Labialisation: Encyclopedia II - Labialisation - Transcription

Labialisation - Transcription

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, labio-velarization of consonants is indicated with a raised double-u diacritic, as in kʷ. There are also diacritics, respectively ɔ̹ ɔ̜, to indicate greater or lesser degrees of rounding. These are normally used with vowels, but may occur with consonants. For example, in the Athabaskan language Hupa, voiceless velar fricatives distinguish three degrees of labialization, transcribed either [x x̹ xʷ] or [x x̜ʷ xʷ].

The Extended IPA has two additional symbols for degrees of rouding: Spread [ɹ͍] and open-rounded [ʒ^œ]. It also has a symbol for labialdentalized sounds, [t^ʋ].

If precision is desired, the Abkhaz and Ubykh articulations may be transcribed with the appropriate fricative or trill raised as a diacritic: [t^v], [t^β], [t^ʙ], [t^p].

For simple labialization, Ladefoged and Maddieson resurrected an old IPA symbol, < ̫>. In Shona, [s̫] and [z̫] contrast with [s] and [z], and in some dialects with [sw, zw, s̫w, z̫w] as well. The open rounding of English [ʒ^œ] is also simple (unvelarized).

Adapted from the Wikipedia article "Transcription", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki