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Abundance | A Wisdom Archive on Abundance | | Abundance A selection of articles related to Abundance | |
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abundance,
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Abundance | | | |  Abundance: Encyclopedia II - Abundance of the chemical elements - Abundance of elements in the Solar SystemThe Solar System was created from the remnants of previous stellar systems that went supernova, and is hence, relative to the rest of the universe, richer in heavier elements.
Population I stars contain significant amounts of elements heavier than helium ("metals", in the terminology of astronomers). These heavy elements were produced by earlier generations of stars and spread by supernova explosions ...
See also:Abundance of the chemical elements, Abundance of the chemical elements - Abundance of elements in the Universe, Abundance of the chemical elements - Abundance of elements in the Solar System, Abundance of the chemical elements - Abundance of elements in Earth, Abundance of the chemical elements - Abundance of elements in Earth's crust, Abundance of the chemical elements - Ocean, Abundance of the chemical elements - Atmosphere, Abundance of the chemical elements - Organisms, Abundance of the chemical elements - Human body Read more here: » Abundance of the chemical elements: Encyclopedia II - Abundance of the chemical elements - Abundance of elements in the Solar System |
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| | | | | Abundance: Encyclopedia II - Abundance of the chemical elements - Abundance of elements in the Universe Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the known Universe; helium is second. However, after this, the rank of abundance does not continue to correspond to the atomic number; oxygen has abundance rank 3, but atomic number 8. All others are orders of magnitude less common.
Both helium-3 and helium-4 were produced in the Big Bang. Additional helium is produced by the fusion of hydrogen inside stellar cores, via a process called the proton-proton chain.
Hydrogen and helium are estimated to make up roughly 80% and 20% of all the m ...
See also:Abundance of the chemical elements, Abundance of the chemical elements - Abundance of elements in the Universe, Abundance of the chemical elements - Abundance of elements in the Solar System, Abundance of the chemical elements - Abundance of elements in Earth, Abundance of the chemical elements - Abundance of elements in Earth's crust, Abundance of the chemical elements - Ocean, Abundance of the chemical elements - Atmosphere, Abundance of the chemical elements - Organisms, Abundance of the chemical elements - Human body Read more here: » Abundance of the chemical elements: Encyclopedia II - Abundance of the chemical elements - Abundance of elements in the Universe |
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| | | | | Abundance: Encyclopedia II - Nerpa - Abundance and Trends The Nerpa is currently listed as a “Lower risk” species on conservation lists (AFP, 2003; Seal Conservation Society) This means that while they are not currently threatened or endangered, it is possible and even likely that they will be in the near future. At last official count, the Russian government counted 104,000 Nerpas. That was in 1994. In 2000 Greenpeace did their own count and came up with somewhere from 55,000 to 65,000 seals. (Schofield, 2001) It is thought that excessive hunting, as well as poaching and pollution is quickly reducing the Nerpa population. (AFP ...
See also:Nerpa, Nerpa - Statistics, Nerpa - Description, Nerpa - Distribution, Nerpa - Abundance and Trends, Nerpa - Reproduction, Nerpa - Foraging, Nerpa - Bibliography Read more here: » Nerpa: Encyclopedia II - Nerpa - Abundance and Trends |
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| | | | | | | Abundance: Encyclopedia II - Cloud condensation nuclei - Size, abundance, and composition A typical raindrop is about 2 mm in diameter, a typical cloud droplet is on the order of 0.02 mm, and a typical cloud condensation nucleus (particle) is on the order of 0.0002 mm or 0.2 micrometer in diameter. The number of cloud condensation nuclei in the air has been estimated to average from 100 to 1000 per cubic centimeter. The total mass of CCNs injected into the atmosphere has been estimated at 2x1012 kg over a year's time. A large concentration of aerosol CCNs also is responsible for haze even in areas with low humidity. This dry haze also has ...
See also:Cloud condensation nuclei, Cloud condensation nuclei - Size, abundance, and composition, Cloud condensation nuclei - Phytoplankton role Read more here: » Cloud condensation nuclei: Encyclopedia II - Cloud condensation nuclei - Size, abundance, and composition |
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| | | | | Abundance: Encyclopedia II - Grand duchy - Abundance of grand duchies Between the Napoleonic Wars and World War I there were eight grand duchies in Europe: Baden, Finland, Hesse-Darmstadt, Luxembourg, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Oldenburg, and Saxe-Weimar.
The title was also used in some short-lived Napoleonic creations:
The Grand Duchy of Berg (1806-1813)
The Grand Duchy of Würzburg (1806-1814)
The Grand Duchy of Frankfurt (1810-1813)
Particularly following the Congress of Vienna, grand duchies became fairly common within the Germanic Confed ...
See also:Grand duchy, Grand duchy - The title and origins of grand duchies, Grand duchy - Western Grand Dukes and their sovereignties, Grand duchy - Abundance of grand duchies, Grand duchy - Styles and forms of address, Grand duchy - Grand Prince Read more here: » Grand duchy: Encyclopedia II - Grand duchy - Abundance of grand duchies |
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| | | | | Abundance: Encyclopedia II - Apollodotus I - An abundant multi-cultural coinage The coinage of Apollodotus is, together with that of Menander, one of the most abundant of the Indo-Greek kings. It is found mainly in the provinces of Punjab, Sindh and Gujarat, indicating the southern limit of the Indo-Greek expansion in India. This is confirmed by the Periplus, a 1st century CE document on trade in the Indian Ocean, which describes the remnants of Greek presence (shrines, barracks, wells, coinage) in the strategic port of Barygaza (Bharuch) in Gujarat. Strabo (XI) also describes the occupation of Patalene (Indus ...
See also:Apollodotus I, Apollodotus I - Ruler of the Indo-Greek kingdom, Apollodotus I - An abundant multi-cultural coinage Read more here: » Apollodotus I: Encyclopedia II - Apollodotus I - An abundant multi-cultural coinage |
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| | | | | Abundance: Encyclopedia II - Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - Stochastic modelling of species abundances under the UNTB The Unified Theory is perhaps best understood using stochastic process modelling. Consider a community, of fixed size, consisting of J individuals.
Although in reality individuals die and reproduce, it is often realistic to assume that the community changes at regular intervals, the timestep being J times an individual's lifespan. At each timestep, one individual dies and one is born (community size remaining ...
See also:Unified neutral theory of biodiversity, Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - Overview, Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - The Unified Theory and saturation, Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - Species abundances, Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - Unified Theory and species-area relationships, Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - Stochastic modelling of species abundances under the UNTB, Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - Example, Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - Proponents and critics of the UNTB, Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - Reference Read more here: » Unified neutral theory of biodiversity: Encyclopedia II - Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - Stochastic modelling of species abundances under the UNTB |
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| | | | | | Abundance: Encyclopedia II - Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - The Unified Theory and saturation Although not strictly necessary for a neutral theory, many stochastic models of biodiversity assume a fixed, finite community size. There are unavoidable physical constraints on the total number of individuals that can be packed into a given space (although space per se isn't necessarily a resource, it is often a useful surrogate variable for a limiting resource that is distributed over the landscape; examples would include sunlight or hosts, in the case of parasites).
If a wide range of species is considered (say, giant sequoi ...
See also:Unified neutral theory of biodiversity, Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - Overview, Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - The Unified Theory and saturation, Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - Species abundances, Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - Unified Theory and species-area relationships, Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - Stochastic modelling of species abundances under the UNTB, Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - Example, Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - Proponents and critics of the UNTB, Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - Reference Read more here: » Unified neutral theory of biodiversity: Encyclopedia II - Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - The Unified Theory and saturation |
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| | | | | Abundance: Encyclopedia II - Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - Unified Theory and species-area relationships The Unified Theory unifies biodiversity, as measured by species-abundance curves, with biogreography, as measured by species-area curves. Species-area relationships show the rate at which species diversity increases with area. The topic is of great interest to conservation biologists in the design of reserves, as it is often desired to harbour as many species as possible.
The most commonly encountered relationship is the power law ...
See also:Unified neutral theory of biodiversity, Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - Overview, Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - The Unified Theory and saturation, Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - Species abundances, Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - Unified Theory and species-area relationships, Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - Stochastic modelling of species abundances under the UNTB, Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - Example, Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - Proponents and critics of the UNTB, Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - Reference Read more here: » Unified neutral theory of biodiversity: Encyclopedia II - Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - Unified Theory and species-area relationships |
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| | | | | Abundance: Encyclopedia II - Helium - Occurrence and production
Helium - Abundance.
Helium is the second most abundant element in the known Universe after hydrogen and constitutes 23% of all elemental matter measured by mass even though there are 8 times as many hydrogen atoms as helium ('elemental matter' does not include dark matter or dark energy, which together may account for 96% of the Universe). It is concentrated in stars, where it is formed from hydrogen by the nuclear fusion of the proton-proton chain reaction and CNO cycle. This so-called 'hydrogen burning' process ...
See also:Helium, Helium - Notable characteristics, Helium - Gas and plasma phases, Helium - Solid and liquid phases, Helium - Electron energy levels, Helium - Applications, Helium - History, Helium - Discoveries, Helium - Production and use, Helium - Occurrence and production, Helium - Abundance, Helium - Production, Helium - Isotopes, Helium - Precautions Read more here: » Helium: Encyclopedia II - Helium - Occurrence and production |
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| | | | | Abundance: Encyclopedia II - Helium - Isotopes Although there are eight known isotopes of helium, only helium-3 and helium-4 are stable. In the Earth's atmosphere, there is one He-3 atom for every million He-4. However, helium is unusual in that its isotopic abundance varies greatly depending on its origin. In the interstellar medium, the proportion of He-3 is around a hundred times higher. Rocks from the Earth's crust have isotope ratios varying by as much as a factor of ten; this is used in geology ...
See also:Helium, Helium - Notable characteristics, Helium - Gas and plasma phases, Helium - Solid and liquid phases, Helium - Electron energy levels, Helium - Applications, Helium - History, Helium - Discoveries, Helium - Production and use, Helium - Occurrence and production, Helium - Abundance, Helium - Production, Helium - Isotopes, Helium - Precautions Read more here: » Helium: Encyclopedia II - Helium - Isotopes |
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| | | | | Abundance: Encyclopedia II - Zinc - Biological role Zinc is an essential element, necessary for sustaining all life. It is estimated that 3000 of the hundreds of thousands of proteins in the human body contain zinc.
Zinc - Food Sources.
The best and most abundant natural food source of zinc is oysters, although these bottom scavengers also accumulate toxic metals. Zinc is found in most animal proteins such as beef, pork and poultry. Other food sources of zinc include beans, nuts, whole grains, pumpkin seeds and sunflower seeds. Phytates, which are found in ...
See also:Zinc, Zinc - Notable characteristics, Zinc - Applications, Zinc - Popular misconceptions, Zinc - History, Zinc - Biological role, Zinc - Food Sources, Zinc - Zinc Deficiency, Zinc - Zinc Toxicity, Zinc - Psoriasis, Zinc - Immune System, Zinc - Abundance, Zinc - Zinc production, Zinc - Compounds, Zinc - Isotopes, Zinc - Precautions Read more here: » Zinc: Encyclopedia II - Zinc - Biological role |
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| | | | | Abundance: Encyclopedia II - Zinc - Applications Zinc is the fourth most common metal in use, trailing only iron, aluminium, and copper in annual production.
Zinc is used to galvanise metals such as steel to prevent corrosion.
Zinc is used in alloys such as brass, nickelled silver, typewriter metal, various soldering formulas and German silver.
Zinc is the primary metal used in making American pennies since 1982.
Zinc is used in die casting noteably in the automobile industry.
Zinc is used as part of the containers of batteries.
Zin ...
See also:Zinc, Zinc - Notable characteristics, Zinc - Applications, Zinc - Popular misconceptions, Zinc - History, Zinc - Biological role, Zinc - Food Sources, Zinc - Zinc Deficiency, Zinc - Zinc Toxicity, Zinc - Psoriasis, Zinc - Immune System, Zinc - Abundance, Zinc - Zinc production, Zinc - Compounds, Zinc - Isotopes, Zinc - Precautions Read more here: » Zinc: Encyclopedia II - Zinc - Applications |
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| | | | | Abundance: Encyclopedia II - Helium - Applications Pressurized helium is commercially available. Helium is used for many purposes that require one or more of its unique properties; low boiling point, low density, low solubility, high thermal conductivity, or its inertness.
Airships and balloons (toy, weather, and research) are inflated with helium because it is lighter than air (1 m³ of helium will lift 1 kg). Helium is currently preferred to hydrogen in airships because, while it is more expensive, it is not flammable and has 9 ...
See also:Helium, Helium - Notable characteristics, Helium - Gas and plasma phases, Helium - Solid and liquid phases, Helium - Electron energy levels, Helium - Applications, Helium - History, Helium - Discoveries, Helium - Production and use, Helium - Occurrence and production, Helium - Abundance, Helium - Production, Helium - Isotopes, Helium - Precautions Read more here: » Helium: Encyclopedia II - Helium - Applications |
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| | | | | Abundance: Encyclopedia II - Zinc - Zinc production There are zinc mines throughout the world, with the largest producers being Australia, Canada, China, Peru and the U.S.A. Mines in Europe include Vieille Montagne in Belgium, Tara in Ireland, and Zinkgruvan in Sweden. Zinc metal is produced using extractive metallurgy. Zinc sulfide (sphalerite) minerals are concentrated using the froth flotation method and then usually roasted using pyrometallurgy to oxidise the zinc sulfide to zinc oxide. The zinc oxide is leached in sulfuric acid and the resulting solution is purified using zinc dust. The metal is then extracted by electrowinning as cathodic deposits. Zinc cathodes can be ...
See also:Zinc, Zinc - Notable characteristics, Zinc - Applications, Zinc - Popular misconceptions, Zinc - History, Zinc - Biological role, Zinc - Food Sources, Zinc - Zinc Deficiency, Zinc - Zinc Toxicity, Zinc - Psoriasis, Zinc - Immune System, Zinc - Abundance, Zinc - Zinc production, Zinc - Compounds, Zinc - Isotopes, Zinc - Precautions Read more here: » Zinc: Encyclopedia II - Zinc - Zinc production |
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| | | | | Abundance: Encyclopedia II - Zinc - History Zinc alloys have been used for centuries, as brass goods dating to 1000-1400 BC have been found in Palestine and zinc objects with 87% zinc have been found in prehistoric Transylvania. Because of the low boiling point and high chemical reactivity of this metal (isolated zinc would tend to go up the chimney rather than be captured), the true nature of this metal was not understood in ancient times.
The manufacture of brass was known to the Romans by about 30 BC, using a technique where calamine and copper were heated together in a cruc ...
See also:Zinc, Zinc - Notable characteristics, Zinc - Applications, Zinc - Popular misconceptions, Zinc - History, Zinc - Biological role, Zinc - Food Sources, Zinc - Zinc Deficiency, Zinc - Zinc Toxicity, Zinc - Psoriasis, Zinc - Immune System, Zinc - Abundance, Zinc - Zinc production, Zinc - Compounds, Zinc - Isotopes, Zinc - Precautions Read more here: » Zinc: Encyclopedia II - Zinc - History |
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| | | | | Abundance: Encyclopedia II - Helium - Notable characteristics
Helium - Gas and plasma phases.
Helium is a colorless, odorless, and non-toxic gas. It is the least reactive member of group 18 (the noble gases) of the periodic table and therefore virtually inert. Under standard temperature and pressure helium behaves very much like an ideal gas. Under virtually all conditions helium is monatomic. It has a thermal conductivity that is greater than any gas except hydrogen and its specific heat is unusually high. Helium is also less water soluble than any other gas known and its ...
See also:Helium, Helium - Notable characteristics, Helium - Gas and plasma phases, Helium - Solid and liquid phases, Helium - Electron energy levels, Helium - Applications, Helium - History, Helium - Discoveries, Helium - Production and use, Helium - Occurrence and production, Helium - Abundance, Helium - Production, Helium - Isotopes, Helium - Precautions Read more here: » Helium: Encyclopedia II - Helium - Notable characteristics |
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| | | | | Abundance: Encyclopedia II - Helium - History
Helium - Discoveries.
Helium was first detected on August 18, 1868 as a bright yellow line with a wavelength of 587.49 nm in the spectrum of the chromosphere of the Sun, by French astronomer Pierre Janssen during a total solar eclipse in India. Janssen was at first ridiculed since no element had ever been detected in space before being found on Earth. October 20th the same year, English astronomer Norman Lockyer also observed the same yellow line in the solar spectrum and concluded that it was caused by an unknow ...
See also:Helium, Helium - Notable characteristics, Helium - Gas and plasma phases, Helium - Solid and liquid phases, Helium - Electron energy levels, Helium - Applications, Helium - History, Helium - Discoveries, Helium - Production and use, Helium - Occurrence and production, Helium - Abundance, Helium - Production, Helium - Isotopes, Helium - Precautions Read more here: » Helium: Encyclopedia II - Helium - History |
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