P: Encyclopedia - P

P

P is the sixteenth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is pee.

Semitic Pê (mouth) as well as Greek Π or π (Pi) and the Etruscan and Latin letters that developed from the former alphabet all symbolized /p/, a plosive, unvoiced consonant. Those who speak Arabic usually have difficulty pronouncing this sound; they pronounce it like b instead.

P - Phonetic use

In English and most other European languages, P is a voiceless bilabial plosive (/p/ in the IPA). A common digraph in English is "ph", which represents the voiceless labiodental fricative /f/, and is commonly used to transliterate Phi ( φ ) in loanwords from Greek. Both initial and final P can be combined with many other discrete consonants in English words. A common example of assimilation is the tendency of prefixes ending in N to become M before P (such as "in" + "pulse" → "impulse" — see also List of Latin words with English derivatives).

In German, the digraph "pf" is common, representing a labial affricate of /p/ and /f/.

P - Alternative representations

Papa represents the letter P in the NATO phonetic alphabet.

In international Morse code the letter P is DitDahDahDit: · - - ·

In Braille the letter P is represented as ⠏ (in Unicode), the dot pattern:

XX
X.
X.

P - Computing

In Unicode the capital P is codepoint U+0050 and the lowercase p is U+0070.

The ASCII code for capital P is 80 and for lowercase p is 112; or in binary 01010000 and 01110000, correspondingly.

The EBCDIC code for capital P is 215 and for lowercase p is 151.

The numeric character references in HTML and XML are "P" and "p" for upper and lower case respectively.

P - Meanings for P

• In baseball, P is the abbreviation for the position of pitcher.
• In biochemistry, P is the symbol for proline.
• In chemistry, P is the symbol for the element phosphorus, or sometimes for phosphate.
• In chess, P is sometimes used as a notation symbol for the pawn piece
• In computer science,
  • P is an operation on a semaphore, used for process synchronisation.
  • In complexity theory, P is the set of decision problems solvable in polynomial time on a deterministic Turing machine
• In computing, <p> is the HTML tag to mark the beginning of paragraphs.
• In driving a motor vehicle, P designates the parking gear of an automatic transmission.
• In international licence plate codes, P stands for Portugal.
• In mathematics, blackboard bold represents the set of all prime numbers, while p is usually a variable representing a single arbitrary prime number.
• In music, p stands for piano, meaning "softly".
• In New Zealand P is slang for pure methamphetamine.
• In the SI system,
  • p, Pico, is an SI prefix meaning 10^-12.
  • P, Peta, is an SI prefix meaning 10¹⁵
• In British coinage, it is the symbol for penny (plural pence), for example 25p (25 pence).
• In physics,
  • p is the symbol for momentum or pressure
  • P is the symbol power or polarisation;
  • p is the symbol for the pond, a now obsolete unit of force; see kilopond.
  • In particle physics, p is the symbol for the proton.
• As the first letter of a postal code,
  • In Canada, P stands for Northern Ontario.
• In probability and statistics,
  • p denotes probability
  • the p-value of a given result in an experiment the is result's significance; that is, the probability of observing this result or a more extreme result, by chance alone.
• In publishing, a circled P, Ⓟ, represents a copyright on a sound recording.
• In Roman naming convention, P is the abbreviation for the praenomen Publius.
• In symbolic logic, p is often used to denote a proposition as well as q and r.
• In economics, P is usually used to represent price levels.
• In photography, most SLR cameras use P to signify program mode, where the camera sets both aperture and shutter speed.
• In Windows, Ctrl-P, and Mac OS, Command-P, prints the open document.

See also

Þþ

Category: Latin letters

Adapted from the Wikipedia article "P", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki