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The Holocaust - Resistance and rescuers | | The Holocaust - Resistance and rescuers: Encyclopedia II - The Holocaust - Resistance and rescuers | |
The Holocaust - Resistance.
Due to the careful organization and overwhelming military might of the Nazi German state and its supporters, few Jews and other Holocaust victims were able to resist the killings. There are, however, many cases of attempts at resistance in one form or another.
The largest instance of organized Jewish resistance was the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, from April to May of 1943, as the final deportation from the Ghetto to the death camps was about to commence. The ZOB and smaller organiza ...
See also:The Holocaust, The Holocaust - Etymology and usage of the term, The Holocaust - Features of the Nazi Holocaust, The Holocaust - Premeditation, The Holocaust - Efficiency, The Holocaust - Scale, The Holocaust - Cruelty, The Holocaust - Victims, The Holocaust - Jews, The Holocaust - Slavs, The Holocaust - Roma Sinti and Manush 'Gypsies', The Holocaust - Gay men, The Holocaust - Jehovah's Witnesses, The Holocaust - Disabled people, The Holocaust - Others, The Holocaust - Death toll, The Holocaust - Searching for records of victims, The Holocaust - Execution of the Holocaust, The Holocaust - Concentration and Labor Camps 1933-1945, The Holocaust - Pogroms 1938-1941, The Holocaust - Euthanasia 1939-1941, The Holocaust - Ghettos 1940-1945, The Holocaust - Death squads 1941-1943, The Holocaust - Extermination camps 1942-1945, The Holocaust - Death marches and liberation 1944-1945, The Holocaust - Resistance and rescuers, The Holocaust - Resistance, The Holocaust - Rescuers, The Holocaust - Perpetrators and collaborators, The Holocaust - Who was directly involved in the killings?, The Holocaust - Who authorized the killings?, The Holocaust - Who knew about the killings?, The Holocaust - Historical interpretations, The Holocaust - Why did people participate in authorize or tacitly accept the killing?, The Holocaust - Revisionists and deniers, The Holocaust - Aftermath, The Holocaust - Displaced Persons and the State of Israel, The Holocaust - Legal proceedings against Nazis, The Holocaust - Legal action against genocide, The Holocaust - Impact on culture, The Holocaust - Holocaust theology, The Holocaust - Art and literature, The Holocaust - Holocaust Memorial Days, The Holocaust - Notes, The Holocaust - Nazi plans related to the Holocaust, The Holocaust - Eugenics, The Holocaust - Individuals and the Holocaust, The Holocaust - Nazi concentration camps, The Holocaust - Ghettos, The Holocaust - Massacres and pogroms, The Holocaust - Jewish resistance | | | The Holocaust, The Holocaust - Aftermath, The Holocaust - Art and literature, The Holocaust - Concentration and Labor Camps 1933-1945, The Holocaust - Cruelty, The Holocaust - Death marches and liberation 1944-1945, The Holocaust - Death squads 1941-1943, The Holocaust - Death toll, The Holocaust - Disabled people, The Holocaust - Displaced Persons and the State of Israel, The Holocaust - Efficiency, The Holocaust - Etymology and usage of the term, The Holocaust - Eugenics, The Holocaust - Euthanasia 1939-1941, The Holocaust - Execution of the Holocaust, The Holocaust - Extermination camps 1942-1945, The Holocaust - Features of the Nazi Holocaust, The Holocaust - Gay men, The Holocaust - Ghettos, The Holocaust - Ghettos 1940-1945, The Holocaust - Historical interpretations, The Holocaust - Holocaust Memorial Days, The Holocaust - Holocaust theology, The Holocaust - Impact on culture, The Holocaust - Individuals and the Holocaust, The Holocaust - Jehovah's Witnesses, The Holocaust - Jewish resistance, The Holocaust - Jews, The Holocaust - Legal action against genocide, The Holocaust - Legal proceedings against Nazis, The Holocaust - Massacres and pogroms, The Holocaust - Nazi concentration camps, The Holocaust - Nazi plans related to the Holocaust, The Holocaust - Notes, The Holocaust - Others, The Holocaust - Perpetrators and collaborators, The Holocaust - Pogroms 1938-1941, The Holocaust - Premeditation, The Holocaust - Rescuers, The Holocaust - Resistance, The Holocaust - Resistance and rescuers, The Holocaust - Revisionists and deniers, The Holocaust - Roma Sinti and Manush 'Gypsies', The Holocaust - Scale, The Holocaust - Searching for records of victims, The Holocaust - Slavs, The Holocaust - Victims, The Holocaust - Who authorized the killings?, The Holocaust - Who knew about the killings?, The Holocaust - Who was directly involved in the killings?, The Holocaust - Why did people participate in authorize or tacitly accept the killing?, Anti-Semitism, Bereavement in Judaism, Genocide, Historikerstreit, Death marches, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Phases of the Holocaust, Jews outside Europe under Nazi occupation, History of gays in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust, History of the Roma and Sinti during the Holocaust, Holocaust memorials, Involvement of Croatian Catholic clergy with the Ustaša regime, Henneicke Colonne (involvement of the Dutch population in the Holocaust), Sh'erit ha-Pletah (Jewish Holocaust survivors), Wiedergutmachung (reparations to individual survivors) | | |
| | | The Holocaust: Encyclopedia II - The Holocaust - Resistance and rescuers
The Holocaust - Resistance and rescuers
The Holocaust - Resistance
Due to the careful organization and overwhelming military might of the Nazi German state and its supporters, few Jews and other Holocaust victims were able to resist the killings. There are, however, many cases of attempts at resistance in one form or another.
The largest instance of organized Jewish resistance was the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, from April to May of 1943, as the final deportation from the Ghetto to the death camps was about to commence. The ZOB and smaller organizations held out against the Nazis for 27 days, before all were killed. There were also other Ghetto Uprisings, though none were successful against the German military.
There were also major resistance efforts in three of the extermination camps. In August 1943 an uprising also took place at the Treblinka extermination camp. Many buildings were burnt to the ground, and seventy inmates escaped to freedom, but 1,500 were killed. Gassing operations were interrupted for a month. In October 1943 another uprising took place at Sobibór extermination camp. This uprising was more successful; 11 SS guards were killed, and roughly 300 of the 600 inmates in the camp escaped, with about 50 surviving the war. The escape forced the Nazis to close the camp. On October 7, 1944, the Jewish Sonderkommandos (those prisoners kept separate from the main camp and involved in the operation of the gas chambers and crematoria) at Auschwitz staged an uprising. Female prisoners had smuggled in explosives from a weapons factory, and Crematorium IV was partly destroyed by an explosion. The prisoners then attempted a mass escape, but all 250 were killed soon after.
There were a number of Jewish partisan groups operating in many countries (see Eugenio Calò for the story of a Jewish Italian partisan). Also, Jewish volunteers from the Palestinian Mandate, most famously Hannah Szenes, parachuted into Europe in an attempt to organize resistance.
The Holocaust - Rescuers
See also: Righteous Among the Nations and List of people who helped Jews during the Holocaust.
In two cases, entire countries resisted the deportation of their Jewish population. The King of Denmark and his subjects saved the lives of most of the 7,500 Danish Jews by spiriting them to safety in Sweden via fishing boats in October 1943. When the Jews returned home at war's end, they found their houses and possessions waiting for them, exactly as they left them. In the second case, the Nazi-allied government of Bulgaria, led by Dobri Bozhilov, refused to deport its 50,000 Jewish citizens, saving them as well, though Bulgaria did deport Jews to concentration camps from areas in conquered Greece and Macedonia.
Some towns and churches also helped hide Jews and protect others from the Holocaust, such as the French town of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon which sheltered several thousand Jews. Similar individual and family acts of rescue were repeated throughout Europe, as illustrated in the famous cases of Anne Frank, often at great risk to the rescuers. In a few cases, individual diplomats and people of influence, such as Oskar Schindler or Nicholas Winton, protected large numbers of Jews. Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg, the Italian Giorgio Perlasca, Chinese diplomat Ho Fengshan and others saved tens of thousands of Jews with fake diplomatic passes. Chiune Sugihara saved several thousands of Jews by issuing them with Japanese visas against the will of his Nazi-aligned government.
There were also groups, like members of the Polish Zegota organization, that took drastic and dangerous steps to rescue Jews and other potential victims from the Nazis. Witold Pilecki, member of Armia Krajowa (the Polish Home Army), organized a resistance movement in the Auschwitz concentration camp from 1940, and Jan Karski tried to spread word of the Holocaust.
Since 1963, a commission headed by an Israeli Supreme Court justice has been charged with the duty of awarding such people the honorary title Righteous Among the Nations.
Other related archives15 November, 1918, 1933, 1936, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1993 in Yugoslavia, 2005, 7, 500 Danish Jews, AB Action, Adolf Eichmann, Adolf Hitler, Africans, Aktion Reinhard, Alfred Hoche, Alfred Ploetz, Allies, American Historical Association, Andreas Hillgruber, Anne Frank, Anti-Semitism, Antonescu, April 1, April 7, Arajs Commando, Armia Krajowa, Arno J. 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 Adapted from the Wikipedia article "Resistance and rescuers", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki |
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