Hale-Bopp became visible to the naked eye in the summer of 1996, and although its rate of brightening slowed considerably during the latter half on 1996, scientists were still cautiously optimistic that it would become very bright. It was too close to the Sun to be observable during December 1996, but when it reappeared in January 1997 it was already bright enough to be seen by anyone who looked for it, even from large cities with light-polluted skies. The Internet was a growing phenomenon at the time, and numerous websites that track ...

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Comet Hale-Bopp, Comet Hale-Bopp - Discovery, Comet Hale-Bopp - Early progress, Comet Hale-Bopp - Hale-Bopp becomes a Great Comet, Comet Hale-Bopp - The comet recedes, Comet Hale-Bopp - Orbital changes, Comet Hale-Bopp - Scientific results, Comet Hale-Bopp - Sodium tail, Comet Hale-Bopp - Deuterium abundance, Comet Hale-Bopp - Organic species, Comet Hale-Bopp - Rotation, Comet Hale-Bopp - A satellite?, Comet Hale-Bopp - Paranoia superstition and beliefs, Comet Hale-Bopp - Hale-Bopp's legacy

Read more here: » Comet Hale-Bopp: Encyclopedia II - Comet Hale-Bopp - Hale-Bopp becomes a Great Comet

In many cultures, comets have historically been viewed as bad omens and viewed with great suspicion. Perhaps because of the very long build-up to Hale-Bopp's passage, and its rare size and activity, the comet became the subject of many bizarre beliefs and theories. An Arutz-7 correspondent noted that according to the ancient Jewish text Seder Olam Rabah, the comet's previous appearance was approxim ...

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Comet Hale-Bopp, Comet Hale-Bopp - Discovery, Comet Hale-Bopp - Early progress, Comet Hale-Bopp - Hale-Bopp becomes a Great Comet, Comet Hale-Bopp - The comet recedes, Comet Hale-Bopp - Orbital changes, Comet Hale-Bopp - Scientific results, Comet Hale-Bopp - Sodium tail, Comet Hale-Bopp - Deuterium abundance, Comet Hale-Bopp - Organic species, Comet Hale-Bopp - Rotation, Comet Hale-Bopp - A satellite?, Comet Hale-Bopp - Paranoia superstition and beliefs, Comet Hale-Bopp - Hale-Bopp's legacy

Read more here: » Comet Hale-Bopp: Encyclopedia II - Comet Hale-Bopp - Paranoia superstition and beliefs

lavish: Very abundant or generous in giving or spending.

(See also: Lavish, Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)

wealth: Artha. Abundance; financial stability.

See: purushartha.

(See also: Wealth, Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)

In many cultures, comets have historically been viewed as bad omens and viewed with great suspicion. Perhaps because of the very long build-up to Hale-Bopp's passage, and its rare size and activity, the comet became the subject of many bizarre beliefs and theories. In November 1996, amateur astronomer Chuck Shramek of Houston, Texas took a CCD image of the comet, which showed a fuzzy, slightly elongated object nearby. When his computer sky-viewing program did not identify the star, Shramek called the Art Bell radio program to announce ...

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Comet Hale-Bopp, Comet Hale-Bopp - Discovery, Comet Hale-Bopp - Early progress, Comet Hale-Bopp - Hale-Bopp becomes a Great Comet, Comet Hale-Bopp - The comet recedes, Comet Hale-Bopp - Orbital changes, Comet Hale-Bopp - Scientific results, Comet Hale-Bopp - Sodium tail, Comet Hale-Bopp - Deuterium abundance, Comet Hale-Bopp - Organic species, Comet Hale-Bopp - Rotation, Comet Hale-Bopp - A satellite?, Comet Hale-Bopp - Paranoia and superstition, Comet Hale-Bopp - Hale-Bopp's legacy

Read more here: » Comet Hale-Bopp: Encyclopedia II - Comet Hale-Bopp - Paranoia and superstition

The comet was discovered by two independent observers, Alan Hale and Thomas Bopp, both in the United States. Hale had spent many hundreds of hours searching for comets without finding one, and was tracking known comets from his driveway in New Mexico when he chanced upon Hale-Bopp, shining at 11th magnitude near a globular cluster, M70, in the constellation of Sagittarius just after midnight. Hale first established that there was no other deep-sky object near M70, and then consulted a directory of known comets, finding that no known obj ...

See also:

Comet Hale-Bopp, Comet Hale-Bopp - Discovery, Comet Hale-Bopp - Early progress, Comet Hale-Bopp - Hale-Bopp becomes a Great Comet, Comet Hale-Bopp - The comet recedes, Comet Hale-Bopp - Orbital changes, Comet Hale-Bopp - Scientific results, Comet Hale-Bopp - Sodium tail, Comet Hale-Bopp - Deuterium abundance, Comet Hale-Bopp - Organic species, Comet Hale-Bopp - Rotation, Comet Hale-Bopp - A satellite?, Comet Hale-Bopp - Paranoia and superstition, Comet Hale-Bopp - Hale-Bopp's legacy

Read more here: » Comet Hale-Bopp: Encyclopedia II - Comet Hale-Bopp - Discovery

After its perihelion passage, the comet moved into the southern celestial hemisphere, and its show was over as far as most of the public were concerned. The comet was much less impressive to Southern Hemisphere observers than it had been in the Northern Hemisphere, but southerners were able to see the comet gradually fade from view during the summer and autumn of 1997. The last naked-eye observations were reported in December 1997, which meant that the comet had remained visible without aid for 569 days, or about 18 and a half months. The previous record had been set by the Great Comet of 1811, w ...

See also:

Comet Hale-Bopp, Comet Hale-Bopp - Discovery, Comet Hale-Bopp - Early progress, Comet Hale-Bopp - Hale-Bopp becomes a Great Comet, Comet Hale-Bopp - The comet recedes, Comet Hale-Bopp - Orbital changes, Comet Hale-Bopp - Scientific results, Comet Hale-Bopp - Sodium tail, Comet Hale-Bopp - Deuterium abundance, Comet Hale-Bopp - Organic species, Comet Hale-Bopp - Rotation, Comet Hale-Bopp - A satellite?, Comet Hale-Bopp - Paranoia and superstition, Comet Hale-Bopp - Hale-Bopp's legacy

Read more here: » Comet Hale-Bopp: Encyclopedia II - Comet Hale-Bopp - The comet recedes

The comet was discovered by two independent observers, Alan Hale and Thomas Bopp, both in the United States. Hale had spent many hundreds of hours searching for comets without finding one, and was tracking known comets from his driveway in New Mexico when he chanced upon Hale-Bopp, shining at 11th magnitude near a globular cluster, M70, in the constellation of Sagittarius just after midnight. Hale first established that there was no other deep-sky object near M70, and then consulted a directory of known comets, finding that no known obj ...

See also:

Comet Hale-Bopp, Comet Hale-Bopp - Discovery, Comet Hale-Bopp - Early progress, Comet Hale-Bopp - Hale-Bopp becomes a Great Comet, Comet Hale-Bopp - The comet recedes, Comet Hale-Bopp - Orbital changes, Comet Hale-Bopp - Scientific results, Comet Hale-Bopp - Sodium tail, Comet Hale-Bopp - Deuterium abundance, Comet Hale-Bopp - Organic species, Comet Hale-Bopp - Rotation, Comet Hale-Bopp - A satellite?, Comet Hale-Bopp - Paranoia superstition and beliefs, Comet Hale-Bopp - Hale-Bopp's legacy

Read more here: » Comet Hale-Bopp: Encyclopedia II - Comet Hale-Bopp - Discovery

It was soon apparent that Hale-Bopp was no ordinary comet. For a start, when its orbit was calculated, it turned out to be 7.2 Astronomical Units (AU) from the Sun, placing it between Jupiter and Saturn and by far the greatest distance from Earth at which a comet had been discovered. Most comets at this distance are extremely faint, and show no discernable activity, but Hale-Bopp already had an observable coma. An image taken at the Anglo-Australian Telescope in 1993 was found to show the then-undiscovered comet some 13 AU from the sun, ...

See also:

Comet Hale-Bopp, Comet Hale-Bopp - Discovery, Comet Hale-Bopp - Early progress, Comet Hale-Bopp - Hale-Bopp becomes a Great Comet, Comet Hale-Bopp - The comet recedes, Comet Hale-Bopp - Orbital changes, Comet Hale-Bopp - Scientific results, Comet Hale-Bopp - Sodium tail, Comet Hale-Bopp - Deuterium abundance, Comet Hale-Bopp - Organic species, Comet Hale-Bopp - Rotation, Comet Hale-Bopp - A satellite?, Comet Hale-Bopp - Paranoia superstition and beliefs, Comet Hale-Bopp - Hale-Bopp's legacy

Read more here: » Comet Hale-Bopp: Encyclopedia II - Comet Hale-Bopp - Early progress

After its perihelion passage, the comet moved into the southern celestial hemisphere, and its show was over as far as most of the public were concerned. The comet was much less impressive to Southern Hemisphere observers than it had been in the Northern Hemisphere, but southerners were able to see the comet gradually fade from view during the summer and autumn of 1997. The last naked-eye observations were reported in December 1997, which meant that the comet had remained visible without aid for 569 days, or about 18 and a half months. The previous record had been set by the Great Comet of 1811, w ...

See also:

Comet Hale-Bopp, Comet Hale-Bopp - Discovery, Comet Hale-Bopp - Early progress, Comet Hale-Bopp - Hale-Bopp becomes a Great Comet, Comet Hale-Bopp - The comet recedes, Comet Hale-Bopp - Orbital changes, Comet Hale-Bopp - Scientific results, Comet Hale-Bopp - Sodium tail, Comet Hale-Bopp - Deuterium abundance, Comet Hale-Bopp - Organic species, Comet Hale-Bopp - Rotation, Comet Hale-Bopp - A satellite?, Comet Hale-Bopp - Paranoia superstition and beliefs, Comet Hale-Bopp - Hale-Bopp's legacy

Read more here: » Comet Hale-Bopp: Encyclopedia II - Comet Hale-Bopp - The comet recedes

Based on measurements of the expansion of the Universe using Type Ia supernovae, measurements of the lumpiness of the cosmic microwave background, and measurements of the correlation function of galaxies, the Universe has a calculated age of 13.7 ± 0.2 billion years. The agreement of these three independent measurements is considered strong evidence for the so-called ΛCDM model that describes the detailed na ...

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Big Bang, Big Bang - History, Big Bang - Overview, Big Bang - Theoretical underpinnings, Big Bang - Observational evidence, Big Bang - Hubble's law expansion, Big Bang - Cosmic microwave background radiation, Big Bang - Abundance of primordial elements, Big Bang - Galactic evolution and distribution, Big Bang - Features issues and problems, Big Bang - Horizon problem, Big Bang - Flatness problem, Big Bang - Magnetic monopoles, Big Bang - Baryon asymmetry, Big Bang - Globular cluster age, Big Bang - Dark matter, Big Bang - Dark energy, Big Bang - The future according to the Big Bang theory, Big Bang - Speculative physics beyond the Big Bang, Big Bang - Philosophical and religious interpretations

Read more here: » Big Bang: Encyclopedia II - Big Bang - Overview

Naturally occurring Neodymium is composed of 5 stable isotopes, 142Nd, 143Nd, 145Nd, 146Nd and 148Nd, with 142Nd being the most abundant (27.2% natural abundance), and 2 radioisotopes, 144Nd and 150Nd. In all, 31 radioisotopes of Neodymium have been characterized, with the most stable being 150Nd with a half-life (T½) of >1.1×1019 years, 144Nd with a half-life of 2.29×1015 years, and 147See also:

Neodymium, Neodymium - Notable characteristics, Neodymium - Applications, Neodymium - History, Neodymium - Occurrence, Neodymium - Compounds, Neodymium - Isotopes, Neodymium - Precautions

Read more here: » Neodymium: Encyclopedia II - Neodymium - Isotopes

As it stands today, the Big Bang is dependent on three assumptions: The universality of physical laws The cosmological principle The Copernican principle When first developed, these ideas were simply taken as postulates, but today there are efforts underway to test each of them. Tests of the universality of physical laws have found that the largest possible deviation of the fine structure constant over the age of the Universe is of order 10-5. The isotropy of the Universe that defines t ...

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Big Bang, Big Bang - History, Big Bang - Overview, Big Bang - Theoretical underpinnings, Big Bang - Observational evidence, Big Bang - Hubble's law expansion, Big Bang - Cosmic microwave background radiation, Big Bang - Abundance of primordial elements, Big Bang - Galactic evolution and distribution, Big Bang - Features issues and problems, Big Bang - Horizon problem, Big Bang - Flatness problem, Big Bang - Magnetic monopoles, Big Bang - Baryon asymmetry, Big Bang - Globular cluster age, Big Bang - Dark matter, Big Bang - Dark energy, Big Bang - The future according to the Big Bang theory, Big Bang - Speculative physics beyond the Big Bang, Big Bang - Philosophical and religious interpretations

Read more here: » Big Bang: Encyclopedia II - Big Bang - Theoretical underpinnings

A number of problems have arisen within the Big Bang theory throughout its history. Some of them are mainly of historical interest today, and have been avoided either through modifications to the theory or as the result of better observations. Other issues, such as the cuspy halo problem and the dwarf galaxy problem of cold dark matter, are not considered to be fatal as they can be addressed through refinements of the theory. There are a small number of proponents of non-standard cosmologies who doubt that there was a Big Bang at all. ...

See also:

Big Bang, Big Bang - History, Big Bang - Overview, Big Bang - Theoretical underpinnings, Big Bang - Observational evidence, Big Bang - Hubble's law expansion, Big Bang - Cosmic microwave background radiation, Big Bang - Abundance of primordial elements, Big Bang - Galactic evolution and distribution, Big Bang - Features issues and problems, Big Bang - Horizon problem, Big Bang - Flatness problem, Big Bang - Magnetic monopoles, Big Bang - Baryon asymmetry, Big Bang - Globular cluster age, Big Bang - Dark matter, Big Bang - Dark energy, Big Bang - The future according to the Big Bang theory, Big Bang - Speculative physics beyond the Big Bang, Big Bang - Philosophical and religious interpretations

Read more here: » Big Bang: Encyclopedia II - Big Bang - Features issues and problems

Before observations of dark energy, cosmologists considered two scenarios for the future of the Universe. If the mass density of the universe is above the critical density, then the Universe would reach a maximum size and then begin to collapse. It would become denser and hotter again, ending with a state that was similar to that in which it started—a Big Crunch. Alternatively, if the density in the Universe is equal to or below the critical density, the expansion would slow down, but never stop. Star formation would cease as the Universe ...

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Big Bang, Big Bang - History, Big Bang - Overview, Big Bang - Theoretical underpinnings, Big Bang - Observational evidence, Big Bang - Hubble's law expansion, Big Bang - Cosmic microwave background radiation, Big Bang - Abundance of primordial elements, Big Bang - Galactic evolution and distribution, Big Bang - Features issues and problems, Big Bang - Horizon problem, Big Bang - Flatness problem, Big Bang - Magnetic monopoles, Big Bang - Baryon asymmetry, Big Bang - Globular cluster age, Big Bang - Dark matter, Big Bang - Dark energy, Big Bang - The future according to the Big Bang theory, Big Bang - Speculative physics beyond the Big Bang, Big Bang - Philosophical and religious interpretations

Read more here: » Big Bang: Encyclopedia II - Big Bang - The future according to the Big Bang theory

While the Big Bang model is well established in cosmology, it is likely to be refined in the future. Little is known about the earliest Universe, when inflation is hypothesized to have occurred. There may also be parts of the Universe well beyond what can be observed in principle. In the case of inflation this is required: exponential expansion has pushed large regions of space beyond our observable horizon. It may be possible to deduce what happened when we better understand physics at very high energy scales. Sp ...

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Big Bang, Big Bang - History, Big Bang - Overview, Big Bang - Theoretical underpinnings, Big Bang - Observational evidence, Big Bang - Hubble's law expansion, Big Bang - Cosmic microwave background radiation, Big Bang - Abundance of primordial elements, Big Bang - Galactic evolution and distribution, Big Bang - Features issues and problems, Big Bang - Horizon problem, Big Bang - Flatness problem, Big Bang - Magnetic monopoles, Big Bang - Baryon asymmetry, Big Bang - Globular cluster age, Big Bang - Dark matter, Big Bang - Dark energy, Big Bang - The future according to the Big Bang theory, Big Bang - Speculative physics beyond the Big Bang, Big Bang - Philosophical and religious interpretations

Read more here: » Big Bang: Encyclopedia II - Big Bang - Speculative physics beyond the Big Bang

A number of problems have arisen within the Big Bang theory throughout its history. Some of them are mainly of historical interest today, and have been avoided either through modifications to the theory or as the result of better observations. Other issues, such as the cuspy halo problem and the dwarf galaxy problem of cold dark matter, are not considered to be fatal as they can be addressed through refinements of the theory. There are a small number of proponents of non-standard cosmologies who doubt that there was a Big Bang at all. ...

See also:

Big Bang, Big Bang - History, Big Bang - Overview, Big Bang - Theoretical underpinnings, Big Bang - Observational evidence, Big Bang - Hubble's law expansion, Big Bang - Cosmic microwave background radiation, Big Bang - Abundance of primordial elements, Big Bang - Galactic evolution and distribution, Big Bang - Features, issues and problems, Big Bang - Horizon problem, Big Bang - Flatness problem, Big Bang - Magnetic monopoles, Big Bang - Baryon asymmetry, Big Bang - Globular cluster age, Big Bang - Dark matter, Big Bang - Dark energy, Big Bang - The future according to the Big Bang theory, Big Bang - Speculative physics beyond the Big Bang, Big Bang - Philosophical and religious interpretations

Read more here: » Big Bang: Encyclopedia II - Big Bang - Features, issues and problems

konrai: (Tamil) The Golden Shower tree, Cassia fistula; symbol of Siva's cascading, abundant, golden grace.

(See also: Konrai, Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)

These categorizations are not firm, and are neither complete nor absolute. Science fiction writers do not specifically write their works with Kardashev classification in mind. Type I 3001: The Final Odyssey, by Arthur C. Clarke The Fountains of Paradise, by Arthur C. Clarke The Mars trilogy, by Kim Stanley Robinson The United Federation of Planets, from Star Trek The Empire of Man from the CoDominium universe, by Jerry Pournelle Type II T ...

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Kardashev scale, Kardashev scale - Usage and examples, Kardashev scale - Possible timeline, Kardashev scale - Function as a teleology, Kardashev scale - Weakness by supposition?, Kardashev scale - Counter-argument: abundance of alternative sources, Kardashev scale - Civilization implications, Kardashev scale - Contact constraints, Kardashev scale - Hypothetical extensions, Kardashev scale - Fictional extensions, Kardashev scale - Hypothetical futures, Kardashev scale - Type I, Kardashev scale - Type II, Kardashev scale - Type III, Kardashev scale - Type IV & V, Kardashev scale - Current values, Kardashev scale - Literature describing different Kardashev Types, Kardashev scale - Connections with sociology and anthropology, Kardashev scale - Notes

Read more here: » Kardashev scale: Encyclopedia II - Kardashev scale - Literature describing different Kardashev Types

The basic assumptions of plasma cosmology are, since the universe is nearly all plasma, electromagnetic forces are equal in importance with gravitation on all scales. since we never see effects without causes, we have no reason to assume an origin in time for the universe—an effect without a cause. Thus this approach, in contrast to certain interpretations of the Big Bang cosmology, does not permit any beginning for the universe. unlike the steady state theory, the universe is not changeless. Rather, since every part of the universe we observe is evolving, it assumes that th ...

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Plasma cosmology, Plasma cosmology - Overview, Plasma cosmology - Alfvén's model, Plasma cosmology - Cosmic Plasma, Plasma cosmology - Force free filaments, Plasma cosmology - Ambiplasma, Plasma cosmology - Features and problems, Plasma cosmology - Formation of structure, Plasma cosmology - Light elements abundance, Plasma cosmology - Microwave background, Plasma cosmology - Redshifts, Plasma cosmology - Future, Plasma cosmology - Figures in plasma cosmology, Plasma cosmology - Footnotes, Plasma cosmology - Links and references, Plasma cosmology - Books

Read more here: » Plasma cosmology: Encyclopedia II - Plasma cosmology - Overview

Sodium is relatively abundant in stars and the D spectral lines of this element are among the most prominent in star light. Sodium makes up about 2.6% by weight of the Earth's crust making it the fourth most abundant element overall and the most abundant alkali metal. At the end of the 19th century, sodium was chemically prepared by heating sodium carbonate with carbon to 1100 °C. Na2CO3 (liquid) + 2C (solid, coke ...

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Sodium, Sodium - Notable characteristics, Sodium - Applications, Sodium - History, Sodium - Occurrence, Sodium - Compounds, Sodium - Isotopes, Sodium - Precautions, Sodium - Physiology and sodium ions

Read more here: » Sodium: Encyclopedia II - Sodium - Occurrence

Students can imitate various writing styles (imitatio), or develop copiusness through exercises like those detailed in Desiderius Erasmus' De Duplici Copia Verborum ac Rerum, 1512 (Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style). The goal of such exercise (similar to the Greek progymnasmata) is to develop a novices' facility in expression so he or she attains Copie, an elevated stylistic dexterity and fluency referred to simply as 'abundance of style'. Such abundance is the ...

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Copia latin, Copia latin - Rhetorical exercise, Copia latin - Goal of rhetorical education, Copia latin - Copia and Episteme, Copia latin - Copia and Morality, Copia latin - Copia in Myth, Copia latin - Roman myth abstract, Copia latin - Greek myth abstract, Copia latin - Copia Myth and exchange of The Real

Read more here: » Copia latin: Encyclopedia II - Copia latin - Rhetorical exercise