BC 620s BC 610s BC 600s BC 650s BC - Events and trends. Occupation begins at Maya site of Piedras Negras, Guatemala 657 BC - Cypselus becomes the first tyrant of Corinth. 656 BC - Psammetichus extends his control over all of Egypt. End of Twenty-fifth Dynasty 653 BC Atta-Khumma-In-Shushinak and Khumbanigash II succeed Shi ...

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• 650s BC - Events and trends
• 650s BC - Significant people

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Darius the Great (ca. 549 BC– 485/486 BC; Old Persian 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 Dārayawuš: "He Who Holds Firm the Good"), was the son of Hystaspes and Persian Emperor from 521 BC to 485/486 BC. His name in Modern Persian is داریوش (Dâriûsh), and the ancient Greek sources call him Δαρεῖος (Dareîos). Darius I of Persia - Rise to power. Darius belonged to a cadet branch of the Achaemenid dynasty. A relative of ...

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• Darius I of Persia - Rise to power
• Darius I of Persia - The empire under Darius
• Darius I of Persia - Governance
• Darius I of Persia - Building projects
• Darius I of Persia - Economy diplomacy and trade
• Darius I of Persia - European and North African campaigns
• Darius I of Persia - External link

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Vashti (ושתי) is mentioned in the Book of Esther, a book included in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament). Vashti - In the Book of Esther. In Esther, Vashti is the wife of king Ahasuerus who is replaced by Esther. She is thus part of the story behind the Jewish holiday of Purim one of Judaism's festivals. According to the account she was deposed because she refused to obey the King's request that she "show off her beauty" (which is interpreted to "appear naked" or, "dance") in the banquet hall of the ...

Including:

• Vashti - In the Book of Esther
• Vashti - In the Midrash
• Vashti - Identification with Amestris
• Vashti - Meaning of the name
• Vashti - Reference

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Xerxes I (خشایارشاه), was a Persian king (reigned 485 - 465 BC) of the Achaemenid dynasty. "Xerxes" is the Greek transliteration of the Persian throne name Khshayarsha or Khsha-yar-shan, meaning "ruler of heroes". In the Hebrew Bible, the Persian king אחשורש Aḥashverosh (Ahasuerus in Greek) probably corresponds to Xerxes I. Xerxes I of Persia - Political career. Xerxes I The Great, son of Darius I The Great and Atossa, the daughter of Cyrus the Great, was appointed successor t ...

Including:

• Xerxes I of Persia - Political career
• Xerxes I of Persia - Missing later years
• Xerxes I of Persia - In the Bible
• Xerxes I of Persia - External link

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Xerxes (the Greek form of the Persian Khshayārsha) is the name of two Persian kings of the Achaemenid dynasty: Xerxes I, reigned 485–465 BC. Xerxes II, reigned 424 BC. Xerxes may also refer to: Xerxes, an Armenian king, killed about 212 BC by Antiochus III the Great. A son of Mithradates the Great of Pontus. An ancient city in the Fullmetal Alchemist manga. Xerxes, an opera by George Frideric Handel. XERXES, a character

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News of the Persian Princess prompted American archaeologist Oscar White Muscarella to come out about an incident the previous March when he was shown photographs of a similar mummy. Amanollah Riggi, a middleman working in behalf of an unidentified antiquities dealer in Pakistan, had approached him, claiming its owners were a Zoroastrian family who had brought it to the country. The seller had claimed that was a daughter of Xerxes, based on trans ...

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Persian Princess, Persian Princess - Discovery, Persian Princess - Identification, Persian Princess - Ownership, Persian Princess - Doubts, Persian Princess - Fate

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Since the end of the war, the Lebanese have conducted several elections, most of the militias have been weakened or disbanded, and the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) have extended central government authority over about two-thirds of the country. Only the radical Shi'a party Hizballah retains its weapons. Hizballah is dedicated to the creation of Iranian-style Islamic republic in Lebanon, and the removal of all non-Islamic influences from the area. Postwar social and political instability, fueled by economic uncertainty and the collapse ...

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History of Lebanon, History of Lebanon - Ancient history of Lebanon, History of Lebanon - 19th Century, History of Lebanon - The rise and fall of Emir Bashir II, History of Lebanon - Sectarian conflict: European Powers begin to intervene, History of Lebanon - Rising prosperity and peace, History of Lebanon - League of Nations Mandate, History of Lebanon - Independence, History of Lebanon - Regional Conflict, History of Lebanon - The Lebanese Civil War: 1975–1990, History of Lebanon - Initial outbreak 1975–76 and Syrian intervention, History of Lebanon - PLO and Israeli conflict Israeli intervention 1976–82, History of Lebanon - Israeli invasion and international intervention: 1982–84, History of Lebanon - Worsening conflict and political crisis: 1985–89, History of Lebanon - End of the Civil War: 1989–91, History of Lebanon - Postwar reconstruction: 1992 to Present, History of Lebanon - Continued Syrian military presence, History of Lebanon - 2004 Amendments to the Constitution, History of Lebanon - Assassination of Hariri 2005, History of Lebanon - Withdrawal of Syrian troops, History of Lebanon - Amnesty for Samir Geagea, History of Lebanon - Hariri Assassination Investigations, History of Lebanon - Border Tension

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Etymological studies verify that the extinct dialects spoken from Baku to Khalkhal to Semnan before 11th century, all originated from a common source. In other words, the people of Azerbaijan spoke the same language spoken by the Medes. (See UCLA's distinguished professor Ehsan Yarshater's report in: Majaleh-ye Dâneshkadeh-ye Adabiyât, “مجله دانشكده ادبيات”, year 5, No. 1-2, p 35–37.) Researcher Ahmad Kasravi Tabrizi also mentions that the medieval historian Yaqut al-Hamawi used the phrase Al-Ajam ol ...

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Iranian languages, Iranian languages - Early history, Iranian languages - The Persians, Iranian languages - Iranian Languages after the Arab Conquest of Persia, Iranian languages - Iranian languages and the question of Azeri, Iranian languages - Classification of the Iranian Languages, Iranian languages - External link

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Gandhara - Pre Historic Period. Gandhara shows an influx of southern Central Asian culture in the Bronze Age with the Gandhara grave culture, likely corresponding to immigration of Indo-Aryan speakers and the nucleus of Vedic civilization. The name of the Gandharis is attested from the Rigveda. The Gandharis, along with the Mujavantas, Angas and the Magadhas, are also mentioned in the Atharavaveda, but apparently as a despised people. Gandharas are included in the Uttarapatha division of Puranic and Buddhistic traditions. Aitareya Brahmana refers to king Naganajit of Gandhara w ...

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Gandhara, Gandhara - Geography, Gandhara - Ancient Gandhara, Gandhara - Pre Historic Period, Gandhara - Pushkalavati & Prayag, Gandhara - City of Taxila, Gandhara - Persian rule, Gandhara - Gandhara under the Mauryas, Gandhara - Gandhara under Graeco Bactrians Sakas and Indo-Parthinas, Gandhara - The Golden Age of Kushans Rule, Gandhara - Gandhara after Huns Invasion, Gandhara - Gandhara under Turkshahi & Hindushahi, Gandhara - End of Gandhara, Gandhara - Language, Gandhara - Gandharan proselytism, Gandhara - Gandharan art, Gandhara - Timeline, Gandhara - External link

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According to the Book of Esther she was a Jewish woman originally named Hadassah. When she entered the royal harem she received the name Esther by which she was hence forth known. Hadassah means "myrtle" in Hebrew and the name Esther is most likely related to the Median word for myrtle, astra and the Persian word setareh meaning star — the myrtle blossom resembles a twinkling star. Esther can be also be understood to mean "hidden" in Hebrew, and her name is interpreted thus in Midrash, where it is ...

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Esther, Esther - The name, Esther - The story, Esther - Links

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Haman Bible - Midrash. In Rabbinical tradition, Haman is considered an archetype of evil and persecutor of the Jews. Having attempted to exterminate the Jews of Persia, and rendering himself thereby their worst enemy, Haman naturally became the center of many Talmudic legends. Being at one time in extreme want, he sold himself as a slave to Mordecai (Meg. 15a). He was a barber at Kefar Karzum for the space of twenty-two years (ib. 16a). Haman had an idolatrous image embroidered on his garments, so that those who bowed to him at comman ...

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Haman Bible, Haman Bible - Haman in the Hebrew Bible, Haman Bible - Haman in other sources, Haman Bible - Midrash, Haman Bible - Josephus, Haman Bible - Qur'an, Haman Bible - Purim traditions, Haman Bible - Modern usage

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Persian Empire - The first Persian state: Achaemenid Persia 648 BC–330 BC. Main articles: Achaemenid dynasty, and [[]], and [[]], and See also:

Persian Empire, Persian Empire - The name Persia, Persian Empire - The rise and fall of empires in Persia, Persian Empire - The first Persian state: Achaemenid Persia 648 BC–330 BC, Persian Empire - Hellenistic Persia 330 BC–150 BC, Persian Empire - Parthian Persia 150 BC–AD 226, Persian Empire - Sassanid Persia AD 226–650, Persian Empire - Islam and Persia 650–1219, Persian Empire - Persia under the Turkic rule 1037–1219, Persian Empire - Persia under the Mongols and their successors 1219–1500, Persian Empire - A new Persian empire: the Safavids 1500–1722, Persian Empire - Persia and Europe 1722–1914, Persian Empire - Persia in World War One 1914–1918, Persian Empire - Persia after World War One 1919–1935, Persian Empire - List of Kings and Emperors of Persia

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Related articles: History of Afghanistan, History of Iran, History of Tajikistan, History of South Asia, History of Central Asia, History of India. As one of the cradles of human civilisation, the Pakistani region has long been at the crossroads of history. It was the birthplace of some of the most ancient civilisations and a strategic centre of historic trade routes, including the Silk Road. Pakistan was the site of much of the Indus Valley Civilisation and was subsequently occupied by many groups, including Dravidians, ...

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Pakistan, Pakistan - History, Pakistan - Ancient History, Pakistan - Arrival of Islam, Pakistan - British rule, Pakistan - Post-independence, Pakistan - Politics, Pakistan - Political history, Pakistan - Foreign relations, Pakistan - Provinces and Territories, Pakistan - Geography, Pakistan - Tourism, Pakistan - Economy, Pakistan - Overview, Pakistan - Demographics, Pakistan - Population Statistics, Pakistan - Religion, Pakistan - Languages, Pakistan - Ethnic groups, Pakistan - Society and culture, Pakistan - Roots, Pakistan - Media, Pakistan - Globalization, Pakistan - Mercantile culture

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The society in the Sassanid era was divided into four classes: priests, warriors, secretaries, and commoners. The latter formed the bulk of the society and were the poorest. Even so, only commoners were subjected to annual taxes. Even Khosrau I's reforms didn't change the social status, it was a mere military and taxation reform rather than a social reform. It didn't improve life for the biggest group of people (the commoners), if not worsened it. This contributed to people's discontent in later years. In the final years of the sixth ...

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Fall of Sassanids, Fall of Sassanids - Social problems, Fall of Sassanids - Religion, Fall of Sassanids - Military, Fall of Sassanids - Reference

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Darius I of Persia - Governance. Darius in his inscriptions appears as a fervent believer in the monotheistic religion of Zoroaster. He was also a great statesman and organizer. Darius thoroughly revised the Persian system of administration and also the legal code. His revisions of the legal code revolved around laws of evidence, slave sales, deposits, bribery, and assault. The time of conquests had come to an end; the wars which Darius undertook, like those of Augustus, only served the purpose of gaining strong ...

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Darius I of Persia, Darius I of Persia - Rise to power, Darius I of Persia - The empire under Darius, Darius I of Persia - Governance, Darius I of Persia - Building projects, Darius I of Persia - Economy diplomacy and trade, Darius I of Persia - European and North African campaigns, Darius I of Persia - External link

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Tales of griffins and the Arimaspi of distant Scythia near the cave of Boreas, the North Wind (Geskleithron) were elaborated in the lost archaic poem of Aristeas of Proconnesus, Arimaspea, and eagerly reported by Herodotus and in Pliny's Natural History. The griffin was said to build a nest, like an eagle. Instead of eggs, it lays agates. The animal was supposed to watch over gold mines and hidden treasures, and to be the enemy of the horse. The incredibly rare offspring of griffin and horse would be called hippogriff. Griffin ...

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Griffin, Griffin - Nature of griffins, Griffin - Heraldic griffins, Griffin - The keythong, Griffin - Griffins in Literature, Griffin - Spelling variants

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The Parthians were members of the Parni tribe, a nomadic people of Iranian origin, who spoke an Iranian language and entered the Iranian plateau from Central Asia. They were consummate horsemen, known for the 'Parthian shot': turning backwards at full gallop to loose an arrow directly to the rear. Later, at the height of their power, Parthian influence reached as far as Ubar in Arabia, the nexus of the frankincense trade route, where Parthian-inspired ceramics have been found. The power of the early Parthian empire seems to have been overestimated by some ancient historians, w ...

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Parthia, Parthia - Origins, Parthia - The Parthian Empire, Parthia - Government, Parthia - Contact with China, Parthia - Conflicts with Rome, Parthia - Expansion to India, Parthia - Decline and fall, Parthia - Parthian rulers, Parthia - Etymololgy of Parthia

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See main article for detailed information: History of Pakistan (Including pre-history, civilizations of the region, and modern events to date) Related articles: History of Afghanistan, History of Iran, History of Tajikistan, History of Central Asia, History of South Asia, History of India. Pakistan is the birthplace of some of the most ancient civilizations and a strategic center of historic trade routes, including the Silk Road. It exists in a region whose history has overlapped that of many empires (e.g M ...

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Pakistan, Pakistan - History, Pakistan - Ancient History, Pakistan - Arrival of Islam, Pakistan - Pre-colonial History, Pakistan - British rule, Pakistan - Independence and After, Pakistan - Politics, Pakistan - Domestic Politics, Pakistan - Foreign Relations, Pakistan - Political History, Pakistan - Geography, Pakistan - Economy, Pakistan - Overview, Pakistan - Macroeconomic Reform and Prospects, Pakistan - Tourism, Pakistan - Demographics, Pakistan - Population Statistics, Pakistan - Religion, Pakistan - Languages, Pakistan - Ethnic Groups, Pakistan - Subdivisions, Pakistan - Society and Culture, Pakistan - Roots, Pakistan - Film Television & Music, Pakistan - Globalization, Pakistan - Sports, Pakistan - Mercantile Culture

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