Encyclopedia - Acetic Acid: Encyclopedia - Acetic Acid
Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound best recognized for giving vinegar its sour taste and pungent s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acetic Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Acetic Acid - Applications
Acetic acid is a chemical reagent for the production of many chemical compounds. The largest single use of acetic acid is in the producti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acetic Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Acetic Acid - Nomenclature
The trivial name acetic acid is the most commonly used and officially preferred name by the IUPAC. This name derives from acetum, the Lat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acetic Acid Bacteria: Encyclopedia - Acetic Acid Bacteria
Acetobacter Acidiphilium Acidocella Acidomonas Craurococcus Gluconacetobacter Gluconobacter Paracraurococcus Rhodopila Roseococcus Stella...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ammonium Acetate: Encyclopedia - Ammonium Acetate
SI units and standard conditions used unless otherwise stated. Disclaimer and references Ammonium acetate is the salt of ammonia and acet...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acetate: Encyclopedia - Acetate
Acetate, or ethanoate, is the anion of a salt or ester of acetic acid. The acetate ion has the formula CH3COO-, and is the conjugate base...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anhydride: Encyclopedia - Anhydride
In chemistry, an anhydride is typically an oxide of a nonmetallic element or an organic radical, capable of forming an acid by uniting wi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cooking Wine: Encyclopedia - Cooking Wine
Cooking wine refers to inexpensive wine that has been treated with salt as a preservative. It is intended for use as an ingredient in foo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cholic Acid: Encyclopedia - Cholic Acid
Cholic acid is a bile acid, a white crystalline substance insoluble in water, with melting point at 200-201 °C. Its salt is called chola...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acetyl: Encyclopedia - Acetyl
Acetyl (IUPAC name ethanoyl) is the acyl of acetic acid, with chemical formula -COCH3, sometimes abbreviated to Ac (not to be confused wi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Verdigris: Encyclopedia - Verdigris
Verdigris is the common name for the chemical Cu(CH3COO)2. It commonly occurs by the action of acetic acid when copper, brass or bronze a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Collodion: Encyclopedia - Collodion
Collodion is a solution of nitrocellulose in ether or acetone, sometimes with the addition of alcohols. Its generic name is pyroxylin sol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acetylcholine: Encyclopedia - Acetylcholine
The chemical compound acetylcholine, often abbreviated as ACh, was the first neurotransmitter to be identified. It is a chemical transmit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vinegar: Encyclopedia - Vinegar
Vinegar (from Old French vinaigre, meaning "sour wine") is a sour-tasting liquid made from the oxidation of ethanol in wine, cider, beer,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 4-ho-det: Encyclopedia - 4-ho-det
4-HO-DET, also known as 4-hydroxy-diethyl-tryptamine, CZ-74, or ethocin, is a hallucinogenic drug and psychedelic compound of moderate du...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acetophenone: Encyclopedia - Acetophenone
Acetophenone (C6H5-C(=O)-CH3) (1-phenylethanone) is a crystalline ketone that is used as a solvent for cellulose ethers and esters in the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acetaldehyde: Encyclopedia - Acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde, also known as ethanal, is a chemical compound, an aldehyde with formula CH3CHO and structure It is a highly reactive flamma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vaginal Lubrication: Encyclopedia - Vaginal Lubrication
Vaginal lubrication is the naturally produced lubricating fluid that reduces friction during sexual intercourse. Vaginal dryness is the c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cellulose Acetate: Encyclopedia - Cellulose Acetate
Cellulose acetate, first prepared in 1865, is the acetate ester of cellulose. Cellulose acetate is used as a film base in photography, an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carboxylic Acid: Encyclopedia - Carboxylic Acid
Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=O)-OH, usually written as...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acetal: Encyclopedia - Acetal
An acetal is a molecule with two single bonded oxygens attached to the same carbon atom. In engineering terms,"acetal" can also refer to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bicarbonate: Encyclopedia - Bicarbonate
This refers to the bicarbonate ion, for baking soda, see Sodium bicarbonate. A Bicarbonate or, more properly, a hydrogen carbonate is a p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tincture: Encyclopedia - Tincture
In medicine, a tincture is an alcoholic extract (e.g. of an herb) or solution of a nonvolatile substance (e.g. of iodine, mercurochrome.)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Buffer Solution: Encyclopedia - Buffer Solution
Acid-base reaction theories pH Self-ionization of water Buffer solutions Systematic naming Redox reactions Electrochemistry Acids: Stron...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Weak Acid: Encyclopedia - Weak Acid
Acid-base reaction theories pH Self-ionization of water Buffer solutions Systematic naming Redox reactions Electrochemistry Acids: Stron...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acetic Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Acetic Acid - Biochemistry
The acetyl group, derived from acetic acid, is fundamental to the biochemistry of virtually all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acetic Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Acetic Acid - History
Vinegar is as old as civilization itself, perhaps older. Acetic acid-producing bacteria are present throughout the world, and any culture...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acetic Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Acetic Acid - Safety
Concentrated acetic acid is corrosive and must therefore be handled with appropriate care, since it can cause skin burns, permanent eye d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acetic Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Acetic Acid - Production
Acetic acid is produced both synthetically and by bacterial fermentation. Today, the biological route accounts for only about 10% of worl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acetic Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Acetic Acid - Chemical Properties
The hydrogen (H) atom in the carboxyl group (−COOH) in carboxylic acids such as acetic acid can be given off as an H+ ion (proton), giv...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Propionic Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Propionic Acid - Properties
Priopionic acid has physical properties intermediate between those of the smaller carboxylic acids, formic and acetic acid, and the large...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dissociation Constant: Encyclopedia Ii - Dissociation Constant - Acid Base Reactions
For the deprotonation of acids, K is known as Ka, the acid dissociation constant. Stronger acids, for example sulfuric or phosphoric acid...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carboxylic Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Carboxylic Acid - Acidity Electron Distribution And Resonance
Carboxylic acids are widespread in nature. Carboxylic acids are typically weak acids that partially dissociate into H+ cations and RCOO- ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ethyl Acetate: Encyclopedia Ii - Ethyl Acetate - Chemistry
Ethyl acetate is an ester that is synthesized from acetic acid and ethanol in the presence of strong acids like sulfuric acid in an ester...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carboxylic Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Carboxylic Acid - Acidity, Electron Distribution And Resonance
Carboxylic acids are widespread in nature. Carboxylic acids are typically weak acids that partially dissociate into H+ cations and RCOO- ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sodium Acetate: Encyclopedia Ii - Sodium Acetate - Synthesis Of Sodium Acetate
Sodium acetate can be obtained easily by the reaction of acetic acid with sodium bicarbonate. H3C-COOH + Na+[HCO3]- → H3C-COO- Na+ + H2...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Triacetate: Encyclopedia Ii - Triacetate - Production
Triacetate is derived from cellulose by combining cellulose with acetate from acetic acid and acetic anhydride. The cellulose acetate is ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indole-3-acetic Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Indole-3-acetic Acid - Auxin
It is produced in cells in the apex (bud) of a plant. Plant cells synthesize IAA from tryptophan. It has many different effects, as all a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carboxylic Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Carboxylic Acid - Nomenclature And Examples
The carboxylate anion R-COO– is usually named with the suffix -ate, so acetic acid, for example, becomes acetate ion. In IUPAC nomencla...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Propionic Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Propionic Acid - Production
Industrially, propionic acid is usually made from the air oxidation of propionaldehyde. In the presence of cobalt or manganese ions, this...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carboxylic Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Carboxylic Acid - Acidity Electron Distribution And Resonance
Carboxylic acids are widespread in nature. Carboxylic acids are typically weak acids that partially dissociate into H+ cations and RCOO- ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Formic Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Formic Acid - Production
A significant amount of formic acid is produced as a byproduct in the manufacture of other chemicals, especially acetic acid. However, th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Formic Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Formic Acid - Production
A significant amount of formic acid is produced as a byproduct in the manufacture of other chemicals, especially acetic acid. However, th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Buffer Solution: Encyclopedia Ii - Buffer Solution - Illustration Of The Effect Of Buffer Solutions On Ph
The ionization constant is: Since buffer solutions only involve weak acids and bases, it can be assumed that ionization of the acetic ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amyl Nitrite: Encyclopedia Ii - Amyl Nitrite - Chemistry
Isoamyl nitrite is a clear liquid of specific gravity 0.872, boiling at about 95 to 96 degrees Celsius. It has a solubility in water of a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fatty Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Fatty Acid - Ph
Formic acid and Acetic acid are totally soluble in water and dissociate to form reasonably strong acids (pKa respectively 3.77 and 4.76)....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coumarin: Encyclopedia Ii - Coumarin - Synthesis
The biosynthesis of coumarin in plants is via hydroxylation, glycolysis and cyclisation of cinnamic acid. Coumarin can be prepared in a l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Buffer Solution: Encyclopedia Ii - Buffer Solution - Illustration Of A Buffer Solution In Action
Sodium acetate dissociates completely in water: If an acid is added, the H+ ions will be consumed by the conjugate base in the buffer:...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acetone: Encyclopedia Ii - Acetone - Chemistry
It forms a hydrazone with phenyl hydrazine and an oxime with hydroxylamine. Reduction by sodium amalgam converts it into isopropyl alcoho...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Liquid-liquid Extraction: Encyclopedia Ii - Liquid-liquid Extraction - Batchwise Single Stage Extractions
This is commonly used on the small scale in chemical labs, it is normal to use a separating funnel For instance if a chemist was to extra...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iupac Nomenclature Of Organic Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Iupac Nomenclature Of Organic Chemistry - Carboxylic Acids
In general carboxylic acids are named with the suffix "-anoic acid". As for aldehydes, they take the "1" position on the parent chain, bu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Food Additive: Encyclopedia Ii - Food Additive - Numbering
To regulate these additives, and inform consumers, each additive is assigned a unique number. Initially these were the "E numbers" used i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fermentation: Encyclopedia Ii - Fermentation - Uses
The primary benefit of fermentation is the conversion, e.g., converting juice into wine, grains into beer, and carbohydrates into carbon ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tinii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Tinii Chloride - Preparation
Anhydrous SnCl2 is prepared by the action of dry hydrogen chloride gas on tin metal. The dihydrate is made by a similar reaction, using h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iridium: Encyclopedia Ii - Iridium - Applications
The principal use of iridium is as a hardening agent in platinum alloys. Other uses: For making crucibles and devices that require high ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acetylcholine: Encyclopedia Ii - Acetylcholine - Chemistry
Acetylcholine is an ester of acetic acid and choline with chemical formula CH3COOCH2CH2N+(CH3)3 and structure: This structure is reflect...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aspirin: Encyclopedia Ii - Aspirin - Synthesis Of Aspirin
Aspirin is commercially synthesized using a two-step process. First, phenol (generally extracted from coal tar) is treated with a sodium...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aspirin: Encyclopedia Ii - Aspirin - Synthesis Of Aspirin
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) can be synthesized from salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. It is a common experiment performed in organ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Glycosidic Bond: Encyclopedia Ii - Glycosidic Bond - Chemistry
The anomeric carbon of saccharides is very reactive, and glycosidic bonds form readily in the presence of acid. This is a dehydration rea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aconitum: Encyclopedia Ii - Aconitum - Chemistry
The active principle of Aconitum napellus is the alkaloid aconitine, first examined by P.L. Geiger. Hesse, Alder Wright & A.B. Luff o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Effects Of Alcohol On The Body: Encyclopedia Ii - Effects Of Alcohol On The Body - Metabolism Of Alcohol And Action On The Liver
The liver contains a special enzyme (alcohol dehydrogenase) that breaks down alcohols into acetaldehyde, which is turned into acetic acid...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dimer: Encyclopedia Ii - Dimer - Chemistry
In chemistry, a dimer refers to a molecule composed of two similar subunits or monomers linked together. It is a special case of a polyme...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atc Code S02: Encyclopedia Ii - Atc Code S02 - S02a Anti-infectives
ATC code S02 - S02AA Anti-infectives. S02AA01 Chloramphenicol S02AA02 Nitrofural S02AA03 Boric acid S02AA04 Aluminium acetotartrate S0...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ferrocene: Encyclopedia Ii - Ferrocene - Chemical Properties
Ferrocene undergoes many reactions characteristic of aromatic compounds, notably Friedel-Crafts reactions. In an illustrative undergradua...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Box Jellyfish: Encyclopedia Ii - Box Jellyfish - Treatment Of Stings
Pantyhose were once worn by Australian lifeguards to prevent stings. These have now been replaced by lycra stinger suits. If swimming at ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carvone: Encyclopedia Ii - Carvone - Chemical Properties
Carvone - Reduction. There are three double bonds in carvone capable of reduction; the product of reduction depends on the reagents and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diels-alder Reaction: Encyclopedia Ii - Diels-alder Reaction - The Dienophile
In a typical Diels-Alder reaction, the dienophile has an electron-withdrawing group conjugated to the alkene. Though common, this feature...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iupac Nomenclature Of Organic Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Iupac Nomenclature Of Organic Chemistry - Esters
Esters (R-CO-O-R') are named as alkyl derivatives of carboxylic acids. The alkyl (R') group is named first. The R-CO-O part is then named...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vinegar: Encyclopedia Ii - Vinegar - Types Of Vinegar
Vinegar - White. So-called "white vinegar" (actually clear) can be made by oxidating a distilled alcohol. Alternatively, it may be noth...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Auxin: Encyclopedia Ii - Auxin - Overview
Auxins have been demonstrated to be the basic coordinative signal of plant development. Their transport throughout plants is complex, and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ethanol: Encyclopedia Ii - Ethanol - Metabolism And Toxicology
Main article: effects of alcohol on the body In the human body, ethanol is first oxidized to acetaldehyde, and then to acetic acid. The f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fish And Chips: Encyclopedia Ii - Fish And Chips - Accompaniments
In the UK, fish and chips usually have an accompaniment of free salt and vinegar ("salt & vinegar"). Suppliers may use malt vinegar o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 2-butoxyethanol: Encyclopedia Ii - 2-butoxyethanol - Medical Effects
2-Butoxyethanol - Acute exposure. People exposed to high levels of 2-butoxyethanol for several hours reported irritation of the nose an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cellulose Acetate: Encyclopedia Ii - Cellulose Acetate - Fiber
Cellulose acetate or acetate rayon fiber (1924) is one of the earliest synthetic fibers and is based on cotton or tree pulp cellulose ("b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ethyl Acetate: Encyclopedia Ii - Ethyl Acetate - Properties
Esters generally are not very soluble in water, they are quite volatile as they cannot undergo hydrogen bonding due to lack of -OH groups...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bromine: Encyclopedia Ii - Bromine - Notable Characteristics
Bromine is the only liquid nonmetallic element at room temperature. It is a heavy, mobile, reddish-brown liquid, that evaporates easily a...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Chelation Therapy: Alternative Health Dictionary On Chelation Therapy
Chelation therapy (chelation): (1)           Administration of any of a group of dr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cervical Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Cervical Cancer - Diagnosis
Diagnosis is made by doing a biopsy of the cervix, which often involves colposcopy, or a magnified visual inspection of the cervix aided ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chewing Gum: Encyclopedia Ii - Chewing Gum - Composition And Manufacture
The chewing gum is made of a "gum base" with added food coloring and flavoring. The exact composition of gum bases is usually a trade sec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fish And Chips: Encyclopedia Ii - Fish And Chips - Accompaniments
In the UK, fish and chips usually have an accompaniment of free salt and vinegar ("salt & vinegar"). Suppliers may use malt vinegar o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heroin: Encyclopedia Ii - Heroin - History
Heroin was first synthesized in 1874 by C.R. Alder Wright, a British chemist working at St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London. He ha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ester: Encyclopedia Ii - Ester - Naming Of Esters
Esters can be produced by an equilibrium reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. The ester is named according to the alkyl gro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ester: Encyclopedia Ii - Ester - Naming Of Esters
Esters can be produced by an equilibrium reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. The ester is named according to the alkyl gro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Staining Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Staining Biology - Electron Microscopy
Similar to light microscopy, stains can be used to selectively highlight cellular structures in transmission electron microscopy. Electro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acid Dissociation Constant: Encyclopedia Ii - Acid Dissociation Constant - The Relative Strengths Of Acids And Bases
The strengths of acids and bases in aqueous solutions are determined by the values of the dissociation constants Ka and Kb for acids and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Staining Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Staining Biology - Electron Microscopy
Similar to light microscopy, stains can be used to selectively highlight cellular structures in transmission electron microscopy. Electro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sodium Acetate: Encyclopedia Ii - Sodium Acetate - Reactions
Sodium acetate can be used as a reagent to form an ester using an alkyl halide such as bromoethane. H3C-COO- Na+ + Br-CH2-CH3 → H3C-COO...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Acid - Common Acids
Acid - Strong inorganic acids. Hydrobromic acid Hydrochloric acid Hydroiodic acid Nitric acid Sulfuric acid Perchloric acid Acid - M...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbonic Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbonic Acid - Acidity Of Carbonic Acid
Carbonic acid has two acidic hydrogens and so two dissociation constants: H2CO3 ⇌ HCO3− + H+ Ka1 = 2.5×10−4 mol/L; pKa1 = 3.60...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Salt: Encyclopedia Ii - Salt - Nomenclature
The name of a salt starts with the name of the cation (e.g. sodium or ammonium) followed by the name of the anion (e.g. chloride or aceta...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Salt: Encyclopedia Ii - Salt - Nomenclature
The name of a salt starts with the name of the cation (e.g. sodium or ammonium) followed by the name of the anion (e.g. chloride or aceta...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Resorcinol: Encyclopedia Ii - Resorcinol - Properties
Resorcinol crystallizes from benzene as colorless needles which are readily soluble in water, alcohol and ether, but insoluble in chlorof...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fatty Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Fatty Acid - Free Fatty Acids
Fatty acids can be bound or attached to other molecules, like triglycerides or phospholipids. When they are not attached to other molecul...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dissociation Constant: Encyclopedia Ii - Dissociation Constant - Pk
The pK value is defined as: where Kd is the dissociation constant. water dissociation constant(Kd)is often expressed as Kw. ... Se...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution: Encyclopedia Ii - Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution - Reactions
Many condensation reactions are nucleophilic acyl substitutions. Carboxylic acids react with chlorine donors such as thionyl chloride or ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acid Dissociation Constant: Encyclopedia Ii - Acid Dissociation Constant - Basicity Constant Of The Conjugate Base
By analogy, one can define the basicity constant (Kb) and the pKb of the conjugate base A–: pKb = −log10Kb T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Triacetate: Encyclopedia Ii - Triacetate - As A Fibre
Triacetate fibres have a crenular[3] cross section. Triacetate - Characteristics. Shrink resistant Wrinkle resistant Easily washable G...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Triacetate: Encyclopedia Ii - Triacetate - As A Film
Triacetate - Characteristics. Resistant to grease, oil aromatic hydrocarbons and most common solvents Films have hard glossy surfaces ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Acid - Chemical Characteristics
In water the following reversible reaction occurs between an acid (HA) and water, which acts as a base: The acidity constant (or acid ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Acid - Chemical Characteristics
In water the following reversible reaction occurs between an acid (HA) and water, which acts as a base: HA + H2O ⇌ H3O + + A − The ...   » Read the article