Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound best recognized for giving vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell. Pure water-free acetic acid is a colourless hygroscopic liquid (that is, it readily absorbs water) that freezes below 16.7 °C (62 °F) to a colourless crystalline solid. Acetic acid is corrosive, and its vapour is irritating to eyes and nose, although it is a weak acid based ...

Including:

• Acetic acid - Nomenclature
• Acetic acid - History
• Acetic acid - Chemical properties
• Acetic acid - Biochemistry
• Acetic acid - Production
• Acetic acid - Methanol carbonylation
• Acetic acid - Acetaldehyde oxidation
• Acetic acid - Ethylene oxidation
• Acetic acid - Fermentation
• Acetic acid - Applications
• Acetic acid - Vinyl acetate monomer
• Acetic acid - Acetic anhydride
• Acetic acid - Ester production
• Acetic acid - Vinegar
• Acetic acid - Use as solvent
• Acetic acid - Other applications
• Acetic acid - Safety

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Acetic acid, Acetic acid - Nomenclature, Acetic acid - History, Acetic acid - Chemical properties, Acetic acid - Biochemistry, Acetic acid - Production, Acetic acid - Methanol carbonylation, Acetic acid - Acetaldehyde oxidation, Acetic acid - Ethylene oxidation, Acetic acid - Fermentation, Acetic acid - Applications, Acetic acid - Vinyl acetate monomer, Acetic acid - Acetic anhydride, Acetic acid - Ester production, Acetic acid - Vinegar, Acetic acid - Use as solvent, Acetic acid - Other applications, Acetic acid - Safety

Read more here: » Acetic acid: Encyclopedia II - Acetic acid - Applications

Acetic acid is produced both synthetically and by bacterial fermentation. Today, the biological route accounts for only about 10% of world production, but it remains important for vinegar production, as in much of the world food purity laws stipulate that vinegar used in foods must be of biological origin. About 75% of acetic acid made for use in the chemical industry is made by methanol carbonylation, explained below. Alternative methods account for the rest.^{See also:}

Acetic acid, Acetic acid - Nomenclature, Acetic acid - History, Acetic acid - Chemical properties, Acetic acid - Biochemistry, Acetic acid - Production, Acetic acid - Methanol carbonylation, Acetic acid - Acetaldehyde oxidation, Acetic acid - Ethylene oxidation, Acetic acid - Fermentation, Acetic acid - Applications, Acetic acid - Vinyl acetate monomer, Acetic acid - Acetic anhydride, Acetic acid - Ester production, Acetic acid - Vinegar, Acetic acid - Use as solvent, Acetic acid - Other applications, Acetic acid - Safety

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Carbon monoxide, chemical formula CO, is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, flammable and highly toxic gas. It is a major product of the incomplete combustion of carbon and carbon-containing compounds. It is less dense than air under ordinary conditions. It is very slightly soluble in water and burns in air with a characteristic blue flame, producing carbon dioxide; it is a component of producer gas and water gas, which are widely used artificial fuels. It is a reducing agent, removing oxygen from many compounds and is used in the re ...

Including:

• Carbon monoxide - Toxicity
• Carbon monoxide - History
• Carbon monoxide - Chemistry
• Carbon monoxide - Carbon monoxide in the atmosphere

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The principal use of iridium is as a hardening agent in platinum alloys. Other uses: For making crucibles and devices that require high temperatures. Electrical contacts (notable example: Pt/Ir sparkplugs). Osmium/iridium alloys are used for tipping fountain pen nibs and for compass bearings. Iridium is used as a catalyst for carbonylation of methanol to produce acetic acid At one time iridium, as an alloy with platinum, was used in bushing the vents of heavy ordnance and, in a finely powdered condition (iridi ...

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Iridium, Iridium - Notable characteristics, Iridium - Applications, Iridium - History, Iridium - Occurrence, Iridium - Isotopes, Iridium - Precautions

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The structure of the CO molecule is best described using molecular orbital theory. The length of the bond (0.111 nm) indicates that it has a partial triple bond character. The molecule has a small dipole moment and is often represented by three resonance structures: Note that the octet rule is violated for the carbon atom in the two structures on the right. The metal nickel forms a volatile compound with carbon monoxide, known as nickel carbonyl. The carbonyl decomposes readily back to the metal and gas, and this was used as the bas ...

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Carbon monoxide, Carbon monoxide - Toxicity, Carbon monoxide - History, Carbon monoxide - Chemistry, Carbon monoxide - Carbon monoxide in the atmosphere

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The structure of the CO molecule is best described using molecular orbital theory. The length of the bond (0.111 nm) indicates that it has a partial triple bond character. The molecule has a small dipole moment and is often represented by three resonance structures: Note that the octet rule is violated for the carbon atom in the two structures on the right. The metal nickel forms a volatile compound with carbon monoxide, known as nickel carbonyl. The carbonyl decomposes readily back to the metal and gas, and this was used as the bas ...

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Carbon monoxide, Carbon monoxide - Polluting effect, Carbon monoxide - Toxicity, Carbon monoxide - History, Carbon monoxide - Chemistry, Carbon monoxide - Carbon monoxide in the atmosphere

Read more here: » Carbon monoxide: Encyclopedia II - Carbon monoxide - Chemistry

In general carboxylic acids are named with the suffix "-anoic acid". As for aldehydes, they take the "1" position on the parent chain, but do not have their position number indicated. For example, CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH (valeric acid) is named pentanoic acid. For common carboxylic acids some traditional names such as acetic acid are in such widespread use they are considered retained IUPAC names, although "systematic" names such as ethanoic acid are also acceptable. For carboxylic acids attached to a benze ...

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IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkanes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkenes and Alkynes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alcohols, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Halogenated compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Carboxylic acids, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ethers, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Esters, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Amines and Amides, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cyclic compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Order of precedence of groups, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Common nomenclature, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ions, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Hydron, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Parent hydride cations, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cations and substitution

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Polycarbonate can be synthesized from bisphenol A and phosgene (carbonyl dichloride, COCl2). The first step in the synthesis of polycarbonate from bisphenol A is treatment of bisphenol A with sodium hydroxide. This deprotonates the hydroxyl groups of the bisphenol A molecule. The deprotonated oxygen reacts with phosgene through carbonyl addition to create a tetrahedral intermediate (not shown here), after which the negatively charged oxygen kicks off a chloride io ...

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Polycarbonate, Polycarbonate - Synthesis, Polycarbonate - Interaction with other chemicals, Polycarbonate - External link

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Carbon monoxide was first prepared by the French chemist de Lassone in 1776 by heating zinc oxide with coke but thought it to be hydrogen by mistake as it burned with a blue flame. It was identified as a compound containing carbon and oxygen by the English chemist William Cruikshank in the year 1800. The toxic properties of CO were first thoroughly investigated by the French physiologist Claude Bernard around 1846. He poisoned dogs with the gas, and noticed that their blood was more rutilant in all the vessels. 'Rutilant' is a ...

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Carbon monoxide, Carbon monoxide - Toxicity, Carbon monoxide - History, Carbon monoxide - Chemistry, Carbon monoxide - Carbon monoxide in the atmosphere

Read more here: » Carbon monoxide: Encyclopedia II - Carbon monoxide - History

Carbon monoxide was first prepared by the French chemist de Lassone in 1776 by heating zinc oxide with coke but thought it to be hydrogen by mistake as it burned with a blue flame. It was identified as a compound containing carbon and oxygen by the English chemist William Cruikshank in the year 1800. The toxic properties of CO were first thoroughly investigated by the French physiologist Claude Bernard around 1846. He poisoned dogs with the gas, and noticed that their blood was more rutilant in all the vessels. 'Rutilant' is a ...

See also:

Carbon monoxide, Carbon monoxide - Polluting effect, Carbon monoxide - Toxicity, Carbon monoxide - History, Carbon monoxide - Chemistry, Carbon monoxide - Carbon monoxide in the atmosphere

Read more here: » Carbon monoxide: Encyclopedia II - Carbon monoxide - History

Common nomenclature is an older system of naming organic compounds. IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones. Common names for ketones can be derived by naming the two alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the carbonyl group as separate words followed by the word ketone. Acetone Acetophenone Benzophenone Ethyl isopropyl ketone Diethyl ketone The first three of the names shown above are still considered to be acceptable IUPAC names.

IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkanes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkenes and Alkynes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alcohols, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Halogenated compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Carboxylic acids, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ethers, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Esters, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Amines and Amides, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cyclic compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Order of precedence of groups, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Common nomenclature, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ions, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Hydron, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Parent hydride cations, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cations and substitution

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Esters (R-CO-O-R') are named as alkyl derivatives of carboxylic acids. The alkyl (R') group is named first. The R-CO-O part is then named as a separate word based on the carboxylic acid name, with the ending changed from oic acid to oate. For example, CH3CH2CH2CH2COOCH3 is methyl pentanoate, and (CH3)2CHCH2CH2COOCH2CH3 is ethyl 4-methylpentanoate. For esters such as ethyl acetate (CH3 ...

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IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkanes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkenes and Alkynes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alcohols, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Halogenated compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Carboxylic acids, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ethers, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Esters, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Amines and Amides, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cyclic compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Order of precedence of groups, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Common nomenclature, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ions, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Hydron, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Parent hydride cations, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cations and substitution

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Aldehydes (R-CHO) take the suffix "-al". Since they are always at the end of a alkane chain, they do not need a position number: HCHO (formaldehyde) is methanal, CH3CHO (acetaldehyde) is ethanal. If other functional groups are present, the chain is numbered such that the aldehyde carbon is in the "1" position. If a prefix form is required, "oxo-" is used (as for ketones), with the position number indicating the end of a chain: CHOCH3COOH is 3-oxopropanoic acid. If the carbon in the carbonyl group cannot be includ ...

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IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkanes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkenes and Alkynes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alcohols, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Halogenated compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Carboxylic acids, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ethers, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Esters, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Amines and Amides, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cyclic compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Order of precedence of groups, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Common nomenclature, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ions, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Hydron, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Parent hydride cations, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cations and substitution

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Aldehydes (R-CHO) take the suffix "-al". Since they are always at the end of an alkane chain, they do not need a position number: HCHO (formaldehyde) is methanal, CH3CHO (acetaldehyde) is ethanal. If other functional groups are present, the chain is numbered such that the aldehyde carbon is in the "1" position. If a prefix form is required, "oxo-" is used (as for ketones), with the position number indicating the end of a chain: CHOCH3COOH is 3-oxopropanoic acid. If the carbon in the carbonyl group cannot be inclu ...

See also:

IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkanes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkenes and Alkynes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alcohols, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Halogenated compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Carboxylic acids, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ethers, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Esters, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Amines and Amides, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cyclic compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Order of precedence of groups, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Common nomenclature, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ions, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Hydron, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Parent hydride cations, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cations and substitution

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Alcohols (R-OH) drop the terminal "e" from the name of the parent alkane, and take the suffix "-ol" with an infix numerical bonding position: CH3CH2CH2OH is propan-1-ol. (Methanol and ethanol are unambiguous and do not require position numbers). The suffixes -diol, -triol, -tetraol, etc., are used for multiple -OH groups: Ethylene glycol CH2OHCH2OH is ethane-1,2-diol. If higher precedence functional groups are present (see order of precedence, below), the prefix "hydroxy" is used with the bonding position: ...

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IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkanes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkenes and Alkynes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alcohols, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Halogenated compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Carboxylic acids, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ethers, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Esters, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Amines and Amides, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cyclic compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Order of precedence of groups, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Common nomenclature, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ions, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Hydron, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Parent hydride cations, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cations and substitution

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Alkenes are named for their parent alkane chain with the suffix "-ene" and an infixed number indicating the position of the double-bonded carbon in the chain: CH2=CHCH2CH3 is but-1-ene. Ethene (ethylene) and propene (propylene) do not require infixed numbers, since there is no ambiguity in the structures. As before, the lowest number is used. Multiple double bonds take the form -diene, -triene, etc., with the size prefix of the chain taking an extra "a": CH2=CHCH=CH2 is buta-1,3-d ...

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IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkanes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkenes and Alkynes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alcohols, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Halogenated compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Carboxylic acids, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ethers, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Esters, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Amines and Amides, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cyclic compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Order of precedence of groups, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Common nomenclature, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ions, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Hydron, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Parent hydride cations, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cations and substitution

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Amines (R-NH2) are named for the attached alkane chain with the suffix "-amine" (e.g. CH3NH2 methanamine). If necessary, the bonding position is infixed: CH3CH2CH2NH2 propan-1-amine, CH3CHNH2CH3 propan-2-amine. The prefix form is "amino-". For secondary amines (of the form R-NH-R), the longest carbon chain attached to the nitrogen atom becomes the primary name of the amine; the other chain is prefixed as an alkyl group with lo ...

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IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkanes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkenes and Alkynes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alcohols, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Halogenated compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Carboxylic acids, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ethers, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Esters, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Amines and Amides, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cyclic compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Order of precedence of groups, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Common nomenclature, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ions, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Hydron, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Parent hydride cations, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cations and substitution

Read more here: » IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry: Encyclopedia II - IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Amines and Amides

Cycloalkanes and aromatic compounds can be treated as the main parent chain of the compound, in which case the position of substituents are numbered around the ring structure. For example, the three isomers of xylene CH3C6H4CH3, commonly the ortho-, meta-, and para- forms, are 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene, and 1,4-dimethylbenzene. The cyclic structures can also be treated as functional groups themselves, in which case they take the ...

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IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkanes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkenes and Alkynes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alcohols, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Halogenated compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Carboxylic acids, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ethers, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Esters, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Amines and Amides, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cyclic compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Order of precedence of groups, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Common nomenclature, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ions, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Hydron, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Parent hydride cations, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cations and substitution

Read more here: » IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry: Encyclopedia II - IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cyclic compounds

When compounds contain more than one functional group, the order of precedence determines which groups are named with prefix or suffix forms. The highest precedence group takes the suffix, with all others taking the prefix form. However, double and triple bonds only take suffix form (-en and -yn) and are used with other suffixes. Prefixed substituents are ordered alphabetically (excluding any modifiers such as di-, tri-, etc.), e.g. chlorofluoromethane, not fluorochloromethane. If there are multiple functional groups of the sam ...

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IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkanes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkenes and Alkynes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alcohols, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Halogenated compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Carboxylic acids, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ethers, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Esters, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Amines and Amides, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cyclic compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Order of precedence of groups, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Common nomenclature, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ions, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Hydron, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Parent hydride cations, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cations and substitution

Read more here: » IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry: Encyclopedia II - IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Order of precedence of groups