Achaemenid dynasty - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Achaemenid Dynasty: Encyclopedia - Achaemenid Dynasty
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Encyclopedia - Achaemenid Dynasty: Encyclopedia Ii - Achaemenid Dynasty - History
The founder of this dynasty was supposedly Achaemenes (Old Persian Haxāmaniš "Of Friendly Mind"). He was succeeded by his son Teispes (...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Faravahar: Encyclopedia Ii - Faravahar - Symbol Description
The Faravahar's face resembles the face of human being and therefore, indicates its connection to mankind. There are two wings which have...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Naksh-i Rustam: Encyclopedia Ii - Naksh-i Rustam - Details Of The Carvings
1. The impression shows Narseh (296-304 AD), elder son of Shapur I, being designated the King by the great goddess Anāhītā (modern Per...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artaxerxes I Of Persia: Encyclopedia - Artaxerxes I Of Persia
Artaxerxes I was king of the Persian Empire from 474 BC to 424 BC. He belonged to the Achaemenid dynasty and was the successor of Xerxes ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artaxerxes: Encyclopedia - Artaxerxes
Artaxerxes was the name of several rulers of the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia: Artaxerxes I Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Arses of Persia...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atossa: Encyclopedia - Atossa
Atossa or Hutaosa (550 BC-475 BC) was a Queen consort of Persia. In Modern Persian, her name is اتوس She was the daughter of Cyrus th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Azerbaijan: Encyclopedia - Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan) is a country in the Caucasus, at the crossroads of Europe and Southwest Asia, with a coast on the C...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Balochistan: Encyclopedia - Balochistan
Balochistan or Baluchistan is an arid region located in the Iranian Plateau in Southwest Asia, between Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan. Th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mitra: Encyclopedia - Mitra
Mitra or Mithra or Mithras is an important deity of Persian and Indic culture; he appears in the Vedas as one of the Adityas, a solar dei...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 4th Century Bc: Encyclopedia - 4th Century Bc
(2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) 4th century BC - Overview. 4th century BC - Events. Invasion of the Celts ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Persian People: Encyclopedia - Persian People
United States:    913,000 Turkey:    821,000 Iraq:    343,000 United Arab Emirates:    188,000 Pa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aryan: Encyclopedia - Aryan
Aryan is an English word derived from the Indo-Aryan Vedic Sanskrit and Iranian Avestan terms ari-, arya-, ārya-, and/or the extended fo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gandhara: Encyclopedia - Gandhara
Gandhāra (also Ghandara, Ghandahra, Chandahara, and Persian Gandara) is the name of an ancient kingdom in eastern Afghanistan and north-...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pakistan: Encyclopedia - Pakistan
The Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان, islāmī jamhūriya i pākistān), or Pakistan (Urdu:...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cambyses Ii Of Persia: Encyclopedia - Cambyses Ii Of Persia
Cambyses II (Persian Kambujiya (کمبوجیه), d. 521 BC) was the son of Cyrus the Great. When Cyrus conquered Babylon in 539 BC he was...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artaxerxes Ii Of Persia: Encyclopedia - Artaxerxes Ii Of Persia
Artaxerxes II Memnon (c. 436 - 358 BC) was king of Persia from 404 BC until his death. He defended his position against his brother Cyrus...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bubastis: Encyclopedia - Bubastis
Bubastis is the Greek name of the Ancient Egyptian city of Per-Bast, located along the River Nile in the Delta region of Lower Egypt. It ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Parthian Empire: Encyclopedia - Parthian Empire
The Parthian Empire was the dominating force on the Iranian plateau beginning in the late 3rd century BCE, and intermittently controlled ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 600s Bc: Encyclopedia - 600s Bc
Centuries: 8th century BC - 7th century BC - 6th century BC Decades: 650s BC 640s BC 630s BC 620s BC 610s BC - 600s BC - 590s BC 580s BC ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 580s Bc: Encyclopedia - 580s Bc
Centuries: 7th century BC - 6th century BC - 5th century BC Decades: 620s BC - 610s BC - 600s BC - 590s BC - 580s BC - 570s BC - 560s BC ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Naksh-i Rustam: Encyclopedia Ii - Naksh-i Rustam - Darius The Great's Inscription At Næqš-e Rostæm
persian cross I. A great god is Ahura Mazda, who created this earth, who created yonder sky, who created man, who created happiness for m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Darius Iii Of Persia: Encyclopedia - Darius Iii Of Persia
Darius III or Codomannus (c. 380 - 330 BC), was the last king of the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia from 336 BC to 330 BC. He was deposed a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 650s Bc: Encyclopedia - 650s Bc
Centuries: 8th century BC - 7th century BC - 6th century BC Decades: 700s BC 690s BC 680s BC 670s BC 660s BC - 650s BC - 640s BC 630s BC ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Darius I Of Persia: Encyclopedia - Darius I Of Persia
Darius the Great (ca. 549 BC– 485/486 BC; Old Persian 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 Dārayawuš: "He Who Holds Firm the Good"), was the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vashti: Encyclopedia - Vashti
Vashti (ושתי) is mentioned in the Book of Esther, a book included in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament). Vashti - In the Book of Esther...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Xerxes I Of Persia: Encyclopedia - Xerxes I Of Persia
Xerxes I (خشایارشاه), was a Persian king (reigned 485 - 465 BC) of the Achaemenid dynasty. "Xerxes" is the Greek transliteration...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Xerxes: Encyclopedia - Xerxes
Xerxes (the Greek form of the Persian Khshayārsha) is the name of two Persian kings of the Achaemenid dynasty: Xerxes I, reigned 485–...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Persian Princess: Encyclopedia Ii - Persian Princess - Doubts
News of the Persian Princess prompted American archaeologist Oscar White Muscarella to come out about an incident the previous March when...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Lebanon: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Lebanon - Postwar Reconstruction: 1992 To Present
Since the end of the war, the Lebanese have conducted several elections, most of the militias have been weakened or disbanded, and the Le...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iranian Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Iranian Languages - Iranian Languages And The Question Of Azeri
Etymological studies verify that the extinct dialects spoken from Baku to Khalkhal to Semnan before 11th century, all originated from a c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gandhara: Encyclopedia Ii - Gandhara - Ancient Gandhara
Gandhara - Pre Historic Period. Gandhara shows an influx of southern Central Asian culture in the Bronze Age with the Gandhara grave cu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Esther: Encyclopedia Ii - Esther - The Name
According to the Book of Esther she was a Jewish woman originally named Hadassah. When she entered the royal harem she received the name ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Haman Bible: Encyclopedia Ii - Haman Bible - Haman In Other Sources
Haman Bible - Midrash. In Rabbinical tradition, Haman is considered an archetype of evil and persecutor of the Jews. Having attempted t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Persian Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Persian Empire - The Rise And Fall Of Empires In Persia
Persian Empire - The first Persian state: Achaemenid Persia 648 BC–330 BC. Main articles: Achaemenid dynasty, and [[]], and [[]], an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pakistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Pakistan - History
Related articles: History of Afghanistan, History of Iran, History of Tajikistan, History of South Asia, History of Central Asia, History...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fall Of Sassanids: Encyclopedia Ii - Fall Of Sassanids - Social Problems
The society in the Sassanid era was divided into four classes: priests, warriors, secretaries, and commoners. The latter formed the bulk ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Darius I Of Persia: Encyclopedia Ii - Darius I Of Persia - The Empire Under Darius
Darius I of Persia - Governance. Darius in his inscriptions appears as a fervent believer in the monotheistic religion of Zoroaster. He...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Griffin: Encyclopedia Ii - Griffin - Nature Of Griffins
Tales of griffins and the Arimaspi of distant Scythia near the cave of Boreas, the North Wind (Geskleithron) were elaborated in the lost ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Parthia: Encyclopedia Ii - Parthia - Origins
The Parthians were members of the Parni tribe, a nomadic people of Iranian origin, who spoke an Iranian language and entered the Iranian ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pakistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Pakistan - History
See main article for detailed information: History of Pakistan (Including pre-history, civilizations of the region, and modern events to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sassanid Dynasty: Encyclopedia Ii - Sassanid Dynasty - History
Sassanid dynasty - Early history 224-310. Ardashir rapidly extended his territory, demanding fealty from the local princes of Fars and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Temple Of Artemis: Encyclopedia Ii - Temple Of Artemis - History
The sacred site at Ephesus was far older than the Artemisium. Pausanias understood the shrine of Artemis there to be very ancient. He sta...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gandhara: Encyclopedia Ii - Gandhara - Ancient Gandhara
Gandhara shows an influx of southern Central Asian culture in the Bronze Age with the Gandhara grave culture, likely corresponding to imm...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vashti: Encyclopedia Ii - Vashti - In The Book Of Esther
In Esther, Vashti is the wife of king Ahasuerus who is replaced by Esther. She is thus part of the story behind the Jewish holiday of Pur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Xerxes I Of Persia: Encyclopedia Ii - Xerxes I Of Persia - Political Career
Xerxes I The Great, son of Darius I The Great and Atossa, the daughter of Cyrus the Great, was appointed successor to his father in prefe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Samarkand: Encyclopedia Ii - Samarkand - History
Samarkand (Greek: Marakanda) is one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world, prospering from its location on the (Silk Road) trade ro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cambyses Ii Of Persia: Encyclopedia Ii - Cambyses Ii Of Persia - Darius' Recount
Cambyses II of Persia - Conquest of Egypt. It was quite natural that, after Cyrus had conquered Asia, Cambyses should undertake the con...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Kings Of Persia: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Kings Of Persia - Rulers After The Advent Of Islam In Iran
List of kings of Persia - Arab caliphs rule. All Persian provinces fell under The Arabic Caliphate from 661 to 867. Umayyad dynasty, 6...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lists Of Office-holders: Encyclopedia Ii - Lists Of Office-holders - Heads Of State Or Government Modern Entities
See also: List of national leaders (in office), state leaders by year. Lists of office-holders - Africa. Algeria Heads of state of Al...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Esther: Encyclopedia Ii - Esther - The Name
According to the Book of Esther she was a Jewish woman originally named Hadassah. When she entered the royal harem she received the name ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elam: Encyclopedia Ii - Elam - History
Knowledge of Elamite history remains largely fragmentary, reconstruction being based on mainly Mesopotamian sources. The city of Susa was...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sassanid Dynasty: Encyclopedia Ii - Sassanid Dynasty - History
Sassanid dynasty - Early history 224-310. Ardashir rapidly extended his territory, demanding fealty from the local princes of Fars and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Samarkand: Encyclopedia Ii - Samarkand - History
Samarkand (Greek: Marakanda) is one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world, prospering from its location on the (Silk Road) trade ro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lists Of Office-holders: Encyclopedia Ii - Lists Of Office-holders - Heads Of State Or Government Modern Entities
See also: List of national leaders (in office), state leaders by year. Lists of office-holders - Middle East & North Africa. Alger...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pakistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Pakistan - History
Related articles: History of Afghanistan, History of Iran, History of Tajikistan, History of South Asia, History of Central Asia, History...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Azerbaijan: Encyclopedia Ii - Azerbaijan - Etymology
There are several hypotheses regarding the origins of the name "Azerbaijan." The most common theory is that it is derived from "Atropatan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Persian People: Encyclopedia Ii - Persian People - Persian Arts
The artist heritage of Persia is actually quite eclectic and includes major contributions from both east and west. Persian art borrowed h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mitra: Encyclopedia Ii - Mitra - Mithra In The Persian World
The reform of Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) retained the multitudes of Persian deities, reducing them, in a complex hierarchy, to "Immortals" ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Parthian Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Parthian Empire - Origins
The Parthians were members of the Parni tribe, a nomadic people of Iranian origin, who spoke an Iranian language and entered the Iranian ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Transoxiana: Encyclopedia Ii - Transoxiana - History
The region was one of the satrapies of the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia under name Sogdiana. Transoxiana, however, is Latin, and literall...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cambyses Ii Of Persia: Encyclopedia Ii - Cambyses Ii Of Persia - Darius' Recount
Cambyses II of Persia - Conquest of Egypt. It was quite natural that, after Cyrus had conquered Asia, Cambyses should undertake the con...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Balochistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Balochistan - History
The original inhabitants of ancient Balochistan, and other regions of Pakistan, were the aborigine tribes speaking languages related to M...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aryan: Encyclopedia Ii - Aryan - Etymology And History Of The Term
Indo-Iranian arya- descends from PIE *ar-yo-, a yo-adjective to a root *ar "to assemble skillfully", present in Greek harma "chariot", La...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iranian Woman: Encyclopedia Ii - Iranian Woman - Persian Women In History
It is an indisputable fact, that at Persepolis, where stone preserves the ideas and ideals of ancient Persia, women are absent. All the s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sassanid Dynasty: Encyclopedia Ii - Sassanid Dynasty - Government
The Sassanids established an empire roughly within the frontiers achieved by the Achaemenids, with the capital at Ctesiphon in the Khvarv...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sassanid Dynasty: Encyclopedia Ii - Sassanid Dynasty - Conflicts
Initially Sassanids, like Parthians, were in constant hostility with Roman Empire, and following the division of the Roman empire in year...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sassanid Dynasty: Encyclopedia Ii - Sassanid Dynasty - Iranian Society Under Sassanids
Historians believe that society was divided into four classes: Priests (Atorbanan in Persian:آتروبانان), Warriors (Arteshtaran i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pakistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Pakistan - Geography
Pakistan has a total area of 803,940 square kilometres (land area of 778,720 km²), approximately the combined land areas of France and t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pakistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Pakistan - Politics
See also : List of political parties in Pakistan, Foreign relations of Pakistan, Constitution of Pakistan, Government of Pakistan, E...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pakistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Pakistan - Tourism
Pakistan's culture, people and landscape are very diverse. Pakistanis pride themselves on their tradition of hospitality "Mehman-nawazi" ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pakistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Pakistan - Provinces And Territories
See also : Main article: Subdivisions of Pakistan, Districts of Pakistan. Pakistan comprises four provinces, two territories, and al...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sassanid Dynasty: Encyclopedia Ii - Sassanid Dynasty - Government
The Sassanids established an empire roughly within the frontiers achieved by the Achaemenids, with the capital at Ctesiphon in the Khvarv...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sassanid Dynasty: Encyclopedia Ii - Sassanid Dynasty - Origin
Ardashir's ancestors were all Zoroastrian priests who were also local governors of Persis. His father Papag (or Papak or Babak) was the r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sassanid Dynasty: Encyclopedia Ii - Sassanid Dynasty - Origin
Ardashir's ancestors were all Zoroastrian priests who were also local governors of Persis. His father Papag (or Papak or Babak) was the r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elam: Encyclopedia Ii - Elam - Etymology
The Elamites called their country Haltamti (in later Elamite, Atamti), which the neighboring Akkadians rendered as Elam. Elam means "high...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pakistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Pakistan - Demographics
Pakistan - Population Statistics. Pakistan has the world's sixth largest population, more than Russia, but less than Brazil; because of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pakistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Pakistan - Economy
Pakistan - Overview. Pakistan, a developing country, is the sixth most populous in the world and has faced a number of challenges on th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sassanid Dynasty: Encyclopedia Ii - Sassanid Dynasty - Art And Science
In many ways the Sassanian period (224-633) witnessed the highest achievement of Persian civilization, and constituted the last great Per...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sassanid Dynasty: Encyclopedia Ii - Sassanid Dynasty - Expansion To India
After The Sassanids came to power in Persia in 226. The second emperor, Shapur I (240-270), extended his authority eastwards into what is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sassanid Dynasty: Encyclopedia Ii - Sassanid Dynasty - Sassanid Army
The backbone of Persian army (Spah) in the Sassanid era was their heavy armoured cavalry. The Clibanarii cavalry of Shapur II is describe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sassanid Dynasty: Encyclopedia Ii - Sassanid Dynasty - Sassanid Empire Chronology
226-241: Reign of Ardashir I 224-226: Overthrow of Parthian Empire. 229-232: War with Rome Zoroastrianism is revived as official religio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sassanid Dynasty: Encyclopedia Ii - Sassanid Dynasty - Conflicts
Initially Sassanids, like Parthians, were in constant hostility with Roman Empire, and following the division of the Roman empire in year...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sassanid Dynasty: Encyclopedia Ii - Sassanid Dynasty - Relations With China
See Iran-China relations for main discussion Sassanids like Parthians had an active relation with Chinese Emperors and sent many embassie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sassanid Dynasty: Encyclopedia Ii - Sassanid Dynasty - Iranian Society Under Sassanids
Historians believe that society was divided into four classes: Priests (Atorbanan in Persian:آتروبانان), Warriors (Arteshtaran i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gandhara: Encyclopedia Ii - Gandhara - Gandhara Under Graeco Bactrians Sakas And Indo-parthinas
The decline of the Empire left the sub-continent open to Greco-Bactrian expansion. Southern Afghanistan was absorbed by Demetrius of Bact...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gandhara: Encyclopedia Ii - Gandhara - The Golden Age Of Kushans Rule
The Parthian dynasty fell about 75 AD to another horde from Central Asia. Kushans, a Turkish type people known as Yueh-Chih in China move...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gandhara: Encyclopedia Ii - Gandhara - Gandhara After Huns Invasion
Huns captured Gandhara around 450 AD. Huns did not adopt Buddhism and let Gandhara Civilization to decline. During there rule Hinduism re...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gandhara: Encyclopedia Ii - Gandhara - Gandhara Under The Mauryas
Chandergupta, the founder of Mauryan dynasty was living in Taxila when Alexander captured this city. Here he met Kautilya, who remained h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gandhara: Encyclopedia Ii - Gandhara - Persian Rule
Cyrus the Great (558-530 BCE) built first universal empire of the world stretching from Greece to the Indus River. Both Gandhara and Kamb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pakistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Pakistan - Demographics
Pakistan - Population Statistics. Pakistan has the world's sixth largest population, more than Russia, but less than Brazil; because of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pakistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Pakistan - Economy
Pakistan, a developing country, is the sixth most populous in the world and has faced a number of challenges on the political and economi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pakistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Pakistan - Tourism
Pakistan's culture, people and landscape are very diverse. Pakistanis pride themselves on their tradition of hospitality "Mehman-nawazi" ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gandhara: Encyclopedia Ii - Gandhara - Gandhara Under Turkshahi & Hindushahi
After the fall of Sassanian Empire to Arabs in 644 AD Afghanistan and Gandhara came under pressure from Muslims. But they failed to exten...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pakistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Pakistan - Provinces And Territories
See also : Main article: Subdivisions of Pakistan, Districts of Pakistan. Pakistan comprises four provinces, two territories, and al...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pakistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Pakistan - Politics
Pakistan - Political history. Pakistan has been ruled by both democratic and military governments. The first decade was marred with pol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Persian Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Persian Empire - The Name Persia
Persia has long been used by the West to describe the nation of Iran, its people, or its ancient empire. It derives from the ancient Gree...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gandhara: Encyclopedia Ii - Gandhara - Gandharan Art
Gandhāra is noted for the distinctive Gandhāra style of Buddhist art, a consequence of merger of Greek, Syrian, Persian and Indian art ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gandhara: Encyclopedia Ii - Gandhara - Gandharan Proselytism
Gandharan Buddhist missionaries were active, with other monks from Central Asia, from the 2nd century CE in the Chinese capital of Loyang...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pakistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Pakistan - Geography
Pakistan has a total area of 803,940 square kilometres (land area of 778,720 km²), approximately the combined land areas of France and t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gandhara: Encyclopedia Ii - Gandhara - Language
The Gandharan Buddhist texts are both the earliest Buddhist texts and the earliest Indian manuscripts ever discovered. Most are composed...   » Read the article