Encyclopedia - Abiogenic Petroleum Origin: Encyclopedia - Abiogenic Petroleum Origin
The hypothesis of abiogenic petroleum origin (synonyms: abiotic, abyssal, endogenous, inorganic, juvenile, mineral, primordial) holds tha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abiogenic Petroleum Origin: Encyclopedia Ii - Abiogenic Petroleum Origin - Evidence Supporting Abiogenic Theory
Abiogenic petroleum origin - Supergiant oil fields. Russian geologist Nikolai Kudryavtsev was also a prominent and forceful advocate of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abiogenic Petroleum Origin: Encyclopedia Ii - Abiogenic Petroleum Origin - Petroleum Origin Peak Oil And Politics
Many aspects of the abiogenic theory were developed in the former Soviet Union by Russian and Ukrainian scientists during the Cold War. S...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abiogenic Petroleum Origin: Encyclopedia Ii - Abiogenic Petroleum Origin - Methane On Earth
Methane is typically found on Earth, when not in natural gas deposits, in methane hydrate deposits under high pressure under the deep aby...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Petroleum: Encyclopedia - Petroleum
Petroleum (from Greek petra – rock and oleum – oil), crude oil, sometimes colloquially called black gold, is a thick, dark brown or g...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aromatic Hydrocarbon: Encyclopedia - Aromatic Hydrocarbon
An aromatic hydrocarbon (abbreviated as AH), or arene is a hydrocarbon, the molecular structure of which incorporates one or more planar ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biomarker: Encyclopedia - Biomarker
Biomarker is an occasionally-used synonym for biosignature, which is a term used in astrobiology to indicate "a measurable phenomenon tha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bitumen: Encyclopedia - Bitumen
Bitumen is a category of organic liquids which are highly viscous, black, sticky and wholly soluble in carbon disulfide. Asphalt and tar ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alternative Fuel: Encyclopedia - Alternative Fuel
Alternative fuel is any method of powering an engine that do not involve petroleum (oil). Some alternative fuels are electricity, hythane...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thomas Gold: Encyclopedia Ii - Thomas Gold - Origins Of Petroleum
Gold achieved fame for his 1992 paper "The Deep Hot Biosphere" in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, which presented a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Petroleum: Encyclopedia Ii - Petroleum - Origin
Petroleum - Biogenic theory. Most geologists view crude oil, like coal and natural gas, as the product of compression and heating of an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Petroleum: Encyclopedia Ii - Petroleum - Origin
Petroleum - Biogenic theory. Most geologists view crude oil, like coal and natural gas, as the product of compression and heating of an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Petroleum: Encyclopedia Ii - Petroleum - Future Of Oil
The Hubbert peak theory, also known as peak oil, is a theory concerning the long-term rate of production of conventional oil and other fo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Petroleum: Encyclopedia Ii - Petroleum - Future Of Oil
Main article: Hubbert Peak The Hubbert peak theory, also known as peak oil, is a theory concerning the long-term rate of production of co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fossil Fuel: Encyclopedia Ii - Fossil Fuel - Origin
There are two theories on the origin of "fossil" fuels: the mainstream biogenic theory and the abiogenic theory. The two theories have be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Georgi E. Boyko: Encyclopedia Ii - Georgi E. Boyko - Selected Publications
Boyko G. E. and Chekaliuk E.B., 1966. Thermodynamic criteria of oil origin. In: Problem of oil and gas origin and formation of their comm...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Petroleum: Encyclopedia Ii - Petroleum - Classification
The oil industry classifies "crude" by the location of its origin (e.g., "West Texas Intermediate, WTI" or "Brent") and often by its rela...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Petroleum: Encyclopedia Ii - Petroleum - Environmental Effects
The presence of oil has significant social and environmental impacts, from accidents and routine activities such as seismic exploration, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Petroleum: Encyclopedia Ii - Petroleum - History
The first oil wells were drilled in China in the 4th century or earlier. They had depth of up to 800 feet and were drilled using bits att...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pyotr Nikolaevich Kropotkin: Encyclopedia Ii - Pyotr Nikolaevich Kropotkin - Selected Publications
Kropotkin P.N., 1955. Problems of oil genesis. Soviet Geology Jour., no. 47. pp. 104-125 (in Russian) Kropotkin P.N. and Shakhvarstova ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Petroleum: Encyclopedia Ii - Petroleum - Pricing
References to the oil price are usually either references to the spot price of either WTI/Light Crude as traded on New York Mercantile Ex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Petroleum: Encyclopedia Ii - Petroleum - Composition
In refining, the component chemicals of petroleum are separated by fractional distillation, which is a separation based on relative boili...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrocarbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrocarbon - Burning Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are one of Earth's most important natural resources. Hydrocarbons are currently the main source of the world’s electric en...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Petroleum: Encyclopedia Ii - Petroleum - Classification
The oil industry classifies "crude" by the location of its origin (e.g., "West Texas Intermediate, WTI" or "Brent") and often by its rela...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Synthetic Oil: Encyclopedia Ii - Synthetic Oil - Disadvantages
The primary disadvantage of synthetic oils is that they cost significantly more than mineral oils. The manufacturers of synthetic oils ar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Petroleum: Encyclopedia Ii - Petroleum - Extraction
Generally the first stage in the extraction of crude oil is to drill a well into the underground reservoir. Historically, in the USA some...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Petroleum: Encyclopedia Ii - Petroleum - Environmental Effects
The presence of oil has significant social and environmental impacts, from accidents and routine activities such as seismic exploration, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Petroleum: Encyclopedia Ii - Petroleum - History
The first oil wells were drilled in China in the 4th century or earlier. They had depth of up to 800 feet and were drilled using bits att...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Petroleum: Encyclopedia Ii - Petroleum - Pricing
References to the oil price are usually either references to the spot price of either WTI/Light Crude as traded on New York Mercantile Ex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Petroleum: Encyclopedia Ii - Petroleum - Extraction
Generally the first stage in the extraction of crude oil is to drill a well into the underground reservoir. Historically, in the USA some...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fossil Fuel: Encyclopedia Ii - Fossil Fuel - A Limited Resource
Oil is believed to be a finite resource. Even if abiogenic oil were possibly the source, the theory is not of practical use unless signif...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dmitri Mendeleev: Encyclopedia Ii - Dmitri Mendeleev - Periodic Table
On March 6, 1869, Mendeleev made a formal presentation to the Russian Chemical Society, entitled The Dependence Between the Properties of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thomas Gold: Encyclopedia Ii - Thomas Gold - Life
Originally from Vienna, Austria, he was educated at Zuoz College in Switzerland and Trinity College, Cambridge. At the start of World War...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dmitri Mendeleev: Encyclopedia Ii - Dmitri Mendeleev - Periodic Table
Mendeleev, after becoming a teacher, wrote the definitive two-volume textbook at that time: Principles of Chemistry (1868-1870). As he at...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dmitri Mendeleev: Encyclopedia Ii - Dmitri Mendeleev - Periodic Table
Mendeleev, after becoming a teacher, wrote the definitive two-volume textbook at that time: Principles of Chemistry (1868-1870). As he at...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thomas Gold: Encyclopedia Ii - Thomas Gold - Astrophysics
Gold carried out research on cosmology and on magnetic fields, and coined the term 'magnetosphere' for the Earth's magnetic fields. Along...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrocarbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrocarbon - Petroleum
Liquid geologically-extracted hydrocarbons are referred to as petroleum (literally "rock oil") or mineral oil, while gaseous geologic hyd...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Petroleum Industry: Encyclopedia Ii - Petroleum Industry - History
Oil in general has been used since early human history to keep fires ablaze, and also for warfare. Its importance in the world economy ev...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrocarbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrocarbon - The Number Of Hydrogen Atoms
The number of hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbons can be determined, if the number of carbon atoms is known, by using these following equation...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fischer-tropsch Process: Encyclopedia Ii - Fischer-tropsch Process - Utilization
Currently, two companies have commercialised their FT technology. Shell in Bintulu, Malaysia, uses natural gas as a feedstock, and produc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fischer-tropsch Process: Encyclopedia Ii - Fischer-tropsch Process - Utilization
Currently, two companies have commercialised their FT technology. Shell in Bintulu, Malaysia, uses natural gas as a feedstock, and produc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Petroleum: Encyclopedia Ii - Petroleum - Top Petroleum-producing Countries
Source: Energy Statistics from the U.S. Government (Ordered by amount (MMbbl/d = millions of barrels per day) produced in 2004): Saudi A...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Petroleum: Encyclopedia Ii - Petroleum - Top Petroleum-producing Countries
Source: Energy Statistics from the U.S. Government (Ordered by amount (barrels per day) produced in 2004): Saudi Arabia (OPEC) Russia Un...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dmitri Mendeleev: Encyclopedia Ii - Dmitri Mendeleev - Other Achievements
Mendeleev made other important contributions to Russian chemistry. Russian chemist and science historian L. A. Tchugayev characterized hi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aromatic Hydrocarbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Aromatic Hydrocarbon - Members Of This Group Of Substances
Aromatic hydrocarbons can be monocyclic or polycyclic. Benzene, C6H6, is the simplest AH and was recognized as the first aromatic hydroca...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dmitri Mendeleev: Encyclopedia Ii - Dmitri Mendeleev - Other Achievements
Mendeleev made other important contributions to Russian chemistry. Russian chemist and science historian L. A. Tchugayev characterized hi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oil Industry: Encyclopedia Ii - Oil Industry - Infrastructure
The Industry can be divided into two broad groups: upstream producers and downstream transporters (tanker, Pipeline transport), refiners,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dmitri Mendeleev: Encyclopedia Ii - Dmitri Mendeleev - Biography
Mendeleev was born in Tobolsk, Siberia, of Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev and Maria Dmitrievna Mendeleeva (nee Kornilieva). At the age of 14, a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dmitri Mendeleev: Encyclopedia Ii - Dmitri Mendeleev - Other Achievements
In 1902, in an attempt at a chemical conception of the ether, he put forward the (wrong) hypothesis that there are in existence two chemi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dmitri Mendeleev: Encyclopedia Ii - Dmitri Mendeleev - Biography
Mendeleev was born in Tobolsk, Siberia, of Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev and Maria Dmitrievna Mendeleeva (nee Kornilieva). At the age of 14, a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oil Shale: Encyclopedia Ii - Oil Shale - History
Oil shale has been used since ancient times and can be used directly as a fuel just like coal. The modern use of oil shale to produce oil...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fischer-tropsch Process: Encyclopedia Ii - Fischer-tropsch Process - Original Process
The original Fischer-Tropsch process is described by the following chemical equation: The mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen is ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Petroleum Geology: Encyclopedia Ii - Petroleum Geology - Sedimentary Basin Analysis
Petroleum geology is principally concerned with the evaluation of seven key elements in sedimentary basins: Source Reservoir Seal Trap T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fischer-tropsch Process: Encyclopedia Ii - Fischer-tropsch Process - History
Since the invention of the original process by the German researchers Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch, working at the Kaiser Wilhelm Insti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aromatic Hydrocarbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Aromatic Hydrocarbon - Models Of Benzene Ring Electron Configurations
Each carbon atom in the hexagonal cycle has four electrons to share. One goes to the hydrogen atom, and one each to the two neighboring c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oil Shale: Encyclopedia Ii - Oil Shale - Environmental Considerations
Surface-mining of oil shale deposits has all the normal environmental effects from open-pit mining. In addition, the pre-refining process...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oil Shale: Encyclopedia Ii - Oil Shale - Reserves
Estimates vary as to how many barrels of oil are contained in oil shale reserves. The US Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oil Shale: Encyclopedia Ii - Oil Shale - Geology
Oil shale is considered to be formed by the deposition of organic matter in lakes, lagoons and restricted estuarine areas such as oxbow l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oil Shale: Encyclopedia Ii - Oil Shale - Extraction
There are two main methods of extracting oil from shale - surface mining and in-situ. Oil shale - Mining. With mining, the oil shale is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oil Shale: Encyclopedia Ii - Oil Shale - Economics
Below forty dollars a barrel, oil-shale oil is not competitive with conventional crude oil. If the oil price were to stay permanently at ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Petroleum Geology: Encyclopedia Ii - Petroleum Geology - Major Subdisciplines In Petroleum Geology
Several major subdisciplines exist in petroleum geology specifically to study the seven key elements discussed above. Petroleum geology ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Vehicle: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Vehicle - Hydrogen Fuel Cell
While fuel cells are potentially highly efficient, and working prototypes were made by Roger E. Billings in the late 1960s, three major o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Vehicle: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Vehicle - Automobile And Bus Makers
Many companies are currently researching the feasability of building hydrogen cars. Funding has come from both private and government sou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Renewable Energy: Encyclopedia Ii - Renewable Energy - Issues
Renewable energy - Aesthetics habitat hazards and land use. Some people dislike the aesthetics of wind turbines or bring up nature cons...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Vehicle: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Vehicle - Hydrogen Internal Combustion
Hydrogen internal combustion engine cars are different from hydrogen fuel cell cars. The hydrogen internal combustion car is a slightly m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Future Energy Development: Encyclopedia Ii - Future Energy Development - Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels supply most of the energy consumed today. They are relatively concentrated and pure energy sources and technically easy to e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Renewable Energy: Encyclopedia Ii - Renewable Energy - Modern Sources Of Renewable Energy
Renewable energy - Wind energy. Main articles: Wind power, and [[{{{2}}}]], and [[{{{3}}}]], and [[{{{4}}}]]< ... See also:Renewable ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Vehicle: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Vehicle - Hydrogen Internal Combustion
Hydrogen internal combustion engine cars are different from hydrogen fuel cell cars. The hydrogen internal combustion car is a slightly m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Renewable Energy: Encyclopedia Ii - Renewable Energy - Modern Sources Of Renewable Energy
Renewable energy - Wind energy. As the sun heats up the Earth unevenly, winds are formed. The kinetic energy in the wind can be used to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Future Energy Development: Encyclopedia Ii - Future Energy Development - History Of Predictions About Future Energy Development
Ever since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the question of the future of energy supplies has occupied economists. 1865 - Wil...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Renewable Energy: Encyclopedia Ii - Renewable Energy - Modern Sources Of Renewable Energy
Renewable energy - Wind energy. Main article: Wind power As the sun heats up the Earth unevenly, winds are formed. The kinetic energ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Future Energy Development: Encyclopedia Ii - Future Energy Development - Increased Efficiency In Current Energy Use
New technology may make better use of already available energy through improved efficiency, such as more efficient fluorescent lamps, eng...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Future Energy Development: Encyclopedia Ii - Future Energy Development - General Considerations
All the energy we consume is generated by using the four fundamental interactions of nature: gravity, electromagnetism, the weak nuclear ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Future Energy Development: Encyclopedia Ii - Future Energy Development - Renewable Energy
Main article: Renewable energy Another possible solution to an energy shortage or predicted future shortage would be to use some of the w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Future Energy Development: Encyclopedia Ii - Future Energy Development - Energy Storage And Transportation Fuel
There is a widely held misconception that hydrogen is an alternative energy source. There are no uncombined hydrogen reserves on Earth th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Future Energy Development: Encyclopedia Ii - Future Energy Development - Nuclear Power
Main article: Nuclear power There are presently over 400 nuclear reactors in the world, including several advanced designs (such as the A...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alternative Fuel: Encyclopedia Ii - Alternative Fuel - Alternatives To Oil
Alternative fuel - Non-conventional oil. Non-conventional oil is another source of oil separate from conventional or traditional oil. N...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abiogenic Petroleum Origin: Encyclopedia Ii - Abiogenic Petroleum Origin - Petroleum Origin, Peak Oil, And Politics
Many aspects of the abiogenic theory were developed in the former Soviet Union by Russian and Ukrainian scientists during the Cold War. S...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abiogenic Petroleum Origin: Encyclopedia Ii - Abiogenic Petroleum Origin - Comparison Of Theories
There are two theories about the origin of carbon fuels: the biogenic theory and the abiogenic theory. These theories have been intensely...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abiogenic Petroleum Origin: Encyclopedia Ii - Abiogenic Petroleum Origin - Ambiguous Results
- Ongoing research has changed the status of some information. For example, the evidence of some biomarkers which were interpreted as sup...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abiogenic Petroleum Origin: Encyclopedia Ii - Abiogenic Petroleum Origin - Evidence Supporting Biogenic Theory
Abiogenic petroleum origin - Unusual deposits. While it is true that some oil fields do not conform to the standard model of a fixed am...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abiogenic Petroleum Origin: Encyclopedia Ii - Abiogenic Petroleum Origin - Ambiguous Results
- Ongoing research has changed the status of some information. For example, the evidence of some biomarkers which were interpreted as sup...   » Read the article

Article - Popular Pages Sitemap Vi - A
This is a sitemap for Popular Pages VI - A . Click on a link and you will find multiple definitions and articles related to the word. ...   » Read the article