Abu Talib

Muhammad - Muhammad's genealogy. According to tradition, Muhammad traced his genealogy back as far as Adnan, whom the northern Arabs believed to be their common ancestor. Adnan in turn is said to be a descendant of Ismaeel (Ishmael), son of Ibrahim (Abraham) though the exact genealogy is disputed. Muhammad's genealogy up to Adnan is as follows: Muhammad ibn Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Muttalib (Shaiba) ibn Hashim (Amr) ibn Abd Manaf (al-Mughira) ibn Qusai (Zaid) ibn Kilab ibn Murra ibn Ka`b ibn Lu'ay ibn Ghalib i ...

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Muhammad, Muhammad - Summary, Muhammad - Sources about Muhammad's life, Muhammad - Muhammad's life according to Sira, Muhammad - Muhammad's genealogy, Muhammad - Childhood, Muhammad - Middle years, Muhammad - The first revelations, Muhammad - Rejection, Muhammad - Isra and Miraj, Muhammad - Hijra, Muhammad - War, Muhammad - Muhammad's rule consolidated, Muhammad - Continued warfare, Muhammad - The conquest of Mecca, Muhammad - Unification of Arabia, Muhammad - Muhammad as a warrior, Muhammad - Muhammad's family life, Muhammad - Companions of Muhammad, Muhammad - The death of Muhammad, Muhammad - Muhammad's descendants, Muhammad - Muhammad's historical significance, Muhammad - Muslim veneration of Muhammad

Read more here: » Muhammad: Encyclopedia II - Muhammad - Muhammad's life according to Sira

The modern age brought radical technological and organizational changes to Europe and Islamic countries found themselves less modern when compared to the many western nations. Europe's state-based government and rampant colonization allowed the West to dominate the globe economically and forced Islamic countries to question change. History of Islam - The end of World War I: European powers control the Middle East. Islamic territories were granted at least nominal independence after the end of the First Wor ...

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History of Islam, History of Islam - Introduction, History of Islam - Note on early Islamic historiography, History of Islam - Muhammad, History of Islam - The spread of Islam, History of Islam - The Fitna, History of Islam - The Second Fitna, History of Islam - The zenith of Islamic power, History of Islam - The decline of political unity, History of Islam - The Ottoman empire, History of Islam - Three Muslim empires, History of Islam - The 20th century, History of Islam - The end of World War I: European powers control the Middle East, History of Islam - The end of the Caliphate and the rise of the Saudis, History of Islam - Partition of India and establishment of Pakistan, History of Islam - The creation of the state of Israel, History of Islam - Oil wealth and petropolitics dominate the Middle East, History of Islam - Two Iranian revolutions, History of Islam - Present day, History of Islam - Reformist Islam vs. Islamism, History of Islam - Islamism the U.S. and the battle for oil wealth, History of Islam - Chronology, History of Islam - Dynasties of Islamic Rulers, History of Islam - References and further reading

Read more here: » History of Islam: Encyclopedia II - History of Islam - The 20th century

Some non-Muslims belive that some pro-Ali hadith are biased: "By One who splits seeds and creates breath, the illiterate prophet gave me a covenant: `Nobody except a believer will love me, and nobody except a hypocrite will hate me.' " (Muslim) [1] However, they have a similar view on the Sunni view of Ali. ...

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Shi'a view of Ali, Shi'a view of Ali - Sunni view of the Shi'a view, Shi'a view of Ali - Non-Muslim view of the Shi'a view, Shi'a view of Ali - Parallel articles, Shi'a view of Ali - Related articles

Read more here: » Shi'a view of Ali: Encyclopedia II - Shi'a view of Ali - Non-Muslim view of the Shi'a view

The sources available about Muhammad's life are the Qur'an, the sira biographies, and the hadith collections. While the Qur'an is not a biography of Muhammad, it does provide some information about his life. The earliest surviving biographies are the Life of the Apostle of God, by Ibn Ishaq (d. 768), edited by Ibn Hisham (d. 833); and al-Waqidi's (d. 822) biography of Muhammad. Ibn Ishaq wrote his biography some 120 to 130 years after Muhammad's death. The third source, the hadith collections, like the Qur'an, are not a biography per se. In both the Sunni and Shia belief, they are the a ...

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Muhammad, Muhammad - Summary, Muhammad - Sources about Muhammad's life, Muhammad - Muhammad's life according to Sira, Muhammad - Muhammad's genealogy, Muhammad - Childhood, Muhammad - Middle years, Muhammad - The first revelations, Muhammad - Rejection, Muhammad - Isra and Miraj, Muhammad - Hijra, Muhammad - War, Muhammad - Muhammad's rule consolidated, Muhammad - Continued warfare, Muhammad - The conquest of Mecca, Muhammad - Unification of Arabia, Muhammad - Muhammad as a warrior, Muhammad - Muhammad's family life, Muhammad - Companions of Muhammad, Muhammad - The death of Muhammad, Muhammad - Muhammad's descendants, Muhammad - Muhammad's historical significance, Muhammad - Muslim veneration of Muhammad

Read more here: » Muhammad: Encyclopedia II - Muhammad - Sources about Muhammad's life

Born Muhammad ibn Abdullah, he is said to have been a merchant who traveled widely. Muslims believe that in 610, at about the age of forty, while praying in a cave called Hira near Mecca, he was visited by the Angel Gabriel. Later, he described the experience (to those close to him), and that the angel had commanded him to memorize and recite the verses sent by God which were later collected as part of the Qur'an. Gabriel told him that God (Allah in Arabic) had chosen him as the last of the prophets to mankind. He eventually expanded his mis ...

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Muhammad, Muhammad - Summary, Muhammad - Sources about Muhammad's life, Muhammad - Muhammad's life according to Sira, Muhammad - Muhammad's genealogy, Muhammad - Childhood, Muhammad - Middle years, Muhammad - The first revelations, Muhammad - Rejection, Muhammad - Isra and Miraj, Muhammad - Hijra, Muhammad - War, Muhammad - Muhammad's rule consolidated, Muhammad - Continued warfare, Muhammad - The conquest of Mecca, Muhammad - Unification of Arabia, Muhammad - Muhammad as a warrior, Muhammad - Muhammad's family life, Muhammad - Companions of Muhammad, Muhammad - The death of Muhammad, Muhammad - Muhammad's descendants, Muhammad - Muhammad's historical significance, Muhammad - Muslim veneration of Muhammad

Read more here: » Muhammad: Encyclopedia II - Muhammad - Summary

The name "Muhammad" written in Arabic calligraphy. Many Muslims believe that Islam prohibits art depicting humans or animals; much Islamic art is decorative calligraphy or arabesque (abstract pattern). A 16th century Persian miniature painting celebrating Muhammad's ascent into the Heavens, a journey known as the Miraj. Muhammad's face is veiled. All Muslims feel a great love and veneration for Muhammad, and express this feeling in many ways. When speaking or writing, Muhammad's name is preceded by the title "Proph ...

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Muhammad, Muhammad - Summary, Muhammad - Sources about Muhammad's life, Muhammad - Muhammad's life according to Sira, Muhammad - Muhammad's genealogy, Muhammad - Childhood, Muhammad - Middle years, Muhammad - The first revelations, Muhammad - Rejection, Muhammad - Isra and Miraj, Muhammad - Hijra, Muhammad - War, Muhammad - Muhammad's rule consolidated, Muhammad - Continued warfare, Muhammad - The conquest of Mecca, Muhammad - Unification of Arabia, Muhammad - Muhammad as a warrior, Muhammad - Muhammad's family life, Muhammad - Companions of Muhammad, Muhammad - The death of Muhammad, Muhammad - Muhammad's descendants, Muhammad - Muhammad's historical significance, Muhammad - Muslim veneration of Muhammad

Read more here: » Muhammad: Encyclopedia II - Muhammad - Muslim veneration of Muhammad

Arabia before Muhammad was scantly populated by a number of Arabic-speaking peoples. Some were Bedouin, pastoral nomads organized in tribes. Some were agriculturalists, living either in oases in the north, or in the more fertile and thickly settled areas to the south (now Yemen and Oman). At that time the majority of Arabs followed various polytheistic religions, although a few tribes followed Judaism, Christianity (including Nestorians) or Zoroastrianism. The city of Mecca was a religious center for some of the northern ...

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History of Islam, History of Islam - Introduction, History of Islam - Note on early Islamic historiography, History of Islam - Muhammad, History of Islam - The spread of Islam, History of Islam - The Fitna, History of Islam - The Second Fitna, History of Islam - The zenith of Islamic power, History of Islam - The decline of political unity, History of Islam - The Ottoman empire, History of Islam - Three Muslim empires, History of Islam - The 20th century, History of Islam - The end of World War I: European powers control the Middle East, History of Islam - The end of the Caliphate and the rise of the Saudis, History of Islam - Partition of India and establishment of Pakistan, History of Islam - The creation of the state of Israel, History of Islam - Oil wealth and petropolitics dominate the Middle East, History of Islam - Two Iranian revolutions, History of Islam - Present day, History of Islam - Reformist Islam vs. Islamism, History of Islam - Islamism the U.S. and the battle for oil wealth, History of Islam - Chronology, History of Islam - Dynasties of Islamic Rulers, History of Islam - References and further reading

Read more here: » History of Islam: Encyclopedia II - History of Islam - Muhammad

Born Muhammad ibn Abdullah, he is said to have been a merchant who traveled widely. Muslims believe that in 610, at about the age of forty, while praying in a grotto called Hira near Mecca, he was visited by the Angel Gabriel. Later, he described the experience (to those close to him) and informed them that the angel had commanded him to memorize and recite the verses sent by God which were later collected as part of the Qur'an. Gabriel told him that God (Allah in Arabic) had chosen him as the last of the prophets to mankind. He eventually e ...

See also:

Muhammad, Muhammad - Summary, Muhammad - Sources about Muhammad's life, Muhammad - Muhammad's life according to Sira, Muhammad - Muhammad's genealogy, Muhammad - Childhood, Muhammad - Middle years, Muhammad - The first revelations, Muhammad - Rejection, Muhammad - Isra and Miraj, Muhammad - Hijra, Muhammad - War, Muhammad - Muhammad's rule consolidated, Muhammad - Continued warfare, Muhammad - The conquest of Mecca, Muhammad - Unification of Arabia, Muhammad - Muhammad as a warrior, Muhammad - Muhammad's family life, Muhammad - Companions of Muhammad, Muhammad - The death of Muhammad, Muhammad - Muhammad's descendants, Muhammad - Muhammad's historical significance, Muhammad - Muslim veneration of Muhammad

Read more here: » Muhammad: Encyclopedia II - Muhammad - Summary

Arabia before Muhammad was scantly populated by a number of Arabic-speaking peoples. Some were Bedouin, pastoral nomads organized in tribes. Some were agriculturalists, living either in oases in the north, or in the more fertile and thickly settled areas to the south (now Yemen and Oman). At that time the majority of Arabs followed various polytheistic religions, although a few tribes followed Judaism, Christianity (including Nestorians) or Zoroastrianism. The city of Mecca was a religious center for some of the northern Arabian polytheists, ...

See also:

History of Islam, History of Islam - Introduction, History of Islam - Note on early Islamic historiography, History of Islam - Muhammad, History of Islam - The spread of Islam, History of Islam - The Fitna, History of Islam - The Second Fitna, History of Islam - The zenith of Islamic power, History of Islam - The decline of political unity, History of Islam - The Ottoman empire, History of Islam - Three Muslim empires, History of Islam - The 20th century, History of Islam - The end of World War I: European powers control the Middle East, History of Islam - The end of the Caliphate and the rise of the Saudis, History of Islam - Partition of India and establishment of Pakistan, History of Islam - The creation of the state of Israel, History of Islam - Oil wealth and petropolitics dominate the Middle East, History of Islam - Two Iranian revolutions, History of Islam - Present day, History of Islam - Reformist Islam vs. Islamism, History of Islam - Islamism the U.S. and the battle for oil wealth, History of Islam - Chronology, History of Islam - Dynasties of Islamic Rulers, History of Islam - References and further reading

Read more here: » History of Islam: Encyclopedia II - History of Islam - Muhammad

Sunni Muslims relate various hadith, or oral traditions, in which Muhammad is said to have recommended shura, or consultation, as the best method for making community decisions. In this view of the succession, he did not nominate a successor because he expected that the community would choose the new leader -- as was the custom in Arabia at the time. When a tribal leader died, the chief men of the tribe gathered and chose a leader from amongst themselves. The new leader might belong to the same powerful clan as the deceased leader, but was not necessarily his ne ...

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Succession to Muhammad, Succession to Muhammad - Problems with the historical record, Succession to Muhammad - An overview of events, Succession to Muhammad - The Shi'a view of the succession, Succession to Muhammad - Ghadir Khumm, Succession to Muhammad - Muhammad's last illness, Succession to Muhammad - The events at Saqifah, Succession to Muhammad - Persecution of the Rafidi, Succession to Muhammad - Ali submits for the sake of his followers, Succession to Muhammad - The role of hadith, Succession to Muhammad - The Sunni view of the succession, Succession to Muhammad - Ghadir Khumm, Succession to Muhammad - Muhammad's last illness, Succession to Muhammad - The events at Saqifah, Succession to Muhammad - Persecution of the Rafidi, Succession to Muhammad - Muhammad's estates, Succession to Muhammad - Western academic views

Read more here: » Succession to Muhammad: Encyclopedia II - Succession to Muhammad - The Sunni view of the succession

Muhammad was a secular ruler for only the last ten years of his life. Up until the Hijra, or emigration to Medina from Mecca, in 622, he and his followers had been a small, persecuted community. Before the Hijra, the question of a successor could have been considered to have been of no great moment, as Muhammad had none of what might today be called civil authority, and no large property to bequeath. He had proclaimed himself a prophet, but it was not at all clear that a prophet must always have a successor. After the Hijra, however, Muh ...

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Succession to Muhammad, Succession to Muhammad - Problems with the historical record, Succession to Muhammad - An overview of events, Succession to Muhammad - The Shi'a view of the succession, Succession to Muhammad - Ghadir Khumm, Succession to Muhammad - Muhammad's last illness, Succession to Muhammad - The events at Saqifah, Succession to Muhammad - Persecution of the Rafidi, Succession to Muhammad - Ali submits for the sake of his followers, Succession to Muhammad - The role of hadith, Succession to Muhammad - The Sunni view of the succession, Succession to Muhammad - Ghadir Khumm, Succession to Muhammad - Muhammad's last illness, Succession to Muhammad - The events at Saqifah, Succession to Muhammad - Persecution of the Rafidi, Succession to Muhammad - Muhammad's estates, Succession to Muhammad - Western academic views

Read more here: » Succession to Muhammad: Encyclopedia II - Succession to Muhammad - An overview of events

The events of 632 were transmitted orally for more than a century; the first written records date from a period long after the disputed succession. Indeed, they date from the beginning of the Abbasid line of caliphs, who had overthrown the previous Ummayad line, claiming historical justification in their descent from Muhammad's uncle Abbas as well as the misdeeds of the Ummayads. The histories were thus composed in a sectarian milieu, for intensely political purposes. They have since been interpreted and elaborat ...

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Succession to Muhammad, Succession to Muhammad - Problems with the historical record, Succession to Muhammad - An overview of events, Succession to Muhammad - The Shi'a view of the succession, Succession to Muhammad - Ghadir Khumm, Succession to Muhammad - Muhammad's last illness, Succession to Muhammad - The events at Saqifah, Succession to Muhammad - Persecution of the Rafidi, Succession to Muhammad - Ali submits for the sake of his followers, Succession to Muhammad - The role of hadith, Succession to Muhammad - The Sunni view of the succession, Succession to Muhammad - Ghadir Khumm, Succession to Muhammad - Muhammad's last illness, Succession to Muhammad - The events at Saqifah, Succession to Muhammad - Persecution of the Rafidi, Succession to Muhammad - Muhammad's estates, Succession to Muhammad - Western academic views

Read more here: » Succession to Muhammad: Encyclopedia II - Succession to Muhammad - Problems with the historical record

Ali had eight wives after Fatima's death, and in all, it is said, thirty-three children. He had two sons by Fatima, Hassan and Hussein. Hasan is said to have refrained from publicly claiming the caliphate, so as to prevent further bloodshed among Muslims. Mu'awiyah I thus became caliph and established the Umayyad dynasty of caliphs. Hassan is, however, revered by most Shi'a as the second imam; his brother Hussein is reckoned as the third, except by the Shi'a Ismaili, who consider him the second imam. Ali's descendants by ...

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Ali, Ali - Birth, Ali - Early life, Ali - Ali in Medina, Ali - The death of Muhammad 632 CE, Ali - Inheritance, Ali - Succession to the caliphate, Ali - Caliphate, Ali - Death, Ali - Descendants, Ali - Legacy, Ali - Muslim view

Read more here: » Ali: Encyclopedia II - Ali - Descendants

The name "Muhammad" written in Arabic calligraphy. Many Muslims believe that Islam prohibits art depicting humans or animals; much Islamic art is decorative calligraphy or arabesque (abstract pattern). A 16th century Persian miniature painting celebrating Muhammad's ascent into the Heavens, a journey known as the Miraj. Muhammad's face is veiled. Main article: Islam and veneration for Muhammad All Muslims feel a great love and veneration for Muhammad, and express this feeling in many ways. See also:

Muhammad, Muhammad - Summary, Muhammad - Sources about Muhammad's life, Muhammad - Muhammad's life according to Sira, Muhammad - Muhammad's genealogy, Muhammad - Childhood, Muhammad - Middle years, Muhammad - The first revelations, Muhammad - Rejection, Muhammad - Isra and Miraj, Muhammad - Hijra, Muhammad - War, Muhammad - Muhammad's rule consolidated, Muhammad - Continued warfare, Muhammad - The conquest of Mecca, Muhammad - Unification of Arabia, Muhammad - Muhammad as a warrior, Muhammad - Muhammad's family life, Muhammad - Companions of Muhammad, Muhammad - The death of Muhammad, Muhammad - Muhammad's descendants, Muhammad - Muhammad's historical significance, Muhammad - Muslim veneration of Muhammad

Read more here: » Muhammad: Encyclopedia II - Muhammad - Muslim veneration of Muhammad

Before his death in 632, Prophet Muhammad had established Islam as a social and political force and had unified most of Arabia. A few decades after his death, his successors had united all of Arabia, and conquered Iran, Iraq, Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Armenia, and much of North Africa. By 750, Islam had emerged as the spiritual counterpart to the two great monotheistic belief systems, Judaism and Christianity, and as the geopolitical successor to the Roman Empire. The rest of North Africa had come under Muslim rule, as well as the entire Iberian Peninsula ...

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Muhammad, Muhammad - Summary, Muhammad - Sources about Muhammad's life, Muhammad - Muhammad's life according to Sira, Muhammad - Muhammad's genealogy, Muhammad - Childhood, Muhammad - Middle years, Muhammad - The first revelations, Muhammad - Rejection, Muhammad - Isra and Miraj, Muhammad - Hijra, Muhammad - War, Muhammad - Muhammad's rule consolidated, Muhammad - Continued warfare, Muhammad - The conquest of Mecca, Muhammad - Unification of Arabia, Muhammad - Muhammad as a warrior, Muhammad - Muhammad's family life, Muhammad - Companions of Muhammad, Muhammad - The death of Muhammad, Muhammad - Muhammad's descendants, Muhammad - Muhammad's historical significance, Muhammad - Muslim veneration of Muhammad

Read more here: » Muhammad: Encyclopedia II - Muhammad - Muhammad's historical significance

Before his death in 632, Muhammad had established Islam as a social and political force and had unified most of Arabia. A few decades after his death, his successors had united all of Arabia, and conquered Iran, Iraq, Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Armenia, and much of North Africa. By 750, Islam had emerged as the spiritual counterpart to the two great monotheistic belief systems, Judaism and Christianity, and as the geopolitical successor to the Roman Empire. The rest of North Africa had come under Muslim rule, as well as the entire Iberian Peninsula ...

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Muhammad, Muhammad - Summary, Muhammad - Sources about Muhammad's life, Muhammad - Muhammad's life according to Sira, Muhammad - Muhammad's genealogy, Muhammad - Childhood, Muhammad - Middle years, Muhammad - The first revelations, Muhammad - Rejection, Muhammad - Isra and Miraj, Muhammad - Hijra, Muhammad - War, Muhammad - Muhammad's rule consolidated, Muhammad - Continued warfare, Muhammad - The conquest of Mecca, Muhammad - Unification of Arabia, Muhammad - Muhammad as a warrior, Muhammad - Muhammad's family life, Muhammad - Companions of Muhammad, Muhammad - The death of Muhammad, Muhammad - Muhammad's descendants, Muhammad - Muhammad's historical significance, Muhammad - Muslim veneration of Muhammad

Read more here: » Muhammad: Encyclopedia II - Muhammad - Muhammad's historical significance

The sources available about Muhammad's life are the Qur'an, the sira biographies, and the hadith collections. While the Qur'an is not a biography of Muhammad, it does provide some information about his life. The earliest surviving biographies are the Life of the Apostle of God, by Ibn Ishaq (d. 768), edited by Ibn Hisham (d. 833); and al-Waqidi's (d. 822) biography of Muhammad. Ibn Ishaq wrote his biography some 120 to 130 years after Muhammad's death. The third source, the hadith collections, like the Qur'an, are not a biography per se. In both the Sunni and Shia belief, t ...

See also:

Muhammad, Muhammad - Summary, Muhammad - Sources about Muhammad's life, Muhammad - Muhammad's life according to Sira, Muhammad - Muhammad's genealogy, Muhammad - Childhood, Muhammad - Middle years, Muhammad - The first revelations, Muhammad - Rejection, Muhammad - Isra and Miraj, Muhammad - Hijra, Muhammad - War, Muhammad - Muhammad's rule consolidated, Muhammad - Continued warfare, Muhammad - The conquest of Mecca, Muhammad - Unification of Arabia, Muhammad - Muhammad as a warrior, Muhammad - Muhammad's family life, Muhammad - Companions of Muhammad, Muhammad - The death of Muhammad, Muhammad - Muhammad's descendants, Muhammad - Muhammad's historical significance, Muhammad - Muslim veneration of Muhammad

Read more here: » Muhammad: Encyclopedia II - Muhammad - Sources about Muhammad's life

Born Muhammad ibn Abdullah, he is said to have been a merchant who traveled widely. Muslims believe that in 610, at about the age of forty, while praying in a cave called Hira near Mecca, he was visited by the Angel Gabriel. Later, he described the experience (to those close to him), and that the angel had commanded him to memorize and recite the verses sent by God which were later collected as the Qur'an. Gabriel told him that God (Allah in Arabic) had chosen him as the last of the prophets to mankind. He eventually expanded his mission as ...

See also:

Muhammad, Muhammad - Summary, Muhammad - Sources about Muhammad's life, Muhammad - Muhammad's life according to Sira, Muhammad - Muhammad's genealogy, Muhammad - Childhood, Muhammad - Middle years, Muhammad - The first revelations, Muhammad - Rejection, Muhammad - Isra and Miraj, Muhammad - Hijra, Muhammad - War, Muhammad - Muhammad's rule consolidated, Muhammad - Continued warfare, Muhammad - The conquest of Mecca, Muhammad - Unification of Arabia, Muhammad - Muhammad as a warrior, Muhammad - Muhammad's family life, Muhammad - Companions of Muhammad, Muhammad - The death of Muhammad, Muhammad - Muhammad's descendants, Muhammad - Muhammad's historical significance, Muhammad - Muslim veneration of Muhammad

Read more here: » Muhammad: Encyclopedia II - Muhammad - Summary

Ali had eight wives after Fatima's death, and in all, it is said, thirty-three children. He had two sons by Fatima, Hassan and Hussein. Hasan is said to have refrained from publicly claiming the caliphate, so as to prevent further bloodshed among Muslims. Mu'awiyah I thus became caliph and established the Umayyad dynasty of caliphs. Hassan is, however, revered by most Shi'a as the second imam; his brother Hussein is reckoned as the third, except by the Shi'a Ismaili, who c ...

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Ali, Ali - Birth, Ali - Early life, Ali - Ali in Medina, Ali - The death of Muhammad 632 CE, Ali - Inheritance, Ali - Succession to the caliphate, Ali - Caliphate, Ali - Death, Ali - Descendants, Ali - Legacy, Ali - Muslim view

Read more here: » Ali: Encyclopedia II - Ali - Descendants

Like most world religions, Islam's historical development has had a clear impact on the political, economic, and military history of areas inside and outside what are considered its primary geographic zones of reach (see Islamic world). As with Christendom, the concept of an Islamic world may be more or less useful in looking at different periods of history. An important strain in Islamic culture encourages identification with a quasi-political community of believers or ummah, and this component is reflected in the behavior of a number of actors in history. The history of Islam as a religion is closely rela ...

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History of Islam, History of Islam - Introduction, History of Islam - Note on early Islamic historiography, History of Islam - Muhammad, History of Islam - The spread of Islam, History of Islam - The Fitna, History of Islam - The Second Fitna, History of Islam - The zenith of Islamic power, History of Islam - The decline of political unity, History of Islam - The Ottoman empire, History of Islam - Three Muslim empires, History of Islam - The 20th century, History of Islam - The end of World War I: European powers control the Middle East, History of Islam - The end of the Caliphate and the rise of the Saudis, History of Islam - Partition of India and establishment of Pakistan, History of Islam - The creation of the state of Israel, History of Islam - Oil wealth and petropolitics dominate the Middle East, History of Islam - Two Iranian revolutions, History of Islam - Present day, History of Islam - Reformist Islam vs. Islamism, History of Islam - Islamism the U.S. and the battle for oil wealth, History of Islam - Chronology, History of Islam - Dynasties of Islamic Rulers, History of Islam - References and further reading

Read more here: » History of Islam: Encyclopedia II - History of Islam - Introduction

The political unity of Islam began to disintegrate. The emirates, still recognizing the theoretical leadership of the caliphs, drifted into independence, and a brief revival of control was ended with the establishment of two rival caliphates: the Fatimids in north Africa, and the Umayyad's Caliphate of Cordoba in Spain (the emirs there being descended from an escaped member of that family). Eventually the Abbasids ruled as puppets for the Buwayhid emirs. A series of new invasions swept over the Islamic world. First, the newly converte ...

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History of Islam, History of Islam - Introduction, History of Islam - Note on early Islamic historiography, History of Islam - Muhammad, History of Islam - The spread of Islam, History of Islam - The Fitna, History of Islam - The Second Fitna, History of Islam - The zenith of Islamic power, History of Islam - The decline of political unity, History of Islam - The Ottoman empire, History of Islam - Three Muslim empires, History of Islam - The 20th century, History of Islam - The end of World War I: European powers control the Middle East, History of Islam - The end of the Caliphate and the rise of the Saudis, History of Islam - Partition of India and establishment of Pakistan, History of Islam - The creation of the state of Israel, History of Islam - Oil wealth and petropolitics dominate the Middle East, History of Islam - Two Iranian revolutions, History of Islam - Present day, History of Islam - Reformist Islam vs. Islamism, History of Islam - Islamism the U.S. and the battle for oil wealth, History of Islam - Chronology, History of Islam - Dynasties of Islamic Rulers, History of Islam - References and further reading

Read more here: » History of Islam: Encyclopedia II - History of Islam - The decline of political unity

In the 18th century there were three great Muslim empires: the aforementioned Ottoman in Turkey, Mesopotamia, the Red Sea, and the Mediterranean; the Safavid in Iran; and the Mogul in India. By the end of the 19th century, all three had been weakened or destroyed by massive Western cultural influence or military ambitions. Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab (1703–1792) led a religious movement in the east of Arabia that saw itself as purifying Islam. His most important follower was the then leader of the family of ibn Saud, which came with ...

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History of Islam, History of Islam - Introduction, History of Islam - Note on early Islamic historiography, History of Islam - Muhammad, History of Islam - The spread of Islam, History of Islam - The Fitna, History of Islam - The Second Fitna, History of Islam - The zenith of Islamic power, History of Islam - The decline of political unity, History of Islam - The Ottoman empire, History of Islam - Three Muslim empires, History of Islam - The 20th century, History of Islam - The end of World War I: European powers control the Middle East, History of Islam - The end of the Caliphate and the rise of the Saudis, History of Islam - Partition of India and establishment of Pakistan, History of Islam - The creation of the state of Israel, History of Islam - Oil wealth and petropolitics dominate the Middle East, History of Islam - Two Iranian revolutions, History of Islam - Present day, History of Islam - Reformist Islam vs. Islamism, History of Islam - Islamism the U.S. and the battle for oil wealth, History of Islam - Chronology, History of Islam - Dynasties of Islamic Rulers, History of Islam - References and further reading

Read more here: » History of Islam: Encyclopedia II - History of Islam - Three Muslim empires